Encyclopedia of World Cultures Volume III - South Asia - Appendix ppt

Appendix 309 Appendix Additional Castes, Caste Clusters, and Tribes The following caste and tribe names have been taken from the various sets of handbooks dealing with the castes and tribes of particular regions of South Asia. These volumes are nearly all more than a half-century old, but more recent information of this sort is not available. (Virtually all of the "Castes and Tribes" handbooks have, however, been repub- lished in recent years.) Long as this list is, it is by no means exhaustive, and it merely represents those groups for which we have a certain amount of once reliable, if now outdated, information. Only monographs have been surveyed for this appendix, as space does not allow coverage of the massive amount of ethnographic material to be found in scholarly journals. For these, the interested reader should consult the excellent bibliographies by Ittaman et al. (1982) and Pat- terson (1981). Most of these groups are internally divided into sub. castes or tribal sections that have not been named in this appendix, which is essentially an index to the handbooks men- tioned. It must be recognized that in many cases one named .caste" is actually a grouping of several endogamous units and, further, that changing economic conditions have made the traditional occupations listed here unimportant or even impossible to follow. In some cases, too, the locality where a caste is to be found has changed somewhat, particularly as a result of the partition of India and Pakistan in 1947. Modem district names are given in all entries. Cross-references set in upper- and lower-case characters are to other headings in this appendix; those set in capitals and small capitals are to headings in the main body of the encyclopedia. An index of all ethnonyms given in this appendix is provided at the back. Adi A Paleo-Mongoloid tribal cluster found in central Arunachal Pradesh. The term embraces the Gallong, Korka, Shimong, Boker, Bori, Padam, Pasi, Minyong, and other agricultural tribes. They are related to the Abors. Partial total: 79,392 in 1971. See also ABOR. (Dalton 1872, 26-33; Roy 1960; Srivastava 1962; Chowdhury 1971) Adiyan (Adiyar, Adigal) A tribe found in northern Kerala. They are Hindus, speak Kannada, and work as farm laborers. Total: 7,192 in 1971. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 1:4; Gopalan Nair 1911, 97-100; Luiz 1962, 27-31) Agamudaiyan A Hindu cultivating caste found throughout much of Tamil Nadu. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 1:5-16) Agasa (Asaga, Viraghata Madivala, Madiwal, Mallige Madevi Vakkalu) A caste of washermen, found in southern Maharashtra and Karnataka. They are Hindus, though many are Lingayats, and those speaking Konkani are Christians. See also Dhobi. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 1:16-18; Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:1-5; Nanjundayya and Anantha- krishna Iyer 1928-1936, 2:1-31; Srinivas 1952) Aghori (Aughar, Aghoripanthi, Aghorapanthi) A class of Shaivite mendicants who used to feed on human corpses and excrement; in previous centuries they were even reputed to have engaged in cannibalism. Being a wandering people who have commonly been chased out of one district after another, they are now found widely scattered through India, although Varanasi (Benares) is thought to be their professional resort. (Risley 1891, 1:10; Crooke 1896, 1:26-69; Campbell 1901, 543; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:13-17) Agnihotri A Brahman caste devoted to the maintenance of the sacred fire and found in northern India. (Crooke 1896, 1:30-33) Agrahari (Agrehri). A trading and cultivating caste, found in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. (Risley 1891, 1:11-12; Crooke 1896, 1:33-35) Agri (Ager, Agari, Agaria, Agle, Kharpatil) A large caste found from northern Karnataka to Punjab. They are princi- pally known as salt makers and farmers, but in recent years they have also gone into numerous other occupations. (Rose 1911, 1:3; Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:5-16; Kale 1952) Aguri A trading and cultivating caste, found in West Ben- gal. (Risley 1891, 1:12-13) Ahar (Aheri, Heri, Ahari) A herding and cultivating caste, found in Punjab and hilly northern parts of Uttar Pra- desh. (Crooke 1896, 1:35-36; Rose 1911, 1:4) Ahban A Rajput caste, found in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Some are Muslim, others Hindu. (Crooke 1896, 1:37-39) Aheriya (Aheri, Aheria) A hunting, gathering and thieving tribe found in Uttar Pradesh. (Crooke 1896, 1:39-49) Ahiwasi A cultivating caste found in Uttar Pradesh. (Crooke 1896, 1:72-75) Aka (Hrusso) A Paleo-Mongoloid tribe of cultivators, found in the hills of western Arunachal Pradesh. Total: 2,345 in 1971. (Dalton 1872, 42-44; Sinha 1962) Aka-Bale (Aka-Bala-wa) A fishing, foraging, and gardening tribe of the Great Andaman group. (Radcliffe-Brown 1922, 12-19; Chakraborty 1990) Aka-Bea A fishing, foraging, and gardening tribe of the Great Andaman group. (Radcliffe-Brown 1922, 12-19; Chakraborty 1990) Aka-Bo A fishing, foraging, and gardening tribe of the Great Andaman group. (Radcliffe-Brown 1922, 12-19; Chakraborty 1990) Aka-Cari A fishing, foraging, and gardening tribe of the 3 10 Abpendix Great Andaman group. (Radcliffe-Brown 1922, 12-19; Chakraborty 1990) Aka-Jeru A fishing, foraging, and gardening tribe of the Great Andaman group. (Radcliffe-Brown 1922, 12-19; Chakraborty 1990) Aka-Kede A fishing, foraging, and gardening tribe of the Great Andaman group. (Radcliffe-Brown 1922, 12-19; Chakraborty 1990) Aka-Kol A fishing, foraging, and gardening tribe of the Great Andaman group. (Radcliffe-Brown 1922, 12-19; Chakraborty 1990) Aka-Kora A fishing, foraging, and gardening tribe of the Great Andaman group. (Radcliffe-Brown 1922, 12-19; Chakraborty 1990) Akali (Nihang) A class of Sikh devotees, found in northwestern India. They are a celibate sect. (Crooke 1896, 1:76- 77; Rose 1911, 1:9-10) Alkari (Shravagi, Golalare) A small caste of western Maharashtra, who claim to be Rajputs. They used to prepare red dye, but they are now mostly cultivators or day laborers. They are Shaivites. (Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:37-41) Allar (Ollares) A tribe of Palghat District, in central Kerala. They are hunters and gatherers, some of whom still use caves for shelter. (Luiz 1962, 32-38) Amat (Amath) A pair of Hindu cultivating castes found in Bihar; some are household servants. (Risley 1891, 1:17-19) Ambalaskkaran A caste of village watchmen, found in central Tamil Nadu. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 1:25-28) Ambalavasi (Nambidi, Nampati, Adikal, Muttatu, Ilayatu, Elayad, Chakkiyar, Nambiar, Nambiyar, Nambiyassan, Variyar, Pisharoti, Pisharati, Pisharodi, Pothuval, Marar, Maran, Marayan, Gurukkal, Kurukkal, Samanthan, Unni) A group of castes in central Kerala who are traditionally temple servants. Many also cultivate. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 1:28-31; 2:7-11, 204-208, 309-313; 5:5-13, 149- 151; 6:199-203; 7:221-228, 322-329; Ananthakrishna Iyer 1909-1912, 2:122-150) Ambattan A Hindu caste of Tamil-speaking barbers and musicians; they were probably once surgeons. Their women are midwives. They are found in southern Kerala and throughout Tamil Nadu. See also Nai. (Thurston and Ranga- chari 1909, 1:32-44; Ananthakrishna Iyer 1909-1912, 3:364-366) Amma Coorg (Amma Kodagi) A Hindu priestly caste found in Kodagu District, southern Karnataka. (Krishna Iyer 1948, 64-66; Srinivas 1952) Andh A cultivating tribe of eastern Maharashtra and northernmost Andhra Pradesh. Many are farm laborers, and some work as village headmen. Total: 78,560 in 1971. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:38-40; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:8-11) Andhra Brahman (Telugu Brahman) A Brahman caste of Andhra Pradesh and adjoining states, with a very complex internal structure based on sectarian differences. (Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:121-130) Apa Tani A Paleo-Mongoloid tribe found in central Arunachal Pradesh. They are about 13,000 people living in one valley of Upper Subansiri District. Total: 12,888 in 1971. (Fiirer-Haimendorf 1956, 1962, 1980) A-Pucikwar (Aka-Bojig-yab) A fishing, foraging, and gardening tribe of the Great Andaman group. (Radcliffe-Brown 1922, 12-19; Chakraborty 1990) Aradhya (Aradhya Brahman) A caste of Brahman priests, found mainly in Andhra Pradesh. Some are now engaged in agriculture or medicine. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 1:50-54; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936, 2:32-46) Arain (Rain) A caste of market gardeners, found from Punjab Province, Pakistan, to Uttar Pradesh. It includes both Hindus and Muslims. (Crooke 1896, 4:206-208; Rose 1911, 1:13-16) Arakh A small caste of cultivators found from eastern Maharashtra to eastern Uttar Pradesh. (Crooke 1896, 1:81 - 85; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:40-42) Aranadan (Arandan, Eranadan) A tribe found in Kozhikode District, northern Kerala. They collect forest produce, and until recently they were also hunters. Total: 5 in 1971! (Luiz 1962, 39-43) Arasu (Rajpinde) A caste that includes the former royal family of Mysore and ranks as Kshatriya. They are found in Karnataka, and many have been employed in the civil service or the army. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 1:55; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936, 2:47-73) Arora (Rora) A caste of cultivators, traders, tailors, bankers, and contractors, found in Punjab and Sindh provinces, Pakistan. Most are Hindus, but some are Sikhs. (Rose 1911, 1:16-21) Arya Samaj A modem Hindu sect found especially in Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. It was founded about 1847 and is strongly reformist. (Rose 1911, 1:21-24) Asur An iron-smelting tribe found in much of central India, from West Bengal to Maharashtra. Total: 7,637 in 1971. (Leuva 1963) Atari (Gandhi, Bukekari) A small Muslim caste selling scent, incense, and sundry personal necessities, living in central India. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:42-45) Audhelia (Audhalia) A small caste of Bilaspur District, in Madhya Pradesh. They work as farm laborers and pig keepers, and, unlike most Hindus, they sacrifice pigs to their chief dei- ties. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:45-48) Audhiya (Audhya, Ajudhyabasi, Avadhapuri) An ex- criminal tribe who wander through north India, dealing in fake jewelry and counterfeit coins. (Crooke 1896,1:87-91) Awan A Muslim tribe found in Punjab Province, Pakistan. They are landowners. (Rose 1911, 1:25-28) Appendix 311 Babhan (Bhuinhar, Zamindar Brahman, Girhasth Brahman, Grihasth Brahman, Pachhima Brahman, Magahaya Brah- man, Ajagyak Brahman, Zamindar, Chaudriji) A large landowning caste in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. They are Shaivites and probably a class of Rajputs rather than Brah- mans. (Risley 1891, 1:28-35; Crooke 1896, 2:64-70) Babria (Durba, Ghardera) A small caste chiefly found in the Kathiawar Peninsula of Gujarat. They are Hindu landowners. (Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:44-48) Bachgoti A section of the Rajputs, found in Uttar Pradesh. They are landlords. (Crooke 1896, 1:93-96) Bachhil (Bachhal) A section of the Rajputs, found throughout Uttar Pradesh. They are landlords. (Crooke 1896, 1:96-99) Badahala (Badahela) A caste of potters found in Sri Lanka. (Ryan 1953) Badhak (Badhik, Bagri, Baoria, Bawaria) Well-known in earlier times as a caste of Hindu Thugs who roamed north and central India as brigands devoted to the goddess Kali. See also THUG. (Crooke 1896, 1:100-101; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:49-69) Badhoyi A caste of carpenters and blacksmiths, found in Orissa. They are Vaishnavites. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 1:124-128) Bapata (Bhakta, Bakta) A tribe of freshwater fishermen, found in Andhra Pradesh. Total: 71,919 in 1971. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 1:128-130) Bagdi (Bagtit, Bagri, Mudi) A small peripatetic caste, with a home base in Kolhapur District, in southern Maharashtra, from which they wander throughout the state. They tell fortunes and beg, although their traditional occupations were fishing and weaving blankets. Another fishing and cultivating caste of the same name occurs in West Bengal. (Risley 1891, 1:37-43; Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:48-51) Baghdadi Jew The smallest of the three Jewish communi- ties in India (the others being Cochin Jews and Bene Israel). They left Baghdad in the eighteenth century, and their best- known family formed the international commercial house of Sassoon, based in Bombay. (Jackson fpseud.] 1968) Baghel Raput A Rajput caste found in Uttar Pradesh and central Madhya Pradesh, but probably of Gujarati origin. They were formerly brigands. (Crooke 1896, 1:102-104; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 4:434-435) Bagri Rajput A Rajput caste found in central Madhya Pradesh, former robbers who now cultivate. