First certificate language practice part 21 potx

GRAMMAR 23 ALL, NO, NONE, BACH, EVERY, EITHER, NEITHER 133 Each, every - The meaning of each and every is very similar and often either word is possible. Each/Every time I come here I go to my favourite restaurant. But sometimes there is a small difference. We use each when we think of the single items in a group, one by one. We use every when we think of the items in a group all together. Compare: They gave a medal to each member of the team. I believe every word he says. • Each is more usual with a smaller group, and can mean only two. Every is more usual with a larger number, and cannot mean two. She kissed him on each cheek. • We can use each of, but we cannot use every of. When the team won the cup, each of them was given a medal. - Each can be used after the subject, or at the end of a sentence. The members each received a medal. The members received a medal each. - Repeated actions are generally described with every. I practise the violin every day. Either, neither - Either and neither both refer to choices between two items. Either means the one or the other. Neither means not the one or the other. Monday or Tuesday? Yes, either day is fine. Monday or Tuesday? I'm sorry, but neither day is convenient. So not + either is the same as neither. I didn't like either of those films. Neither of the films was any good. - Either can also mean both. Note that either is followed by the singular form of the noun. On either side of the house there are shops. (on both sides) FIRST CERTIFICATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE Rewrite each sentence so that it contains the word given in capitals, and the meaning stays the same. Do not change the word in any way. a) This is the only money I have left. ALL This is all the money I have left b) There wasn't anyone at the meeting. NO c) Both singers had bad voices. NEITHER d) All of the cups are dirty. NONE e) Everyone was cheering loudly. ALL f) You both deserve promotion. EACH g) I read both books, but I liked neither of them. EITHER h) Whenever I cross the Channel by boat I feel seasick. EVERY 2 Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same. a) Everyone in the office was given a personal parking space. Each person in the office was given a personal parking space. b) This town doesn't have any good hotels. There are c) Love is the only thing that you need. All d) These two pens don't write properly. Neither e) We are all responsible for our own actions. Each f) All of us feel lonely sometimes. We g) All of the shops are closed. None h) Both jobs were unsuitable for Helen. Neither 134 GRAMMAR 23 ALL, NO, NONE, EACH, EVERY, EITHER, NEITHER 3 Complete each sentence with the most suitable word or phrase. 135 a) Jack walked into the room with a gun in either C. A) side B) door C) hand D) one b) I had a hundred offers for my house. A) neither B) each C) all D) no less than c) I feel so tired this evening. I've been working hard A) all day B) every day C) each day D) day by day d) The two cars for sale were in poor condition, so I didn't buy A) either of them B) both of them C) neither of them D) each of them e) I tried to lift the heavy trunk but it was A) not good B) no less than good C) neither good D) no good f) The room was full of people and were speaking. A) neither of them B) all of them C) none of them D) each of them g) spent more time walking a century ago. A) People all B) All persons C) each people D) All h) My friend Jonathan has a gold earring in A) his two ears B) each ear C) every year D) the ears i) I looked everywhere for my pen and it was here A) none of the time B) every time C) all the time D) each time j) People say that there is like show business. A) all business B) no business C) not business D) all business FIRST CERTIFICATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE 4 Complete each sentence with the most suitable word from the box. a) Is either of you interested in working on Saturday this week? b) I am afraid there are vacancies in the company at present. c) I think we should be given at least £50 d) other Saturday we watch our local hockey team. e) Let's start now. There's time like the present! f) you are interested in doing is going to the cafe! g) There are two beds. You can sleep in one, it doesn't matter. h) Sally gave a present to and every one of us! i) And the star of our show is other than Dorothy Rogers! j) My boss has given me chance to succeed. 5 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word given. a) I always go to the cinema on Thursdays in winter. Thursday I go to the cinema every Thursday in winter. b) This has nothing to do with you! none This is business! c) I'm afraid there aren't any empty seats at the front. all I'm afraid at the front are taken. d) From today, lorries are not allowed to go through the town centre. no From today to go through the town centre. e) The days get colder and colder, it Each colder. f) Both questions were impossible to understand. couldn't I question. 136 GRAMMAR 23 ALL, NO, NONE, EACH, EVERY, EITHER, NEITHER g) You only want to listen to rock music! is All you to rock music. h) As many as 20,000 people are thought to have attended the concert. than No are thought to have attended the concert. i) Each child was given £100. were The £100 each. j) We cannot waste any time! no There waste. Look carefully at each line. Some of the lines are correct, and some have a word which should not be there. Tick each correct line. If a line has a word which should not be there, write the word in the space. Supermarkets The every time I go to a supermarket I ask myself why I go shopping there so often. Last time I ended up buying all the kinds of things when the all I really wanted was a packet of rice and a small loaf, but could find neither of them. I looked in every one corner of the shop but there was simply no a sign of these products. I looked carefully on either side of the aisles but it was no any good. I ought to confess here that I had forgotten my glasses! All of I could see was rows of colourful shapes of all sizes. I decided to ask an assistant. They were all a busy of course and none of them was anywhere nearby in any case. Meanwhile I had been filling my basket with all the kinds of things I thought I wanted. After I had paid, I had no money left for the weekend, but I hadn't bought the either of the things I wanted! 137 FIRST CERTIFICATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE Key points 1 In the construction all + subject + verb, all means the only thing. All we need now is a new car. But we do not use all by itself as a subject. Instead we use everything. Everything is missing, I'm afraid. (NOT All is missing) 2 Note these idiomatic uses of no. No parking. No smoking. It's no use. It's no good. 3 Each refers to the single items in a group, one by one. Every refers to all the items of a group together. It is usual for larger numbers. Make sure that each letter has a stamp. Every Manchester United fan will be celebrating tonight. Both words are followed by a singular verb {has not have in the example above). We can use each of but not every of. Each of these books has its interesting points. 4 Either and neither refer to two items, separately. Both hotels look good to me. Either one would be OK. Neither of these hotels is very comfortable. Both words are followed by a singular verb (is not are in the example above). 5 None (= not one) is often followed by a plural verb form in everyday speech, but a singular verb in formal speech and writing. None of the students have/has answered the question correctly. 139 Explanations Comparative • Comparatives with -er adjectives One-syllable adjectives, and two-syllable adjectives ending in -y, generally add -er to make the comparative form (with y changing to i). Adjectives ending in -e add only -r. small, smaller early, earlier late, later - Comparatives with more Other two-syllable adjectives, and adjectives of more than two syllables, use more or less. more/less modern more/less interesting • Comparatives with -er or more A small group of two-syllable adjectives have both forms. Examples are: clever, common, narrow, polite, quiet, simple, tired. polite, politer/more polite • Irregular comparatives Irregular comparatives are: good, better bad, worse far, farther/further Note that further has two meanings: a normal meaning of more far, and another meaning of just more. How much further do we have to go? (more far) I can't really advise you any further. (more) Old has a regular form older, and an irregular form elder that is used as an adjective. This is my elder sister. Superlatives Superlatives follow similar rules to comparatives in paragraphs 1 and 2 above. One-syllable adjectives use (the) -est and longer adjectives use (the) most. small, smaller, the smallest early, earlier, the earliest late, later, the latest modern, more modern, the most modern interesting, more interesting, the most interesting Irregular forms are: good, the best bad, the worst Comparatives of • Adverbs follow the same rules as adjectives. adverbs One syllable: fast, faster, the fastest Two syllables ending -y: early, earlier, the earliest Two or more syllables: efficiently, more/less efficiently, the most/least efficiently . form of the noun. On either side of the house there are shops. (on both sides) FIRST CERTIFICATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE Rewrite each sentence so that it contains the word given in capitals, and. like show business. A) all business B) no business C) not business D) all business FIRST CERTIFICATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE 4 Complete each sentence with the most suitable word from the box. a) Is. for the weekend, but I hadn't bought the either of the things I wanted! 137 FIRST CERTIFICATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE Key points 1 In the construction all + subject + verb, all means the only