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 4:435) Bahna (Pinjara, Pinjari, Dhunia) A caste of cotton clean- ers in Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. They are Muslims, except for a few who are Hindus. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:69-76; Enthoven 1920-1922, 3:233-234) Baidya (Vaidya, Vaidyan, Kabiraj, Ambastha, Bhisak, Chikitsak) A caste or profession practicing ayurvedic medicine and found from West Bengal to southern India. See also Vaidu. (Risley 1891, 1:46-50, 362-366; Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 7:267-270) Bai Rajput (Bai) A Rajput caste found in Uttar Pradesh and northern Madhya Pradesh. (Crooke 1896, 1:118-126; Russell and Hira-Lal 1916, 4:435-436) Baiswar A tribe found in the hills of eastern Uttar Pradesh. They are singers and dancers; the women act as midwives. (Crooke 1896, 1:126-130) Bajania (Dholi) A caste of Hindu musicians found throughout Gujarat. They make their living by performing at weddings or by making handicrafts and baskets. See also Mirasi. (Campbell 1901, 503-504; Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:52-54) Bakkaru (Baggaru, Baga Holeya) A caste found in central Karnataka. They are tenant farmers. (Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936, 2:94-98) Balahi (Balai) A caste of Untouchable Hindu weavers and village watchmen found in parts of central India and Uttar Pradesh. (Crooke 1896, 1:134-135; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:105-108; Fuchs 1950) Balija (Balji, Banajiga, Linga Balija, Linga Banajiga, Pancham Banajigaru, Gurusthulu, Sivabhaktaru, Kavarai, Naidu). A large trading caste of south and central India. Although Hindus, many are of the Lingayat sect. Many are peddlers or farmers. See also Perika. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 1:134-145; 3:263-266; 4:232-236; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:108-110; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936, 2:99-134) Bam-Margi A Sakti sect who practice tantra and are found in parts of northern India. Intoxication and sexual cohabita- tion were part of their rituals. (Crooke 1896, 1:135-137) Banaphar A section of the Rajputs, found in central Uttar Pradesh. (Crooke 1896, 1:137-139) Bandhalgoti (Bandhugoti, Bandhilgoti, Banjhilgoti) A section of the Rajputs, found in Sultanpur District, Uttar Pradesh. (Crooke 1896, 1:140-143) Bandhara (Galiara) A small caste of southern Gujarat, Vaishnavites who traditionally do indigo dyeing and silk fold- ing. Some have converted to Islam. (Campbell 1899, 71; 1901, 181; Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:56-58) Bandi A caste of bonded laborers, thought to be descended from slaves. Girls generally became prostitutes rather than marry. They are found in the coastal districts of Karnataka. (Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:58) Bangali (Bengali) A section of Brahmans, found in northern India and originating in Bengal. In Punjab the name des- ignates a vagrant ex-criminal tribe. (Crooke 1896, 1:145- 149; Rose 1911, 1:56-57) Banjara (Banjari, Brinjara, Wanjari, Wanjara, Vanjari, Labhana, Labana, Laban, Lambadi, Lambani, Lamani, Lamane, Mukeri, Ghor, Gohar Herkeri, Sugali, Sukali) A large and widespread tribe of grain and salt carriers, bullock-cart drivers, cattle dealers and breeders, but essentially Gypsies or peripatetics. In former times they were 312 Appendix noted for such criminal customs as kidnapping children, slavery, traffic in women, and petty theft. Unlike most Indian castes, they are not wholly endogamous but accept wives from other groups, including girls that they have kidnapped. They are found throughout most of India, and they now may work as cultivators or farm laborers. Banjhara is also a Muslim trading caste in Gujarat, converted from the same Hindu caste. Partial total: 138,877 in 1971. See also PERIPATETICS. (Risley 1891, 1:59; Crooke 1896, 1:149-167; Campbell 1899, 85-86; Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 4:207-232; Rose 1911, 1:62-63; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:162-192; Enthoven 1920-1922, 2:331-343; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:15-27; 2:627-634; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936, 2: 135-196) Bant (Bunt) A Hindu caste found in Kodagu District and along the nearby Tulu coast of southern Karnataka. They are farmers. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 1:147-172; Krishna Iyer 1948, 67-70) Bargujar A section of the Rajputs, found in Uttar Pradesh. (Crooke 1896, 1:187-190) Barhai (Barhi, Badhi, Sutar, Suthar, Kharadi, Tarkhan, Mistri) A large caste of Hindu carpenters living in northern, central, and western India, from Bihar to Maharashtra. (Risley 1891, 1:66-68; Crooke 1896,1:190-199; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:199-202; Enthoven 1920-1922, 3: 355-359) Bari (Bargah, Bargaha, Bargahi, Panwale) A caste of household servants and makers of leaf plates, found in northern, western, and central India. Although they are Shaivites, a few claim to be Muslims. (Risley 1891, 1:68-69; Crooke 1896, 1:184-185, 201-206; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:202-204; Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:59-65) Barwar An ex-criminal tribe, found in eastern Uttar Pradesh. The same name identifies a section of Rajputs, found in western Uttar Pradesh. The article by Crooke includes a vocabulary of thieves' cant. (Crooke 1896, 1:206-221) Basdewa (Wasudeo, Harbola, Kaparia, Jaga, Kapdi, Sanadhya, Sanauria Brahman) A caste of wandering beggars, who call themselves Sanadhya or Sanauria Brahmans. Although few in number, they are widely scattered through northern, central, and western India. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:204-207; Enthoven 1920-1922, 3:454-455) Basor (Bansphor, Bansphod, Dulia, Dhulia, Balahar, Bulahar, Burud, Ghanche, Ghanchi, Ghache, Miyadar, Myadar, Medar, Medare, Medara, Medarlu, Medarakaran) A tribe of Hindu bamboo workers found widely in India. Some are Lingayats. There are also Muslim Ghanchis in northern Gujarat, converts from the Hindu caste, who sell oil. Partial total: 17,888 in 1971. (Crooke 1896, 1:132-134, 167-173, 222-228; Campbell 1899, 73; 1901, 181-183; Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 5:52-58; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:208-212; Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:254-260; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:135-142; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936, 4:191-205) Batgam (Padu) A caste found in central Sri Lanka. They are farm laborers and in some areas funeral drummers. (Ryan 1953) Batwal (Barwala) A caste of northern Punjab, who work as laborers. They are Hindus. (Rose 1911, 1:66-68) Bavacha (Bamcha) A small tribe found in southern Gujarat. Traditionally they sell grass and work as grooms, but some are laborers. Total: 2,831 in 1971. (Enthoven 1920- 1922, 1:65-67) Bavuri (Baurio, Khodalo) A caste of basket makers, found in Ganjam District, Orissa. They are Hindus. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 1:175-180) Bawariya (Bauria, Baori, Bauri, Bawaria) A hunting and thieving tribe, found in Muzaffarnagar and Mirzapur districts, Uttar Pradesh, and in Punjab. (Crooke 1896, 1:228-237; Rose 1911, 1:70-79) Bedar (Bendar, Beria, Beriya, Bed, Berad, Bedia, Bediya, Bedea, Bejia, Bejea, Boya) A small but widespread Hindu tribe found in much of India, Untouchable in status. They are mainly involved in agriculture, but their name means "hunter," and they were once irregular troops. Some are village watchmen. Total: 51,360 in 1971. (Risley 1891, 1:83; Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 1:180-209; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:212-214; Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:78-90; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:34-43; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936, 2:197-230) Beldar (Od, Ode, Odh, Ud, Odde, Odden, Vodden, Vodda, Vaddar, Waddar, Wudder, Wadu Rajlu, Odewandlu, Sonkar, Raj, Larhia, Karigar, Kalkola, Matkuda, Chunkar, Munurwar, Thapatkari, Pathrot, Takari, Takara, Dhondphoda) A grouping of earth- and stone-working castes found widely in India and parts of Pakistan. They are mostly Hindus who now engage in road making and other laboring activities; they used to make stone handmills. Those called Takara or Dhondphoda are Muslims. See also Sansia. (Risley 1891, 1:86-87; Crooke 1896, 1:237-240; Ananthakrishna Iyer 1909-1912, 3:390-393; Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 5:422-436; Rose 1911, 2:175-176; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:215-220; Enthoven 1920-1922; 3:138-149, 359- 361; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 2:645-651; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936, 4:659-677) Berava A caste of drummers, found in Sri Lanka. (Ryan 1953; Leach 1968) Beria (Bedia, Bediya, Beriya, Kolhati, Dandewala, Bansberia, Kabutari) A peripatetic group of castes widespread in northern and central India. The article by Risley lists numerous specific occupations. They are Gypsies and former dacoits (thieves). Many of the women were once professional prostitutes and never married; some are tattooists and children's doctors. Beria are related to the Sansia and Nai, who had much the same occupations. See also PERIPATETICS. (Risley 1891, 1:83-85; Crooke 1896, 1:242-249; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:220-224; 3:527-531; 4:286) Beri Chetti A trading caste found in Tamil Nadu. Al- though Hindus, a few are Lingayat. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 1:211-218) Besta (Bestha, Kabbaligar, Kabber, Kabher, Kabbera, Ambi, Appendix 313 Ambig, Ambiga, Ambekar, Barkar, Barekari, Bhillakabberu, )ad, Sungar, Sunnakallu Bestha, Durga Murgi, Parkitiwaru, Parivara, Toreya, Torea, Gangimakkalu, Gangemakkalu) A Hindu caste group, found in Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka. Many work as domestic servants or porters, though they were formerly fishermen and palanquin bearers. The name "Toreya" comes from tore, "river bank," and is also used for the lowest phratry of Badagas in the Nilgiris District of Tamil Nadu. In Maharashtra they are a Kannada-speaking caste of fishers, ferrymen, and former palanquin bearers, now sometimes beggars or farmers. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 1:218-222; 3:1-6; 7:176-182; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 1:348; Enthoven 1920-1922, 2:110-118; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:77-82; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936, 2:239-258; 4:637-639) Bhabra A Jain caste, mainly traders, found in the Punjab. See also BAN'A. (Rose 1911, 1:80-82) Bhadauriya A section of the Rajputs, found in western Uttar Pradesh. (Crooke 1896, 1:250-252) Bhagat (Bhakat) A class of Vaishnavite devotees in northern India. The term seems to be applied rather loosely: a section of the Oraon tribe is known as Bhakat. A tribe of eastern Uttar Pradesh is also called Bhagat or Radha. (Risley 1891, 1:91-92; Crooke 1896, 1:252-253; 4:195-196) Bhaina A tribe found in the wild forest lands of Bilaspur District, in Madhya Pradesh. They worship a "noseless goddess" and are essentially Hindus. They may share some early ancestry with the Baigas. Total: 24,740 in 1971. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:224-233) Bhale Sultan A section of Rajputs, found in much of Uttar Pradesh. (Crooke 1896, 1:253-256) Bhamta (Bhamtya, Uchla, Uchlia, Takari, Ghantichor, Ganthachor) A small Hindu caste of western and central India. They were professional pickpockets, but now they are traders and cultivators, and they also make biers for the dead. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:234-238; Enthoven 1920- 1922, 1:93-96; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:48-50) Bhandari (Bhondari, Bhand, Bhanr, Bhavaguna, Bhavaya, Targala, Madkar, Shingade, Sanaiwad, Naqqal) A caste of Hindu temple musicians and storytellers, found from Andhra Pradesh to western India. They are found in Pakistan under the name of Naqqal. In the latter area they are distillers and farmers. In southern Orissa there are barbers, of the name Bhandari. See also Nai. (Crooke 1896, 1:256-259; Campbell 1901, 222-225; Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 1:230-237; Rose 1911, 1:83; 2:156-157; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 1:349; Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:96-104; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:51-52) Bhangi (Bhangia, Mehtar, Hari, Kutana, Musalli, Dom, Olgana, Chuhra) A large caste of Untouchable sweepers and scavengers. They are found throughout northern, western, and central India. Although basically Hindus, many have converted to Christianity or- slam. See also Lalbegi; UNTOUCHABLES. (Crooke 1896, 1:259-293; Campbell 1901, 334-338; Rose 1911, 1:182-210, 573; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 4:215-233; Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:104-112 Fuchs 1950; Kolenda 1987) Bhar (Rajbhar, Bharat, Bharadwaj, Bharpatwa, Kanaujiya) A tribe of eastern Uttar Pradesh. They are farmers, farm laborers, and former burglars. (Crooke 1896, 2:1-12) Bharai (Pirhain) A Muslim caste found in Punjab. They were traditionally drummers. (Rose 1911, 1:84-86) Bharbhunja (Bhadbhunja, Bhujari, Bhuj, Bhujua, Bhurji, Gonr, Kandu, Kanu) A Hindu caste of grain parchers and boatmen, found in northern, western, and central India, and in Punjab Province, Pakistan; they are especially numerous in towns. In Uttar Pradesh they work as stonemasons, farmers, and sweet makers, or they deal in grain. (Risley 1891, 1:414- 418; Crooke 1896,2:13-19; 3:130-133; Rose 1911, 1:86-88; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:238-241; Enthoven 1920- 1922, 1:90-93; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:44-47) Bharia (Bhar, Bharia-Bhumia) A Dravidian-speaking Hindu tribe found from West Bengal to Jabalpur District, in Madhya Pradesh. Among their many subgroups are Agaria and Ahir. They work as farm laborers. Total: 29,287 in 1971. See also AGARIA; AIR. (Risley 1891, 1:95-96; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:242-250) Bhat (Bhatt, Bhatrazu, Rao, Jasondhi, Thakur, Shivachandi Thakur) A caste of bards and genealogists found throughout northern, western, and central India. Some claim to have originally been Brahmans or Rajputs, but a few are Muslim. Some are religious mendicants and itinerant musicians. See also Bhatraja; PERIPATETICS. (Risley 1891, 1:98-103; Crooke 1896, 2:20-33; Rose 1911, 1:94-101; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:251-270; Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:123-133; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:53-55; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936, 2:259-276) Bbatia (Bhatiya) A caste of western and northwestern India and Sindh in Pakistan. They are merchants, bankers, and brokers. (Crooke 1896, 2:37-42; Campbell 1901, 116- 121; Rose 1911, 1:91-93; Enthoven 1920-1922,1:133-145) Bhatiyara A caste devoted to the needs of travelers, they are innkeepers, cooks, fishermen, and tobacco sellers. They are Sunni Muslims, found throughout Uttar Pradesh. (Crooke 1896, 2:34-37) Bhatra (Bhattra) A tribe of Bastar and Raipur districts, in eastern Madhya Pradesh, usually viewed as part of the Gonds. They practice shifting cultivation, or work as farm laborers. Total: 71,149 in 1971. See also GOND; Ramaiya. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:271-277) Bhatraja (Bhatrazu, Bhatraju, Bhat Murti, Bhatwandlu, Bhat, Bahrot, Bhato, Kannaji Bhat, Kani Razu, Battu Turaka, Padiga Raju, Magada) A caste group of northern Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh but also found in Gujarat. They are traditionally bards and heralds; some are the hereditary bards of the Velma and Kapu castes and once attended at the courts of the Vijayanagar and Warangal kings. See also Bhat. (Campbell 1901, 207-214; Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 1:223-230; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:56-59) Bhatti (jaiswar) An agricultural caste found in the Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. They include both Hindus and Muslims. (Crooke 1896, 2:42-46; Rose 1911, 1:101-106) Bhavaiya (Targala) A caste of northern Gujarat who per- 314 Appendix form comedies. They are Hindus and use Brahman priests. (Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:145) Bhavin (Bavina, Devli, Naik, Naikin, Kalavant) A caste who are found along the west coast of India from North Ratnagiri District in Maharashtra through Goa to Uttar Kannad District in Karnataka. They are traditionally Hindu temple sweepers. (Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:145-147; 2:130- 133; Feio 1979, 98-99) Bhil~aa A Hindu tribe of central India, thought to have originated from the intermixing of Rajputs and Bhils. They are cultivators, farm laborers, and village watchmen. Total: 9,395 in 1971. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:293-297; Haekel and Stiglmayr 1961; Haekel 1963; Saxena 1964) Bhishti (Bhisti, Beesti, Bijishti, Pakhali, Mashki) A Hindu and Muslim caste cluster of water carriers, found in western and northern India. (Crooke 1896, 2:99-101; Campbell 1899, 89; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:298-300; Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:179-181) Bhoi (Kahar, Bundeli Bhoi, Kahar Bhoi, Kahar Bhui, Dhimar, Behara, Mahigir, Mahra, Dhebra, Palewar, Parivar, Baraua, Bauri, Machhandar) A large caste bloc of fishermen, water carriers, and former palanquin bearers, found in much of western, northern, and central India. They are Hin- dus, and some work as farmers, earth movers, water carriers, or domestic servants for other Hindu castes; others raise silk- worms or grow tobacco, vegetables, and water chestnuts. (Risley 1891, 1:78-82, 370-375; Crooke 1896, 3:92-104; Campbell 1901, 504-505, 520; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:502-514; 3:291-296; Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:181-194; 2:125-126; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:77; 2:300-302; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936, 3:502- 503; 4:471-473; Patnaik 1960a) Bhoksa (Bhuksa) A tribe found in the hills of northern Uttar Pradesh. They cultivate, hunt, and fish. They have a reputation for sorcery and are mainly Hindus, though a few are Sikhs. (Crooke 1896, 2:55-61) Bhoyar (Boyar, Bhoir) A cultivating caste of central India. They claim descent from immigrant Rajputs. (Dalton 1872, 129-13 1; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:300-304) Bhuinmali (Bhuimali, Bhusundar) A cultivating caste of Bangladesh, who formerly acted as palanquin bearers. They are Hindus. (Risley 1891, 1:105-107) Bhulia (Bholia, Bhoriya, Bholwa, Mihir, Mehar) A caste of Hindu weavers, who claim to have migrated to Orissa from Patna. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:319-322) Bhunjia A small Dravidian-speaking tribe in Raipur Dis- trict, Madhya Pradesh. They are essentially Hindus, and they live by farming. Total: 14,245 in 1971. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:322-328) Bhute (Bhope, Aradhi) A caste of religious mendicants, originally recruited from among Brahmans and Marathas and devoted to the goddess Bhavani. There are even some Muslim ones. Many are eunuchs. They are usually beggars, found in Maharashtra. They marry; and their dead, if male, are buried in a sitting posture, whereas dead women are burned in a lying posture. See also HIJRA. (Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:41-43, 194-196; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:88-90) Bhutia (Butia, Bhot, Bhod, Bot, Bhotia, Bhotiya) A tribal cluster of mountain cultivators, found from West Bengal to Nepal and Himachal Pradesh. Some are Lamaistic Buddhists, others Hindus. Their language, Bhotia, is a form of Tibetan. In- dian total: 86,257 in 1971. See also Chhazang; Tibetan. (Dalton 1872, 93-98; Crooke 1896, 2:61-63; Srivastava 1966; Firer- Haimendorf 1975; Das and Raha 1981; Bhasin 1989; Bishop 1990) Biar (Biyar) A Hindu tribe found in eastern Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, employed in excavation. Partial total: 3,859 in 1971. (Crooke 1896, 2:128-140) Bili Maggar (Bilimagga, Kuruvinna Setti, Kuruvina Banajiga) A caste of Hindu weavers found in western Karnataka. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 1:239-243; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936, 2:277-287) Billava (Billoru) A caste of toddy tappers, who speak Tulu or Kannada and are found in Karnataka. Some of them cultivate. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 1:243-252; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936, 2: 288-296) Bind (Bin, Bhind, Bindu) A fishing, hunting, and agricultural caste found from eastern Uttar Pradesh to Bangladesh, related to the Gonds. They are Hindus. See also GOND. (Risley 1891, 1:130-134; Crooke 1896, 2:106-115) Binjhwar (Binjhia, Binjhoa, Binjhal, Birjia, Brijia) A Dravidian-speaking tribe of eastern Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and parts of West Bengal, closely related to the Baiga. They are land- holders. Total: 160,534 in 1971. See also BAIGA. (Risley 1891, 1:134-137; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:329-336) Birhor (Birhul) A Munda-speaking tribe of hunters and gatherers, found in southern and central Bihar. Some ac- counts allege that they practiced cannibalism in the nineteenth century. Total: 4,300 in 1971. (Dalton 1872, 217- 219; Risley 1891, 1:137-138; Roy 1926; Adhikary 1984) Bisen A Rajput group found in Uttar Pradesh. They are cultivators and landlords. (Crooke 1896, 2:116-120) Bishnoi (Pahlad Bansi) A Hindu sect, originating in the Panjab, that has become a caste. The name means "worshiper of Vishnu." They are traders. A few are found in central India, the remainder in the Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. (Crooke 1896, 2:120-127; Rose 1911, 1:110-114; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:337-344) Bohora (Bohra, Kasar) A large Jain caste originally from Goa and found in nearby districts of Karnataka. They are landowners. Some are converts to Sunni Islam. See also BOHRA. (Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:197-207) Bonthuk (Bonthuk Savara) A caste found in Krishna and Guntur districts in Andhra Pradesh, where they are peripatetic. They collect and sell bamboo. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 1:258-262) Borul (Burol) A small caste of traders found in Parbhani and Beed districts of central Maharashtra. (Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:96-98) Appendix 315 Bottada (Bathudi, Bhottada, Dhotada) A tribe of cultivators in Orissa; they are Hindus and probably related to the Murias. Total: 325,634 in 1971. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 1:264-266) Brahma Kshatri A small caste found in Gujarat. They are mostly scribes and government servants. (Campbell 1901, 55-59; Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:208-212) Buna (Banua, Buno) A group of castes or tribes found in Bangladesh. They were probably members of distinct tribes (e.g., Santal, Oraon, Bhuiya) who wandered eastward looking for farm-laboring jobs. (Risley 1891, 1:163-164) Bundela Rajput A Rajput caste found in northern Madhya Pradesh, formerly of great military power, they are now cultivators. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 4:438-440) Chadar (Kotwar) A small weaving caste of a few districts in central India. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:400-402) Chain (Chai, Chaini, Barchain) A cultivating and fishing caste, formerly thieves too, who are found from eastern Uttar Pradesh to western Bangladesh. In the west of this tract they cultivate, whereas in Bangladesh they are traders. (Risley 1891, 1:166-169; Crooke 1896, 2:167-168) Chakkan A Tamil-speaking caste of oil pressers found in Ernakulam and Trichur districts in central Kerala. (Ananthakrishna Iyer 1909-1912, 3:367-369) Chaikiliyan (Chuckler) A caste of Untouchable leather workers found in Tamil Nadu. They are Hindus. See also UN- TOUCHABLES. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:2-7) Chaliyan A weaving caste found in northern and central Kerala, where they probably immigrated from Tamil Nadu. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:11-14; Ananthakrishna Iyer 1909-1912, 2:115-118) Chandal (Chandala, Chanral, Chang, Karral, Nama-Sudra, Nama, Nishad) A large caste of farmers and boatmen in West Bengal and Bangladesh. They also follow numerous urban trades. Most of them are Vaishnavites. (Risley 1891, 1:183-189, 428) Chandel Rajput A Rajput caste found in northern Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, perhaps related to the Gonds. They are Hindu farmers. (Crooke 1896, 2:196-200; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 4:440-443) Charan (Gadhavi, Bahrot, Barath, Barahatta, Mangan) A tribe of bards and genealogists, found throughout Gujarat. Total: 1,700 in 1971. (Campbell 1901, 214-222; Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:271-286) Charandasi A Vaishnavite sect founded in the eighteenth century by Charan Das, now found in western Uttar Pradesh. Some are mendicants, some merchants. (Crooke 1896, 2:201-204) Chasa (Tasa, Sadgop, Satgop, Alia) A Hindu cultivating caste found in Orissa, West Bengal, and Bangladesh. They are mostly Vaishnavite Hindus. (Risley 1891, 1:192-193; 2:212-214; Crooke 1896, 4:245; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:424-426; Patnaik 1960b) Chasadhoba (Chasadhopa) A Hindu cultivating and trading caste, found in West Bengal. Some work as craftsmen or builders. (Risley 1891, 1:193-195) Chatla An itinerant caste of Muslims, found in parts of Gujarat. They are carriers and woodcutters. They bury their dead in a standing position. (Campbell 1899, 86) Chaudhri A large Hindu tribe found in Surat District, southern Gujarat. Most of them are farmers or farm laborers. Total: 177,155 in 1971. (Shah 1984) Chauhan A small caste of laborers and village watchmen in the Chhattisgarh area of Madhya Pradesh. They are Hindu and vegetarian, and they appear to have adopted their name from the prestigious Chauhan Rajputs. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:427-429) Chauhan Rajput A Rajput farming caste found from Punjab to Madhya Pradesh. (Crooke 1896, 2:207-213, Campbell 1901, 123-125; Rose 1911, 1:155-156; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 4:443-446) Chero (Cheru, Churu) A tribe of cultivators, found from West Bengal to eastern Uttar Pradesh. They speak a Munda language and are Hindus. Some have taken up carting, trading, and other occupations. Total: 38,916 in 1971. (Dalton 1872, 121-123; Risley 1891, 1:199-203; Crooke 1896, 2:214-222; Mukherjee et al. 1973) Cheruman (Cherumukkal, Cheruma, Pulayan) A Hindu caste of former bonded laborers, found in northern Kerala. See also Pulluvan. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:45-9 1) Chet-Rami A sect founded in the nineteenth century by one Chet Ram. It was based in Lahore, Pakistan, and ac- knowledges the Christian Trinity as well as a Hindu Trinity consisting of Allah, Parameswar, and Khuda (the first and last of these being Islamic terms). (Rose 1911, 1:157-158) Chetti (Setti, Chetty) A group of trading and money- lending castes, found throughout Tamil Nadu. The article by Thurston and Rangachari describes their secret trading language. See also BANIA. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:91-97) Chhalapdar (Mujawar) A tiny caste in Delhi, probably recent converts to Islam from Hinduism. (Rose 1911, 1:160-163) Chhapparband (Chapparband) A tiny Muslim caste of western Maharashtra who formerly specialized in thatching roofs and making false coinage. They are also found in southern India. The article by Thurston and Rangachari describes their techniques. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:16-22; Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:286-287) Chhazang Buddhists of Lahul and Spiti District, Himachal Pradesh, who do not recognize caste; however, there are three classes among them. They are landowners and Tibetan in culture. (Rose 1911, 1:164-166) Chhipa (Chhapgar, Chhapagar, Chhimba, Chhipi, Chhimpi, Charhoa, Calender, Rangari, Wannekar, Bhaosar, Bhavsar, Bhausagar, Bhavasagari, Paungar, Nirali, Nilari, Nilgar) A caste of calico printers and dyers, found in low- land Pakistan and in northern, western, and central India, as far as northern Andhra Pradesh. Some are Hindus, some 316 Appendix Jains, some Sikhs, others Muslims. See also Rangrez. (Crooke 1896, 2:222-227; Campbell 1899, 71-72; 1901, 177-179; Rose 1911, 1:166-168; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:429- 431; Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:147-151; 3:135-138; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:60-65) Chibh A Rajput caste of cultivators, found in Punjab and parts of Kashmir. (Rose 1911, 1:169-170) Chingathan A tribe found in Cannanore District in north- em Kerala. Their main occupation is collecting wild honey. (Luiz 1962, 44-46) Chishti (Chishtiya) A Muslim sect found in the Punjab and much of Pakistan. Its founding saint, Abu Ishaq, is ven- erated by Hindus as well as Muslims. (Crooke 1896, 2:228- 230; Rose 1911, 1:171-174) Chitrakathi (Hardas) A small caste of religious mendicants, storytellers, and puppeteers, found in Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh; they are probably related to the Chitaris of central India. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:438-440; Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:287-289) Chitrali A Muslim people who live in Chitral, in the far north of Pakistan. They are of varied castes and occupations, and they are well adapted to the mountain conditions. (Rose 1911, 1:174-181) Chodhra (Chodhara) A tribe of southern Gujarat, who practice agriculture. Total: 11,767 in 1971. (Campbell 1901, 312-313; Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:289-293) Churahi People of the Churah area in Chamba District, Himachal Pradesh. They are Hindu landowners. (Rose 1911, 1:210-214) Chutia (Deuri-Chutiya, Dibongiya) A Paleo-Mongoloid tribe found in the easternmost parts of Assam, where they were historically the dominant people. (Saikia 1976) Dabgar (Kuppesaz) A caste that contains both Hindus and Muslims and makes rawhide jars for storing certain foods. They are found from Uttar Pradesh to West Bengal. (Crooke 1896, 2:235-236) Dadupanthi A Vaishnavite sect founded in the seven- teenth century by Dadu, a cotton carder. They are found in the Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, and eastern Rajasthan. (Crooke 1896, 2:236-239) Dafali (Darwesh) A tribe of musicians and beggars, found throughout Uttar Pradesh. (Crooke 1896, 2:239-244) Dafla (Daphla, Dophla, Nishi) A Paleo-Mongoloid tribe of cultivators, found in western districts of Arunachal Pradesh. Total: 5,926 in 1971. (Dalton 1872, 40-42; Shukla 1959; Fiirer-Haimendorf 1956, 1962) Dahait (Dahayat) A large tribe of village watchmen found in Jabbalpur and neighboring districts of Madhya Pradesh. They are related to the Kol, and they were once personal at- tendants and doorkeepers of a king, carrying his mace and, most importantly, the ceremonial umbrella. Total: 363,215 in 1971. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:444-453) Daharia (Dahar) A small caste claiming descent from Rajputs and found in Bilaspur and Raipur districts, Madhya Pradesh. Some are minor officials, but they refuse to handle the plow. Dahar are an agricultural clan of Jats, found in Punjab Province, Pakistan. (Rose 1911, 1:219; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:453-457) Dai Not a caste, but the occupational category of midwife. These may be women of Muslim or Hindu castes, often Chamars. Their job is considered polluting. They are found all over northern and central India. (Risley 1891, 1:210-212) Dakaut (Dak-putra, Jotgi, Panda, Dhaonsi) A Brahman caste, found in the Punjab. (Rose 1911, 1:134-138) Dandasi A Hindu caste of village watchmen, noted also for thievery. They are found in Ganjam District, in southern Orissa. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:106-111) Dangi A cultivating caste found in Sagar District, Madhya Pradesh, and in Jhansi District, Uttar Pradesh. They are Hin- dus. The name probably comes from the Hindi word dang, meaning 'hill," so they are "hill men." (Crooke 1896, 2:246- 252; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:457-463) Dangri A small caste of melon and vegetable growers, living in eastern Maharashtra. Their customs resemble those of the Kunbis. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:463-465) Darzi (Darji, Shimpi, Simpi, Chhipi, Chipollu, Pipavasi, Merai, Meerolu, Sais, Suis, Sai Sutar, Suji, Thalavadi) A caste of tailors, found throughout the towns of northwestern and central India, as far as Karnataka. The caste appears to be of fairly recent origin, and the word darzi is Persian. Many are Hindus of the Namdev sect; others are Muslim. Today some work as cloth merchants, writers, money changers, or cultivators. (Crooke 1896, 2:253-259; Campbell 1901, 179-181; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:466-472; Enthoven 1920- 1922, 1:295-297; 2:327-331; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:153- 156; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936, 3: 77-100) Dasa A caste of Hindu and Lingayat beggars, found in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. (Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:298) Dasri (Dasari, Tadan) A class of Vaishnavite beggars who form several endogamous groups originally recruited from Telugu- or Kannada-speaking castes. Some catch fish and birds, and others are farmers. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:112-119; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:157-161; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936, 3:101-117) Dauri (Daur, Dawari) A farming people found in Waziristan, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan. They are Muslims. (Rose 1911, 1:225-232) Davre Jogi (Davre Gosavi, Daure Gosavi, Bharadi) A sect of Yogis who are professional mendicants. Some now work as laborers. They are Hindus, found in central and western India. See also Yogi. (Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:113-117; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:278-281) Demala-Gattara A farming and laboring caste found in western Sri Lanka. (Ryan 1953) Depala A caste of western Gujarat, related to the Lohanas. Appendix 317 They are Hindu household servants and shopkeepers. (Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:299-301) Deshastha Brahman (Deshasth, Grihastha, Bhikshuk) A Marathi-speaking Brahman caste, found in Maharashtra and Kamataka. Many of them (Grihasthas) are householders with the usual urban jobs, such as clerk, moneylender, school- teacher; but some (Bhikshuks) are religious mendicants. (Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:244-245; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:108-111) Devadasi (Dasi, Bogam, Bhogam, Varangana, Calavantina, Colvonta, Kasban, Kasbi, Kalawant, Pathura Dawaru, Tawaif, Patar, Patoriva, Patur, Paturiya, Kanchan, Bailadeira) A matrilineal caste of former dancing girls, musicians, and prostitutes, speaking the various regional lan- guages. ("Bailadeira" is the Portuguese term.) They are Hin- dus, still to be found throughout India even though their occupations have changed. Girls were recruited into the caste by being dedicated to temples by their parents; and their children became members of this caste by matrilineal descent. Their sons were commonly temple musicians. In some areas (e.g., Andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh) there were both Hindu and Muslim Bogams. (Crooke 1896, 4:364-371; Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:125-153; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 3:373-384; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:91-95; Feio 1979, 91-98; Marglin 1985) Devanga (Devangalu, Devang, Devra, Jyandra, Jad, Koshti, Hatkar, Devanga Sale, Sali, Myatari) A caste of weavers found all over central and southern India, from Maharashtra to Kerala. They speak Telugu, Kannada, or Marathi; most are Shaivites. Some have taken to farming, carpentry, or ma- sonry. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:154-166; Ananthakrishna Iyer 1909-1912, 3:369-374; Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:301-310; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:162-165; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936, 3:118-138) Dewar A small Dravidian-speaking caste of musicians and professional beggars, found in the Chhattisgarh area of Madhya Pradesh. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:472-477) Dhakar A small caste found in the Bastar area of Orissa. In 1911 their population was only 5,500, but almost two- thirds were female. The caste consists mainly of farm laborers. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:477-480) Dhanuk (Dhanak) An agricultural caste, mainly found in Bihar, in Uttar Pradesh, and in Narsimhapur District, Madhya Pradesh. Many people work as musicians at weddings, as village watchmen, and household servants. The women are midwives. (Risley 1891,1:220-222; Crooke 1896, 2:271-276; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:484-487) Dhanwar (Dhenuar, Dhanuhar) A tribe of Bilaspur Dis- trict, in eastern Madhya Pradesh. They speak a dialect of Chhattisgarhi and work as hunters, gatherers, laborers, and cultivators. They worship in a Hindu manner and bury their dead. Total: 24,170 in 1971. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:488-501) Dharkar (Bentbansi) A section of the eastern Doms, found in much of Uttar Pradesh. They are Hindu cultivators. (Crooke 1896, 2:279-288) Dheda (Dhed) A large caste perhaps descended from local tribes in Gujarat. They were once spinners and weavers of cotton, but they are now small farmers. (Campbell 1901, 338-345; Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:322-328; Stevenson 1930) Dhimal (Dhemal, Maulik) A Tibeto-Burman-speaking tribe found near Darjeeling and in the eastern districts of Nepal. They are farmers and cattle keepers, but some fish, or pick tea near Darjeeling. (Risley 1891, 1:225-228) Dhoba A small caste of priests and cultivators, found in Mandla District, Madhya Pradesh. They probably had a Dravidian tribal origin. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:515-518) Dhobi (Dhoba, Dhupi, Dhobhi, Warthi, Warathi, Madiyal, Baretha, Chakla, Chakala, Sakala, Tsakala, Rajak, Ramdu, Agesaru, Parit) A large Hindu caste cluster of professional washermen. The word dhobi is universally used in India for this occupation, and the caste is widespread throughout the country. Some have adopted cultivation. See also Agasa, Vannan. (Risley 1891, 1:229-236; Crooke 1896, 2:288-296; Campbell 1901, 228-230; Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:168-169; 7:197-202; Rose 1911, 1:239; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:519-527; Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:329-330; 3:174-177; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:143-148) Dhodia (Dhodi, Dhundia) A tribe of southern Gujarat, who work as farm laborers. Total: 379,895 in 1971. (Camp- bell 1901, 314-316; Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:330-336) Dhor (Dohor) A tanning caste of Maharashtra, now widespread in western and central India. They speak Marathi and are Shaivite Untouchables; but some are Lingayats. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 1:361; Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:336-340; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:171-176) Dhuldhoya A Muslim caste who wash for gold in Gujarat. (Campbell 1899, 86-87) Dhund A Muslim caste of Punjab Province, Pakistan. They are primarily herdsmen. (Rose 1911, 1:240-241) Dhuniya (Dhuna, Behna, Katera, Kandera, Naddaf) A caste of cotton carders, found in Uttar Pradesh. Most are Muslim but some are Hindu. (Crooke 1896, 2:297-301) Dhuri A small caste of the Chhattisgarh area in Madhya Pradesh, who parch rice or follow other occupations, including that of household servant. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:527-530) Dhurwa (Dhuru, Dharua) A tribe found in Bastar Dis- trict, in southeast Madhya Pradesh, and Orissa. Total: 8,791 in 1971. (Thusu 1965) Didayi An agricultural, Munda-speaking tribe of Koraput District, in southern Orissa. Total: 2,164 in 1971. (Guha et al. 1968) Dikshit (Dikhit, Dikhshit) A caste of Brahman priests, widespread in northern India. They are especially employed to initiate Hindu boys. The name is also applied to a clan of Rajputs found in Uttar Pradesh. (Crooke 1896, 2:305-309) Dogar A Muslim caste found in Punjab Province, Paki- 318 Appendix stan, and eastward into Uttar Pradesh. They are farmers and former cattle thieves, supposedly derived from the Chauhan Rajputs. (Crooke 1896,2:310-312; Rose 1911,1:244-246) Dogra An inhabitant of the Dugra area in Jammu and Kashmir. They are mainly Hindu Rajputs. (Rose 1911, 1:246) Doluva A caste found in Ganjam District, southern Orissa, who claim to be descended from the former kings by their concubines. They are Vaishnavites. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:171-173) Domara (Dom, Dome, Doom, Domban, Dombara, Dumar, Dombo, Domra, Dombari, Dombar, Domar, Domahra, Domri, Dummna, Dum, Dhangad, Reddi Domara, Reddi Dhora, Kolhati) A vagrant tribe of acrobats and jugglers, formerly dacoits or brigands, found throughout central and northern India, from Uttar Pradesh to West Bengal, and in Nepal. They freely admit recruits from other castes. The women are also entertainers and prostitutes. Some families have taken to agriculture, trade, lending money, or making mats. Total: 5,254 in 1971. (Risley 1891, 1:240-251; Crooke 1896, 2:312-342; Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:173- 190; Rose 1911, 1:250; Enthoven 1920-1922, 2:237-243; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:176-181; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936,3:139-174; Bishop 1990) Donga Dasari A formerly criminal caste, found in Bellary District, Karnataka. They accept hypergamous marriages with Kabbera girls. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909,2:191-194) Dorla A tribe found in Bastar District, in southeast Madhya Pradesh. (Hazra 1970) Dosadh (Dosadha, Dusadh, Dhari, Dharhi) A caste found in Bihar and West Bengal, who are watchmen, messengers, and grooms. (Risley 1891, 1:252-258) Dubla (Talavia, Halpati) A large tribe of southern Gujarat, who work as farmers and were formerly bonded la. borers. Total: 408,226 in 1971. (Campbell 1901, 316-318; Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:341-347; Shah 1958; Breman 1974) Dudekula (Panjari, Panjukotti) A Muslim caste of cotton carders, who retain sundry Hindu practices. They are found in Andhra Pradesh. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:194-202) Dudwala (Gadit) A Muslim caste of milkmen, converted from Hinduism; some are carters. They are found in Gujarat. (Campbell 1899, 35) Dumal An agricultural caste of Sambalpur District, Orissa. They are Oriya-speaking Vaishnavites. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:530-537) Durava (Chandos) A caste of toddy tappers found in Sri Lanka. (Ryan 1953) Dusadh (Khasiya Rajput) A tribe found in eastern Uttar Pradesh. They are farm laborers and village watchmen, and they are Hindus. (Crooke 1896, 2:346-358) East Indian A Roman Catholic community of mixed origin found in the environs of Bombay. They are cultivators and fishermen; they include Samvedi Christians, Koli Chris- tians, Vadvals, and Salsette Christians. The term 'East In- dian" has sometimes been used indiscriminately in North America to distinguish all South Asians from American Indi- ans. (Baptista 1967) Edanadan Chetti A farming tribe of Ernad Taluk in Malappuram District, northern Kerala. (Gopalan Nair 1911, 53-55) Elma A section of the Reddis who are household servants. See also REDDL (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 3:342-343) Erakala (Yerukala, Yerukula, Kaikadi, Korwah) A nomadic Gypsy tribe of Andhra Pradesh, who used to subsist by stealing, begging, telling fortunes, and making baskets. They also used to traffic in their women. Total: 162,560 in 1971. See also PEIUPATETCS. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 4:606-608; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:185-195; Parthasarathy 1988) Eravallan (Eravallar, Eravallen, Yeravallar, Villu Vedan) A tribe found in Palghat and Emakulam districts, in central Kerala, and the nearby Coimbatore District of Tamil Nadu. They have an animistic religion and work as hunters or cultivators. Total: 678 in 1971. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:210-217; Ananthakrishna Iyer 1909-1912, 1:43-50; Luiz 1962, 47-51) Ezhuva (Izhava, Izhuva, Irava, Illavan) A large and widespread caste of southern Kerala, possibly immigrants from Sri Lanka, who cultivate and also practice several trades and urban professions. They were formerly toddy tappers. There may be as many as five million today. (Ananthakrishna Iyer 1909-1912, 1:277-341; Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:392-418; Aiyappan 1965) Fakir (Faqir) A widespread brotherhood of wandering Muslim mendicants. In theological terms and appearance, it is not always possible to distinguish them from Hindu Sadhus, and some are converts from Hinduism. They are more prevalent in Pakistan, northern and central India, and Bangladesh than in other parts of the subcontinent. Their name comes from the Arabic word fakr, "poverty"; some groups are celibate, while others marry. Most of the marrying groups or orders are not strictly endogamous. (Risley 1891, 1:262; Campbell 1899, 19-20; Rose 1911, 1:253-254; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:537-540; Siegel 1991) Gabit (Konkani Maratha) A caste of Goa and nearby coastal districts, mainly fishermen and sailors. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:242; Enthoven 1920-1922,1:347-350) Gadaria (Gadri, Gareri, Gadariya, Garariya, Gaderiya, Ganreriya, Bhenrihar, Bharvad) A large caste of Hindu shepherds and weavers widespread in northern, western, and central India. Many now keep cattle and sell dairy produce. Their three subcastes, Nikhar, Dhengar, and Barmaiyan, are of differential status. Gadarias not only breed goats and sheep but also weave woolen blankets. (Risley 1891, 1:271 - 274; Crooke 1896, 2:361-369; Campbell 1901, 267-285; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 3:3-9; Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:118-122, 350-352) Gadba (Garaba, Gadaba) A Munda-speaking tribe of laborers and cultivators, found in Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh, in Koraput District, Orissa, and in Vishakhapatnam [...]... modem urban professions (Risley 1891, 1:41 9-4 20, 42 9-4 30; Crooke 1896, 3:16 7-1 71; 4:40 7-4 10; Campbell 1901, 18 6-1 88; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 3:369372; 4:53 6-5 39; Enthoven 192 0-1 922, 2:15 9-1 60; 3:36 1-3 64; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 2:32 0-3 21) 340 Appendix Tandan A caste of toddy tappers and carpenters, found in southern Kerala (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 7: 9-1 2) Tangaa A Paleo-Mongoloid tribe of Tirap District,... total: 192,234 in 1971 (Risley 1891, 1:219, Crooke 1896, 2:26 3-2 71; Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:28 4-2 96; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:48 0-4 84; 3:3 5-3 8, 34 2-3 43; Enthoven 192 0-1 922, 1:31 1-3 21; 2: 9-1 3, 5 6-6 0; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:16 6-1 70, 20 4-2 15; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 19281936, 3:19 7-2 18, 50 7-5 13) Gond-Gowari A small caste of mixed Gond and Gowari ancestry; they are cultivators and... 3:6 8-7 8; 5:413; Rose 1911, 2:14 0-1 50; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 4:26 2-2 83; Enthoven 192 0-1 922, 3:12 7-1 35; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 2:46 3-4 68; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 192 8-1 936, 4:42 9-4 51) Nalke (Nalakeyava, Panara) A Tulu-speaking caste of mat and umbrella makers, found in the coastal districts of Karnataka (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 5:14 1-1 49) Nanakpanthi (Nanakshahi) A category of Sikh... Kumhars, and a few are Sikhs (Risley 1891, 1:51 7-5 26; Crooke 1896, 3:33 5-3 44; Campbell 1901, 18 9-1 90; Ananthakrishna Iyer 190 9-1 912, 3:38 7-3 90; Thurston and Rangachari 1909; 4:11 2-1 17; Rose 1911, 1:56 2-5 70; 2:526528; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 4: 3-1 5; Enthoven 19201922, 2:27 5-2 84; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 2:35 7-3 61; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 192 8-1 936, 4: 4-1 6; Patnaik 1960c) Kmdiitiga (Kunchigar,... (Crooke 1896, 3:6 4-6 9; Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 1:39 3-3 96; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 3:25 5-2 79; Enthoven 192 0-1 922, 2:10 7-1 09; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:29 0-2 96; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 192 8-1 936, 2:55 0-5 59) Juang (Patua) A Munda-speaking tribe of cultivators, found in Singhbhum District, Bihar, and northern Orissa Total: 24,384 in 1971 (Dalton 1872, 15 0-1 56; Risley 1891, 1:35 0-3 55; Roy and... Iyer 192 8-1 936, 4:53 6-5 58) Salat A small grouping of three stone-cutting castes, found in Gujarat (Campbell 1901, 19 5-1 97; Enthoven 19201922, 3:31 6-3 17) Sale (Sali, Salvi, Saliyan) A group of weaving castes of mixed origin found in central and southern India, many of whom also cultivate They are Hindus (Campbell 1901, 197; Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 6:26 5-2 79; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 2:57 7-5 81; Nanjundayya... Munda-speaking tribe of Bihar, West Bengal, and southern parts of Uttar Pradesh They are shifting cultivators of vegetables, but they were also expert hunters and dacoits at one time Total: 89,242 in 1971 (Dalton 1872, 21 9-2 24; Risley 1891, 1:51 1-5 13; Crooke 1896, 3:32 2-3 34; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 3:57 1-5 80; Majumdar 1944, 1-6 4) Koshti (Koshta, Mahara, Salewar) A large caste of Hindu weavers of silk... 1911,8 5-8 9; Luiz 1962, 24 9-2 52) Vada A Telugu-speaking caste of fishermen, found on the coast of Andhra Pradesh They are Hindus (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 7:25 8-2 65) Vader (Wodeya, Odeya) Priests of the Lingayat community, found in southern Karnataka and among Badagas in the Nilgiris District of Tamil Nadu See also BADAGA (Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 192 8-1 936, 4:65 7-6 58) Vagher A caste of. .. (Ananthakrishna Iyer 190 9-1 912, 1:3 8-4 2) Konga Vellala A caste of Hindu cultivators, found in western parts of Tamil Nadu See also VELLALA (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 3:41 7-4 21) Konkani Brahman A caste of Brahmans found in Goa and southward through the Konkani-speaking districts to central Kerala They work as priests and cultivators (Ananthakrishna Iyer 190 9-1 921, 3:34 6-3 64; Feio 1979, 2 4-7 2) Konkna (Kokna,... (Enthoven 192 0-1 922, 1:35 9-3 63) Gavli (Gouli, Gauliga, Dongore) A herding caste found in parts of Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra, and central India; they now sell dairy produce, though a few farm They are 320 Appendix Lingayats (Enthoven 192 0-1 922, 1:36 7-3 73; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:19 6-2 00; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 192 8-1 936, 3:51 4-5 15; Feio 1979, 8 5-9 0) Ghadi A small caste of soothsayers, . and speak a Dravidian language. Remarkably, if their girls were not married by the advent of puberty, they were wedded to a spear stuck in the ground and then given away to anybody. Total: 104,390 in 1971. (Risley 1891, 2:15 5-1 59; Crooke 1896, 4:11 3-1 18; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 3:1 4- 17; 4:32 4-3 29) Gandhabanik (Gandhabania, Putuli) A caste of drug- gists, spice sellers, and grocers, found in Bangladesh and West Bengal. Most of them are Vaishnavites. (Risley 1891, 1:26 5-2 67) Gandharia Originally a caste of sailors, these people of the Kathiawar Peninsula in Gujarat are now tile makers. Some make ropes, weave, paint, or work as carpenters; they are a tiny Hindu caste. (Enthoven 192 0-1 922, 1:35 5-3 56) Gandharv (Gandharb) A caste of singers, dancers, and prostitutes, found in three districts of Uttar Pradesh. (Crooke 1896, 2:37 9-3 83) Gandhmal (Thanapati) A small caste of village priests in Orissa. "Thanapati" means "master of the sacred place." They are related to the Malis or gardeners. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 3:1 7-1 9) Gangari A caste of Brahmans who are found in Uttar Pradesh on the banks of the Ganges and who work as priests and farmers. (Crooke 1896, 2:38 9-3 91) Gangeddu (Gangeddulu, Erudandi, Perumal Madukkaran) A caste of Vaishnavite mendicants who wander around ex- hibiting bulls in Andhra Pradesh. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:25 8-2 63) Gangota (Gangauta) A cultivating caste found in Bihar, near the Ganges. They are Hindus. (Risley 1891, 1:26 8-2 69) Ganiga (Gandla) A Kannada-speaking caste of oil pressers, found in Karnataka. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:26 3- 268; Nanjundaya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 192 8-1 936, 3:18 6-1 96) Ganrar A boating, trading, and fishing caste of Bangla- desh. They are Hindus. (Risley 1891, 1:270) Garpagari A caste of village servants employed to avert hail damage magically. They are found mainly in eastern Maharashtra and western Madhya Pradesh. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 3:1 9-2 4) Gauda (Gaudo, Gauddes, Gowder) A very large caste of Hindu cultivators, found throughout Karnataka and Goa, and closely related to the Okkaligas; some are Lingayats. The term is also applied to the majority phratry of the Badagas, who are in the Nilgiris District of Tamil Nadu. See also Okkaliga. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:26 9-2 72; Krishna Iyer 1948, 7 1-7 4; Srinivas 1952; Feio 1979, 7 6-8 5) Gaudo A herding caste found in Ganjam District, southern Orissa. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:27 3-2 76) Gaur (Gauda) One of the five divisions of Brahmans found in north India. (Crooke 1896, 2:39 3-3 99) Gauria (Ghara) A small caste of snake charmers and jugglers, related to the Gonds. They are only found in the Chhat- tisgarh area of eastern Madhya Pradesh and Orissa. But the name "Gauriya" is also applied to a Vaishnavite sect of Bengali origin, otherwise known as 'Bangali Gusain." (Crooke 1896, 2:40 3-4 04; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 3:2 4-2 6) Gaur Rajput (Chamar Gaur) A Rajput caste found in Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. (Crooke 1896, 2:39 9- 402; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 4:44 8-4 50) Gavada (Mith Gavada) A Maratha caste originally of salt makers, who are now mostly farmers, laborers, petty traders, or carters. They are found in the coastal districts around Goa, from North Ratnagiri to Uttar Kannad. See also MARATHA. (Enthoven 192 0-1 922, 1:35 9-3 63) Gavli (Gouli, Gauliga, Dongore) A herding caste found in parts of Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra, and central India; they now sell dairy produce, though a few farm. They are 320 Appendix Lingayats. (Enthoven 192 0-1 922, 1:36 7-3 73; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:19 6-2 00; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 192 8-1 936, 3:51 4-5 15; Feio 1979, 8 5-9 0) Ghadi A small caste of soothsayers, found on the coast of Karnataka. They also work as farmers and laborers. (Enthoven 192 0-1 922, 1:37 4-3 75) Ghadshi A small caste of hereditary musicians, found in northern Karnataka. Many receive payments from temples they are attached to; they also work as farmers or farm labor. ers. (Enthoven 192 0-1 922, 1:37 5-3 76) Ghasia (Ghasiya, Ghasi, Sais, Syce) A Hindu caste of northern and central India. Their occupation is to groom horses, cut grass for them, and perform music at festivals; some are cultivators or fishermen. (Risley 1891, 1:27 7-2 79; Crooke 1896, 2:40 8-4 19; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 1:403; 3:2 7-3 2) Ghermedi A caste of Muslim farmers located from Bombay north to Sindh, in Pakistan. Their name indicates that they disbelieve in the coming Mahdi, a prophet who will establish divine justice on earth prior to the ending of the world. (Campbell 1899, 6 2-6 4) Ghirth A caste of cultivators in Kangra District, Himachal Pradesh. They are Hindu Rajputs. (Rose 1911, 1:28 7-2 95) Ghisadi (Baiti Kamara, Bailne Kumbar) A caste of itinerant tinkers and knife grinders. Gujarati is their language, but they are found throughout western and central India. (Enthoven 192 0-1 922, 2: 3-5 ; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1: 20 1-2 03) Ghosi A herding caste found in northern and central India. In northern India they are Muslim converts, whereas in Madhya Pradesh nearly all are Hindus. (Crooke 1896, 2:41 9- 421; Rose 1911, 1:297; Russell and Hira Lal 1916,3:3 2-3 5) Goan (Goanese, Luso-Indian) Inhabitants of Goa, which is a small Union Territory on the west coast of India (and a former Portuguese colony). Their numbers are about 1.5 million (1991), but they are also found today in many other In- dian cities, and a few live in Lisbon. They are especially numerous in the Bombay area, where they are esteemed as cooks. Goanese are nearly all Roman Catholics, bear Portu- guese surnames, and are part Portuguese, part Konkani in ancestry. (Feio 1979) Gola (Rana) A caste of rice pounders, found throughout Gujarat State. (Campbell 1901, 18 3-1 86; Enthoven 192 0- 1922, 2: 6-9 ) Golak Brahman (Govardhan) A Brahman caste of central Maharashtra. They have a variety of professions, being priests to the Kunbis as well as astrologers, hereditary village accountants, moneylenders, and farmers. (Enthoven 192 0- 1922, 1:245; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:11 6-1 17) Golapurab An agricultural caste, found only in Agra Dis- trict, Uttar Pradesh. (Crooke 1896, 2:42 2-4 30) Golla (Gollam, Golar, Gol, Gola, Gulla, Gullar, Uru Golla, Gollarajulu, Gollewar, Dhangar, Dhangad, Dhanka, Dhangar Mahratta, Kacha Gauliga, Gavada, Gavali, Gauliga, Golkar, Yadava-kula, Krishna-kula, Krishna Golla, Hanbar) A great shepherd tribal cluster, numbering several million. They are Hindus and are found throughout central and western India. They deal in cattle and sheep, weave blankets, and sell dairy products and medicines. Partial total: 192,234 in 1971. (Risley 1891, 1:219, Crooke 1896, 2:26 3-2 71; Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:28 4-2 96; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:48 0-4 84; 3:3 5-3 8, 34 2-3 43; Enthoven 192 0-1 922, 1:31 1-3 21; 2: 9-1 3, 5 6-6 0; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:16 6-1 70, 20 4-2 15; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 192 8- 1936, 3:19 7-2 18, 50 7-5 13) Gond-Gowari A small caste of mixed Gond and Gowari ancestry; they are cultivators and laborers. Some marry women from certain other castes. They are mainly found in eastern Maharashtra. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 3: 14 3-1 44) Gondhali (Gondaliga) An order of wandering musicians, dancers, and beggars found in western and central India; they are Hindus. Some people leave their castes and become Gondhalis to fulfill a vow. See also SADHU. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:29 6-2 97; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 3:14 4-1 47; Enthoven 192 0-1 922, 2:1 3-1 7; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:23 3-2 36; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 192 8-1 936, 3:24 3-2 49) Gone (Goniga) A section of the Reddis; they make sacks. They are found in Andhra Pradesh and around Bangalore. See also Janappan. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 3:34 2-3 43; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 192 8-1 936, 3:25 0-2 53) Gonsavi (Motcare, Zogui) A caste of cultivators and carters, found in Goa. (Feio 1979, 7 5-7 6) Gopal (Borekar) A small wandering criminal caste, now professional acrobats, street entertainers, and buffalo dealers, found in western and central India. They are Hindus; some speak Marathi, others Gujarati. See also PERIPATETICS. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 3:14 7-1 49; Enthoven 192 0-1 922, 2:1 7- 19; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:23 7-2 39) Gorait (Korait, Baikar) A Hindu tribe of musicians, comb makers, and cotton carders, found in central Bihar and West Bengal. Total: 3,720 in 1971. (Risley 1891, 1:29 7-2 99) Gosain (Gusain, Gosayi, Goswami) A caste of religious mendicants widespread in India. They are related to the Sadhus or Sannyasis, but, unlike members of those groups, they are usually married. See also SADHU. (Crooke 1896, 2:46 9-4 72; Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:29 8-3 00; Rose 1911, 1:30 3-3 05; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 192 8-1 936, 3:25 4-2 59) Goundala (Gouda, Idiga, Kalal) A toddy-making and liquor-selling caste found in northern Andhra Pradesh. (Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:24 0-2 47) Gowari A large herding caste of eastern Maharashtra, related to Ahirs. They are Hindus, for whom ancestor worship is important. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 3:16 0-1 65) Goyigama The dominant cultivating caste in Sri Lanka. (Ryan 1953; Leach 1968; Obeyesekere 1974) Gudikara (Gudigar, Gudigara, Rathakara, Gauda Appendix 321 Chitrakara) A tiny caste of sandalwood carvers, found in Goa and in northern Karnataka. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:30 2-3 06; Enthoven 192 0-1 922, 2:2 0-2 1; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 192 8-1 936, 3:26 0-2 69) Gujarati Brahman (Gurjara Brahman, Gurjar Brahman, Gujrati Brahman, Bias, Byas Brahman) A Brahman caste found in northern India and originally from Gujarat They are Shaivites and work in a variety of professions. (Crooke 1896, 2:45 5-4 66; Rose 1911, 1:14 0-1 41, 318; Enthoven 192 0- 1922, 1:21 6-2 25) Gulgulia A wandering tribe of beggars, gleaners, and thieves, who also hunt and sell herbal drugs. They are found in Bihar and have an animistic religion. (Risley 1891, 1:30 1-3 03) Gunlodu (Nilbandhu) A section of the Bhoi group of castes, found in northernmost Andhra Pradesh. They are fishermen, whose name means 'those of the riverbank." (Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:82) Gurao (Gurav) A caste of village priests in Maharashtra. They claim to have formerly been Brahmans, worship Shiva, and wear the sacred thread; some are Jains. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 3:17 5-1 81; Enthoven 192 0-1 922, 2:2 2-3 4) Gurava (Shiva Gurava) A caste of garland makers and musicians of eastern Maharashtra. (Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 2:60 0-6 02) Habura A caste of peripatetic thieves, found in Uttar Pradesh. See also PERIPATETICS. (Crooke 1896, 2:47 3-4 81) Haddi (Hadi) A Hindu caste whose members play drums in Orissa. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:31 3-3 20) Haihaya Rajput (Haihaivansi, Kalachuri) A Rajput caste found in eastern Madhya Pradesh. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 4:45 0-4 52) Halba (Halbi) A large tribe of farm laborers, found in Raipur and Bastar districts of eastern Madhya Pradesh. Total: 180,579 in 1971. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 3:18 2-2 01) Hale Paika (Halepaik, Hakkipikki, Divaru, Billava, Billoru, Billuvaru) A tribe found in northern and central Karnataka, who practice agriculture and toddy tapping. Some have been hunters or timber cutters. Total: 2,561 in 1971. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 1:24 3-2 52; 2:32 0-3 22; Enthoven 192 0-1 922, 2:3 4-4 4; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 192 8-1 936, 2:28 8-2 96; 3:27 8-2 95; Mann 1980) Hallikar (Hallikararu, Hallikar Okkaliga) A caste of cultivators, found in southern Karnataka. They have also been employed as servants and postal runners by government. (Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 192 8-1 936, 3:27 0-2 77) Hallir (Halleer) A caste of hereditary musicians, employed at marriages, and found in Uttar Kannad District, Karnataka. (Enthoven 192 0-1 922, 2:4 4-4 6) Halvakki Vakkal A cultivating caste found only in Uttar Kannad District, Karnataka; some work as farm laborers. (Enthoven 192 0-1 922, 2:4 7-5 6) Halwai (Mithiya) A caste of confectioners who have shops in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Madhya Pradesh. They are Vaishnavites. (Risley 1891, 1:31 0-3 13; Crooke 1896, 2:48 1-4 90; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 3:20 1-2 04) Handi Jogs (Pandi Jogulu, Handichikka, Pakanati Jogi, Mandula Jogi, Pandula Gollalu, Mandula Gollalu) A class of Telugu-speaking beggars, who also practice pig breeding and herbal medicine. They are peripatetics, found in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. See also PERIPATETICS. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:32 3-3 24; Nanjundayya and Anantha- krishna Iyer 192 8-1 936, 3:48 9-5 01) Hannali A small caste of tailors found in Sri Lanka. (Ryan 1953) Harakantra A small caste of fishermen, found on the coast of Uttar Kannad District, Karnataka. (Enthoven 192 0- 1922, 2:6 1-6 7) Hari (Har-Santan, Bhuimali, Mihtar) An Untouchable scavenger caste, found in Bengal. Their women are often midwives. (Risley 1891, 1:31 4-3 16) Harni An ex-criminal tribe found in Punjab Province, Pa- kistan. They were expert burglars, but they now follow other occupations. (Rose 1911, 1:32 7-3 29) Hasalar (Hasalaru, Hasala, Haslar, Hulsavar, Hasula, Agni Honnappana Matadavaru) A tribe found in northern parts of Karnataka. Many have been bonded laborers. Total: 11,213 in 1971. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909,2:32 4-3 26; Enthoven 192 0-1 922, 2:6 7-6 8; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 192 8-1 936, 3:29 6-3 08) Hati A caste of Kathiawar District, in northern Gujarat. They are Hindus, working as farm laborers. (Enthoven 192 0- 1922, 2:6 8-7 1) Hatkrar (Hatgar, Bargi Dhangar) A small caste of Yavatmal District, in eastern Maharashtra. Formerly soldiers, they are now hunters and farmers. (Russell and Him Lal 1916, 3:20 4-2 06; Simj ul Hassan 1920, 1:24 8-2 55) Havik Brahman (Embran, Havig, Havika, Haiga, Tulu Brahman) A Brahman caste of western Karnataka and northern Kerala. They work as temple priests, cooks, gardeners, and especially spice growers, and their women work in the gardens. They are both Shaivites and Vaishnavites. (Ananthakrishna Iyer 190 9-1 912, 3:34 4-3 45; Enthoven 192 0-1 922, 1:25 2-2 54; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 192 8-1 936, 2:54 2-5 49) Helava (Helav, Pichchuguntavallu, Mallabhatlu) A caste of beggars (literally "cripples"), who traditionally begged only from Okkaligas in return for telling their family histories, of which they were the custodians. They are found throughout Karnataka. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:328; Enthoven 192 0-1 922, 2:7 2-7 4; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 192 8-1 936, 3:30 9-3 19) Hena (Henaya, Rada, Dhoby) A caste of laundrymen found in Sri Lanka. See also Dhobi, Hinna. (Ryan 1953; Leach 1968) 322 Appendix Hinna Another caste of laundrymen found in the low country of Sri Lanka. They also weave baskets. See also Dhobi, Hena. (Ryan 1953) Ho (Larka Kol, Larka Kolh) A Munda-speaking tribe of cultivators, found in Singhbhum District, Bihar; a few live in West Bengal. Total: 538,124 in 1971. (Dalton 1872, 17 6- 206; Risley 1891, 1:31 9-3 35; Chatterjee and Das 1927; Das Gupta 1981) Holeya (Holaya, Holar, Poleya, Valer, Adi-Dravida, Balagai, Chalavadi, Chalvadi, Kulavadi) A widespread Untouchable caste found in Karnataka, Kerala, and parts of Tamil Nadu. They are Hindus who work as farm and plantation laborers; formerly they were bonded laborers. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:32 9-3 51; Enthoven 192 0-1 922, 2:7 4-8 1; Nanjun- dayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 192 8-1 936, 3:32 0-3 52; Krishna Iyer 1948, 2 9-3 7; Srinivas 1952) Holia A small caste who claim relationship with Gollas or Ahirs. They were traditionally drummers and leather workers. They are found in central India. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 3:21 2-2 13) Hunu A caste of. sacred fire and found in northern India. (Crooke 1896, 1:3 0-3 3) Agrahari (Agrehri). A trading and cultivating caste, found in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. (Risley 1891, 1:1 1-1 2; Crooke 1896, 1:3 3-3 5) Agri (Ager, Agari, Agaria, Agle, Kharpatil) A large caste found from northern Karnataka to Punjab. They are princi- pally known as salt makers and farmers, but in recent years they have also gone into numerous other occupations. (Rose 1911, 1:3; Enthoven 192 0-1 922, 1: 5-1 6; Kale 1952) Aguri A trading and cultivating caste, found in West Ben- gal. (Risley 1891, 1:1 2-1 3) Ahar (Aheri, Heri, Ahari) A herding and cultivating caste, found in Punjab and hilly northern parts of Uttar Pra- desh. (Crooke 1896, 1:3 5-3 6; Rose 1911, 1:4) Ahban A Rajput caste, found in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Some are Muslim, others Hindu. (Crooke 1896, 1:3 7-3 9) Aheriya (Aheri, Aheria) A hunting, gathering and thieving tribe found in Uttar Pradesh. (Crooke 1896, 1:3 9-4 9) Ahiwasi A cultivating caste found in Uttar Pradesh. (Crooke 1896, 1:7 2-7 5) Aka (Hrusso) A Paleo-Mongoloid tribe of cultivators, found in the hills of western Arunachal Pradesh. Total: 2,345 in 1971. (Dalton 1872, 4 2-4 4; Sinha 1962) Aka-Bale (Aka-Bala-wa) A fishing, foraging, and gardening tribe of the Great Andaman group. (Radcliffe-Brown 1922, 1 2-1 9; Chakraborty 1990) Aka-Bea A fishing, foraging, and gardening tribe of the Great Andaman group. (Radcliffe-Brown 1922, 1 2-1 9; Chakraborty 1990) Aka-Bo A fishing, foraging, and gardening tribe of the Great Andaman group. (Radcliffe-Brown 1922, 1 2-1 9; Chakraborty 1990) Aka-Cari A fishing, foraging, and gardening tribe of the 3 10 Abpendix Great Andaman group. (Radcliffe-Brown 1922, 1 2-1 9; Chakraborty 1990) Aka-Jeru A fishing, foraging, and gardening tribe of the Great Andaman group. (Radcliffe-Brown 1922, 1 2-1 9; Chakraborty 1990) Aka-Kede A fishing, foraging, and gardening tribe of the Great Andaman group. (Radcliffe-Brown 1922, 1 2-1 9; Chakraborty 1990) Aka-Kol A fishing, foraging, and gardening tribe of the Great Andaman group. (Radcliffe-Brown 1922, 1 2-1 9; Chakraborty 1990) Aka-Kora A fishing, foraging, and gardening tribe of the Great Andaman group. (Radcliffe-Brown 1922, 1 2-1 9; Chakraborty 1990) Akali (Nihang) A class of Sikh devotees, found in northwestern India. They are a celibate sect. (Crooke 1896, 1:7 6- 77; Rose 1911, 1: 9-1 0) Alkari (Shravagi, Golalare) A small caste of western Maharashtra, who claim to be Rajputs. They used to prepare red dye, but they are now mostly cultivators or day laborers. They are Shaivites. (Enthoven 192 0-1 922, 1:3 7-4 1) Allar (Ollares) A tribe of Palghat District, in central Kerala. They are hunters and gatherers, some of whom still use caves for shelter. (Luiz 1962, 3 2-3 8) Amat (Amath) A pair of Hindu cultivating castes found in Bihar; some are household servants. (Risley 1891, 1:1 7-1 9) Ambalaskkaran A caste of village watchmen, found in central Tamil Nadu. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 1:2 5-2 8) Ambalavasi (Nambidi, Nampati, Adikal, Muttatu, Ilayatu, Elayad, Chakkiyar, Nambiar, Nambiyar, Nambiyassan, Variyar, Pisharoti, Pisharati, Pisharodi, Pothuval, Marar, Maran, Marayan, Gurukkal, Kurukkal, Samanthan, Unni) A group of castes in central Kerala who are traditionally temple servants. Many also cultivate. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 1:2 8-3 1; 2: 7-1 1, 20 4-2 08, 30 9-3 13; 5: 5-1 3, 14 9- 151; 6:19 9-2 03; 7:22 1-2 28, 32 2-3 29; Ananthakrishna Iyer 190 9-1 912, 2:12 2-1 50) Ambattan A Hindu caste of Tamil-speaking barbers and musicians; they were probably once surgeons. Their women are midwives. They are found in southern Kerala and throughout Tamil Nadu. See also Nai. (Thurston and Ranga- chari 1909, 1:3 2-4 4; Ananthakrishna Iyer 190 9-1 912, 3:36 4-3 66) Amma Coorg (Amma Kodagi) A Hindu priestly caste found in Kodagu District, southern Karnataka. (Krishna Iyer 1948, 6 4-6 6; Srinivas 1952) Andh A cultivating tribe of eastern Maharashtra and northernmost Andhra Pradesh. Many are farm laborers, and some work as village headmen. Total: 78,560 in 1971. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:3 8-4 0; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1: 8-1 1) Andhra Brahman (Telugu Brahman) A Brahman caste of Andhra Pradesh and adjoining states, with a very complex internal structure based on sectarian differences. (Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:12 1-1 30) Apa Tani A Paleo-Mongoloid tribe found in central Arunachal Pradesh. They are about 13,000 people living in one valley of Upper Subansiri District. Total: 12,888 in 1971. (Fiirer-Haimendorf 1956, 1962, 1980) A-Pucikwar (Aka-Bojig-yab) A fishing, foraging, and gardening tribe of the Great Andaman group. (Radcliffe-Brown 1922, 1 2-1 9; Chakraborty 1990) Aradhya (Aradhya Brahman) A caste of Brahman priests, found mainly in Andhra Pradesh. Some are now engaged in agriculture or medicine. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 1:5 0-5 4; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 192 8-1 936, 2:3 2-4 6) Arain (Rain) A caste of market gardeners, found from Punjab Province, Pakistan, to Uttar Pradesh. It includes both Hindus and Muslims. (Crooke 1896, 4:20 6-2 08; Rose 1911, 1:1 3-1 6) Arakh A small caste of cultivators found from eastern Maharashtra to eastern Uttar Pradesh. (Crooke 1896, 1:81 - 85; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:4 0-4 2) Aranadan (Arandan, Eranadan) A tribe found in Kozhikode District, northern Kerala. They collect forest produce, and until recently they were also hunters. Total: 5 in 1971! (Luiz 1962, 3 9-4 3) Arasu (Rajpinde) A caste that includes the former royal family of Mysore and ranks as Kshatriya. They are found in Karnataka, and many have been employed in the civil service or the army. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 1:55; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 192 8-1 936, 2:4 7-7 3) Arora (Rora) A caste of cultivators, traders, tailors, bankers, and contractors, found in Punjab and Sindh provinces, Pakistan. Most are Hindus, but some are Sikhs. (Rose 1911, 1:1 6-2 1) Arya Samaj A modem Hindu sect found especially in Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. It was founded about 1847 and is strongly reformist. (Rose 1911, 1:2 1-2 4) Asur An iron-smelting tribe found in much of central India, from West Bengal to Maharashtra. Total: 7,637 in 1971. (Leuva 1963) Atari (Gandhi, Bukekari) A small Muslim caste selling scent, incense, and sundry personal necessities, living in central India. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:4 2-4 5) Audhelia (Audhalia) A small caste of Bilaspur District, in Madhya Pradesh. They work as farm laborers and pig keepers, and, unlike most Hindus, they sacrifice pigs to their chief dei- ties. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:4 5-4 8) Audhiya (Audhya, Ajudhyabasi, Avadhapuri) An ex- criminal tribe who wander through north India, dealing in fake jewelry and counterfeit coins. (Crooke 1896,1:8 7-9 1) Awan A Muslim tribe found in Punjab Province, Pakistan. They are landowners. (Rose 1911, 1:2 5-2 8) Appendix 311 Babhan (Bhuinhar, Zamindar Brahman, Girhasth Brahman, Grihasth Brahman, Pachhima Brahman, Magahaya Brah- man, Ajagyak Brahman, Zamindar, Chaudriji) A large landowning caste in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. They are Shaivites and probably a class of Rajputs rather than Brah- mans. (Risley 1891, 1:2 8-3 5; Crooke 1896, 2:6 4-7 0) Babria (Durba, Ghardera) A small caste chiefly found in the Kathiawar Peninsula of Gujarat. They are Hindu landowners. (Enthoven 192 0-1 922, 1:4 4-4 8) Bachgoti A section of. western and central India. They were professional pickpockets, but now they are traders and cultivators, and they also make biers for the dead. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:23 4-2 38; Enthoven 192 0- 1922, 1:9 3-9 6; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:4 8-5 0) Bhandari (Bhondari, Bhand, Bhanr, Bhavaguna, Bhavaya, Targala, Madkar, Shingade, Sanaiwad, Naqqal) A caste of Hindu temple musicians and storytellers, found from Andhra Pradesh to western India. They are found in Pakistan under the name of Naqqal. In the latter area they are distillers and farmers. In southern Orissa there are barbers, of the name Bhandari. See also Nai. (Crooke 1896, 1:25 6-2 59; Campbell 1901, 22 2-2 25; Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 1:23 0-2 37; Rose 1911, 1:83; 2:15 6-1 57; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 1:349; Enthoven 192 0-1 922, 1:9 6-1 04; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:5 1-5 2) Bhangi (Bhangia, Mehtar, Hari, Kutana, Musalli, Dom, Olgana, Chuhra) A large caste of Untouchable sweepers and scavengers. They are found throughout northern, western, and central India. Although basically Hindus, many have converted to Christianity or- slam. See also Lalbegi; UNTOUCHABLES. (Crooke 1896, 1:25 9-2 93; Campbell 1901, 33 4-3 38; Rose 1911, 1:18 2-2 10, 573; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 4:21 5-2 33; Enthoven 192 0-1 922, 1:10 4-1 12 Fuchs 1950; Kolenda 1987) Bhar (Rajbhar, Bharat, Bharadwaj, Bharpatwa, Kanaujiya) A tribe of eastern Uttar Pradesh. They are farmers, farm laborers, and former burglars. (Crooke 1896, 2: 1-1 2) Bharai (Pirhain) A Muslim caste found in Punjab. They were traditionally drummers. (Rose 1911, 1:8 4-8 6) Bharbhunja (Bhadbhunja, Bhujari, Bhuj, Bhujua, Bhurji, Gonr, Kandu, Kanu) A Hindu caste of grain parchers and boatmen, found in northern, western, and central India, and in Punjab Province, Pakistan; they are especially numerous in towns. In Uttar Pradesh they work as stonemasons, farmers, and sweet makers, or they deal in grain. (Risley 1891, 1:41 4- 418; Crooke 1896,2:1 3-1 9; 3:13 0-1 33; Rose 1911, 1:8 6-8 8; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:23 8-2 41; Enthoven 192 0- 1922, 1:9 0-9 3; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:4 4-4 7) Bharia (Bhar, Bharia-Bhumia) A Dravidian-speaking Hindu tribe found from West Bengal to Jabalpur District, in Madhya Pradesh. Among their many subgroups are Agaria and Ahir. They work as farm laborers. Total: 29,287 in 1971. See also AGARIA; AIR. (Risley 1891, 1:9 5-9 6; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:24 2-2 50) Bhat (Bhatt, Bhatrazu, Rao, Jasondhi, Thakur, Shivachandi Thakur) A caste of bards and genealogists found throughout northern, western, and central India. Some claim to have originally been Brahmans or Rajputs, but a few are Muslim. Some are religious mendicants and itinerant musicians. See also Bhatraja; PERIPATETICS. (Risley 1891, 1:9 8-1 03; Crooke 1896, 2:2 0-3 3; Rose 1911, 1:9 4-1 01; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:25 1-2 70; Enthoven 192 0-1 922, 1:12 3-1 33; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:5 3-5 5; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 192 8-1 936, 2:25 9-2 76) Bbatia (Bhatiya) A caste of western and northwestern India and Sindh in Pakistan. They are merchants, bankers, and brokers. (Crooke 1896, 2:3 7-4 2; Campbell 1901, 11 6- 121; Rose 1911, 1:9 1-9 3; Enthoven 192 0-1 922,1:13 3-1 45) Bhatiyara A caste devoted to the needs of travelers, they are innkeepers, cooks, fishermen, and tobacco sellers. They are Sunni Muslims, found throughout Uttar Pradesh. (Crooke 1896, 2:3 4-3 7) Bhatra (Bhattra) A tribe of Bastar and Raipur districts, in eastern Madhya Pradesh, usually viewed as part of the Gonds. They practice shifting cultivation, or work as farm laborers. Total: 71,149 in 1971. See also GOND; Ramaiya. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:27 1-2 77) Bhatraja (Bhatrazu, Bhatraju, Bhat Murti, Bhatwandlu, Bhat, Bahrot, Bhato, Kannaji Bhat, Kani Razu, Battu Turaka, Padiga Raju, Magada) A caste group of northern Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh but also found in Gujarat. They are traditionally bards and heralds; some are the hereditary bards of the Velma and Kapu castes and once attended at the courts of the Vijayanagar and Warangal kings. See also Bhat. (Campbell 1901, 20 7-2 14; Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 1:22 3-2 30; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:5 6-5 9) Bhatti (jaiswar) An agricultural caste found in the Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. They include both Hindus and Muslims. (Crooke 1896, 2:4 2-4 6; Rose 1911, 1:10 1-1 06) Bhavaiya (Targala) A caste of northern Gujarat who per- 314 Appendix form comedies. They are Hindus and use Brahman priests. (Enthoven 192 0-1 922, 1:145) Bhavin (Bavina, Devli, Naik, Naikin, Kalavant) A caste who are found along the west coast of India from North Ratnagiri District in Maharashtra through Goa to Uttar Kannad District in Karnataka. They are traditionally Hindu temple sweepers. (Enthoven 192 0-1 922, 1:14 5-1 47; 2:13 0- 133; Feio 1979, 9 8-9 9) Bhil~aa A Hindu tribe of central India, thought to have originated from the intermixing of Rajputs and Bhils. They are cultivators, farm laborers, and village watchmen. Total: 9,395 in 1971. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:29 3-2 97; Haekel and Stiglmayr 1961; Haekel 1963; Saxena 1964) Bhishti (Bhisti, Beesti, Bijishti, Pakhali, Mashki) A Hindu and Muslim caste cluster of water carriers, found in western and northern India. (Crooke 1896, 2:9 9-1 01; Campbell 1899, 89; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:29 8-3 00; Enthoven 192 0-1 922, 1:17 9-1 81) Bhoi (Kahar, Bundeli Bhoi, Kahar Bhoi, Kahar Bhui, Dhimar, Behara, Mahigir, Mahra, Dhebra, Palewar, Parivar, Baraua, Bauri, Machhandar) A large caste bloc of fishermen, water carriers, and former palanquin bearers, found in much of western, northern, and central India. They are Hin- dus, and some work as farmers, earth movers, water carriers, or domestic servants for other Hindu castes; others raise silk- worms or grow tobacco, vegetables, and water chestnuts. (Risley 1891, 1:7 8-8 2, 37 0-3 75; Crooke 1896, 3:9 2-1 04; Campbell 1901, 50 4-5 05, 520; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:50 2-5 14; 3:29 1-2 96; Enthoven 192 0-1 922, 1:18 1-1 94; 2:12 5-1 26; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:77; 2:30 0-3 02; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 192 8-1 936, 3:50 2- 503; 4:47 1-4 73; Patnaik 1960a) Bhoksa (Bhuksa) A tribe found in the hills of northern Uttar Pradesh. They cultivate, hunt, and fish. They have a reputation for sorcery and are mainly Hindus, though a few are Sikhs. (Crooke 1896, 2:5 5-6 1) Bhoyar (Boyar, Bhoir) A cultivating caste of central India. They claim descent from immigrant Rajputs. (Dalton 1872, 12 9-1 3 1; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:30 0-3 04) Bhuinmali (Bhuimali, Bhusundar) A cultivating caste of Bangladesh, who formerly acted as palanquin bearers. They are Hindus. (Risley 1891, 1:10 5-1 07) Bhulia (Bholia, Bhoriya, Bholwa, Mihir, Mehar) A caste of Hindu weavers, who claim to have migrated to Orissa from Patna. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:31 9-3 22) Bhunjia A small Dravidian-speaking tribe in Raipur Dis- trict, Madhya Pradesh. They are essentially Hindus, and they live by farming. Total: 14,245 in 1971. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:32 2-3 28) Bhute (Bhope, Aradhi) A caste of religious mendicants, originally recruited from among Brahmans and Marathas and devoted to the goddess Bhavani. There are even some Muslim ones. Many are eunuchs. They are usually beggars, found in Maharashtra. They marry; and their dead, if male, are buried in a sitting posture, whereas dead women are burned in a lying posture. See also HIJRA. (Enthoven 192 0-1 922, 1:4 1-4 3, 19 4-1 96; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:8 8-9 0) Bhutia (Butia, Bhot, Bhod, Bot, Bhotia, Bhotiya) A tribal cluster of mountain cultivators, found from West Bengal to Nepal and Himachal Pradesh. Some are Lamaistic Buddhists, others Hindus. Their language, Bhotia, is a form of Tibetan. In- dian total: 86,257 in 1971. See also Chhazang; Tibetan. (Dalton 1872, 9 3-9 8; Crooke 1896, 2:6 1-6 3; Srivastava 1966; Firer- Haimendorf 1975; Das and Raha 1981; Bhasin 1989; Bishop 1990) Biar (Biyar) A Hindu tribe found in eastern Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, employed in excavation. Partial total: 3,859 in 1971. (Crooke 1896, 2:12 8-1 40) Bili Maggar (Bilimagga, Kuruvinna Setti, Kuruvina Banajiga) A caste of Hindu weavers found in western Karnataka. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 1:23 9-2 43; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 192 8-1 936, 2:27 7-2 87) Billava (Billoru) A caste of toddy tappers, who speak Tulu or Kannada and are found in Karnataka. Some of them cultivate. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 1:24 3-2 52; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 192 8-1 936, 2: 28 8-2 96) Bind (Bin, Bhind, Bindu) A fishing, hunting, and agricultural caste found from eastern Uttar Pradesh to Bangladesh, related to the Gonds. They are Hindus. See also GOND. (Risley 1891, 1:13 0-1 34; Crooke 1896, 2:10 6-1 15) Binjhwar (Binjhia, Binjhoa, Binjhal, Birjia, Brijia) A Dravidian-speaking tribe of eastern Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and parts of West Bengal, closely related to the Baiga. They are land- holders. Total: 160,534 in 1971. See also BAIGA. (Risley 1891, 1:13 4-1 37; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:32 9-3 36) Birhor (Birhul) A Munda-speaking tribe of hunters and gatherers, found in southern and central Bihar. Some ac- counts allege that they practiced cannibalism in the nineteenth century. Total: 4,300 in 1971. (Dalton 1872, 21 7- 219; Risley 1891, 1:13 7-1 38; Roy 1926; Adhikary 1984) Bisen A Rajput group found in Uttar Pradesh. They are cultivators and landlords. (Crooke 1896, 2:11 6-1 20) Bishnoi (Pahlad Bansi) A Hindu sect, originating in the Panjab, that has become a caste. The name means "worshiper of Vishnu." They are traders. A few are found in central India, the remainder in the Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. (Crooke 1896, 2:12 0-1 27; Rose 1911, 1:11 0-1 14; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:33 7-3 44) Bohora (Bohra, Kasar) A large Jain caste originally from Goa and found in nearby districts of Karnataka. They are landowners. Some are converts to Sunni Islam. See also BOHRA. (Enthoven 192 0-1 922, 1:19 7-2 07) Bonthuk (Bonthuk Savara) A caste found in Krishna and Guntur districts in Andhra Pradesh, where they are peripatetic. They collect and sell bamboo. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 1:25 8-2 62) Borul (Burol) A small caste of traders found in Parbhani and Beed districts of central Maharashtra. (Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:9 6-9 8) Appendix 315 Bottada (Bathudi, Bhottada, Dhotada) A tribe of cultivators in Orissa; they are Hindus and probably related to the Murias. Total: 325,634 in 1971. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 1:26 4-2 66) Brahma Kshatri A small caste found in Gujarat. They are mostly scribes and government servants. (Campbell 1901, 5 5-5 9; Enthoven 192 0-1 922, 1:20 8-2 12) Buna (Banua, Buno) A group of castes or tribes found in Bangladesh. They were probably members of distinct tribes (e.g., Santal, Oraon, Bhuiya) who wandered eastward looking for farm-laboring jobs. (Risley 1891, 1:16 3-1 64) Bundela Rajput A Rajput caste found in northern Madhya Pradesh, formerly of great military power, they are now cultivators. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 4:43 8-4 40) Chadar (Kotwar) A small weaving caste of a few districts in central India. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:40 0-4 02) Chain (Chai, Chaini, Barchain) A cultivating and fishing caste, formerly thieves too, who are found from eastern Uttar Pradesh to western Bangladesh. In the west of this tract they cultivate, whereas in Bangladesh they are traders. (Risley 1891, 1:16 6-1 69; Crooke 1896, 2:16 7-1 68) Chakkan A Tamil-speaking caste of oil pressers found in Ernakulam and Trichur districts in central Kerala. (Ananthakrishna Iyer 190 9-1 912, 3:36 7-3 69) Chaikiliyan (Chuckler) A caste of Untouchable leather workers found in Tamil Nadu. They are Hindus. See also UN- TOUCHABLES. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2: 2-7 ) Chaliyan A weaving caste found in northern and central Kerala, where they probably immigrated from Tamil Nadu. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:1 1-1 4; Ananthakrishna Iyer 190 9-1 912, 2:11 5-1 18) Chandal (Chandala, Chanral, Chang, Karral, Nama-Sudra, Nama, Nishad) A large caste of farmers and boatmen in West Bengal and Bangladesh. They also follow numerous urban trades. Most of them are Vaishnavites. (Risley 1891, 1:18 3-1 89, 428) Chandel Rajput A Rajput caste found in northern Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, perhaps related to the Gonds. They are Hindu farmers. (Crooke 1896, 2:19 6-2 00; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 4:44 0-4 43) Charan (Gadhavi, Bahrot, Barath, Barahatta, Mangan) A tribe of bards and genealogists, found throughout Gujarat. Total: 1,700 in 1971. (Campbell 1901, 21 4-2 22; Enthoven 192 0-1 922, 1:27 1-2 86) Charandasi A Vaishnavite sect founded in the eighteenth century by Charan Das, now found in western Uttar Pradesh. Some are mendicants, some merchants. (Crooke 1896, 2:20 1-2 04) Chasa (Tasa, Sadgop, Satgop, Alia) A Hindu cultivating caste found in Orissa, West Bengal, and Bangladesh. They are mostly Vaishnavite Hindus. (Risley 1891, 1:19 2-1 93; 2:21 2-2 14; Crooke 1896, 4:245; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:42 4-4 26; Patnaik 1960b) Chasadhoba (Chasadhopa) A Hindu cultivating and trading caste, found in West Bengal. Some work as craftsmen or builders. (Risley 1891, 1:19 3-1 95) Chatla An itinerant caste of Muslims, found in parts of Gujarat. They are carriers and woodcutters. They bury their dead in a standing position. (Campbell 1899, 86) Chaudhri A large Hindu tribe found in Surat District, southern Gujarat. Most of them are farmers or farm laborers. Total: 177,155 in 1971. (Shah 1984) Chauhan A small caste of laborers and village watchmen in the Chhattisgarh area of Madhya Pradesh. They are Hindu and vegetarian, and they appear to have adopted their name from the prestigious Chauhan Rajputs. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:42 7-4 29) Chauhan Rajput A Rajput farming caste found from Punjab to Madhya Pradesh. (Crooke 1896, 2:20 7-2 13, Campbell 1901, 12 3-1 25; Rose 1911, 1:15 5-1 56; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 4:44 3-4 46) Chero (Cheru, Churu) A tribe of cultivators, found from West Bengal to eastern Uttar Pradesh. They speak a Munda language and are Hindus. Some have taken up carting, trading, and other occupations. Total: 38,916 in 1971. (Dalton 1872, 12 1-1 23; Risley 1891, 1:19 9-2 03; Crooke 1896, 2:21 4-2 22; Mukherjee et al. 1973) Cheruman (Cherumukkal, Cheruma, Pulayan) A Hindu caste of former bonded laborers, found in northern Kerala. See also Pulluvan. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:4 5-9 1) Chet-Rami A sect founded in the nineteenth century by one Chet Ram. It was based in Lahore, Pakistan, and ac- knowledges the Christian Trinity as well

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