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First certificate language practice part 21 potx

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We use each when we think of the single items in a group, one by one.. We use every when we think of the items in a group all together.. 5 None = not one is often followed by a plural v

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Each, every - The meaning of each and every is very similar and often either word is

possible

Each/Every time I come here I go to my favourite restaurant

But sometimes there is a small difference We use each when we think of the single items in a group, one by one We use every when we think of the items

in a group all together Compare:

They gave a medal to each member of the team

I believe every word he says

• Each is more usual with a smaller group, and can mean only two Every is more usual with a larger number, and cannot mean two

She kissed him on each cheek

• We can use each of, but we cannot use every of

When the team won the cup, each of them was given a medal

- Each can be used after the subject, or at the end of a sentence

The members each received a medal

The members received a medal each

- Repeated actions are generally described with every

I practise the violin every day

Either, neither - Either and neither both refer to choices between two items Either means the

one or the other Neither means not the one or the other

Monday or Tuesday? Yes, either day is fine

Monday or Tuesday? I'm sorry, but neither day is convenient

So not + either is the same as neither

I didn't like either of those films

Neither of the films was any good

- Either can also mean both Note that either is followed by the singular form of

the noun

On either side of the house there are shops (on both sides)

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Rewrite each sentence so that it contains the w o r d given in capitals, and the meaning stays the same Do not change the w o r d in any way

a) This is the only money I have left ALL

This is all the money I have left

b) There wasn't anyone at the meeting NO

c) Both singers had bad voices NEITHER

d) All of the cups are dirty NONE

e) Everyone was cheering loudly ALL

f) You both deserve promotion EACH

g) I read both books, but I liked neither of them EITHER

h) Whenever I cross the Channel by boat I feel seasick EVERY

2 Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same

a) Everyone in the office was given a personal parking space

Each person in the office was given a personal parking space

b) This town doesn't have any good hotels

There are c) Love is the only thing that you need

All d) These two pens don't write properly

Neither e) We are all responsible for our own actions

Each f) All of us feel lonely sometimes

We g) All of the shops are closed

None h) Both jobs were unsuitable for Helen

Neither

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3 Complete each sentence w i t h the most suitable w o r d or phrase

a) Jack walked into the room with a gun in either C

A) side B) door C) hand D) one

b) I had a hundred offers for my house

A) neither B) each C) all D) no less than

c) I feel so tired this evening I've been working hard

A) all day B) every day C) each day D) day by day

d) The two cars for sale were in poor condition, so I didn't buy

A) either of them B) both of them C) neither of them D) each of them e) I tried to lift the heavy trunk but it was

A) not good B) no less than good C) neither good D) no good

f) The room was full of people and were speaking

A) neither of them B) all of them C) none of them D) each of them g) spent more time walking a century ago

A) People all B) All persons C) each people D) All

h) My friend Jonathan has a gold earring in

A) his two ears B) each ear C) every year D) the ears

i) I looked everywhere for my pen and it was here

A) none of the time B) every time C) all the time D) each time

j) People say that there is like show business

A) all business B) no business C) not business D) all business

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4 Complete each sentence w i t h the most suitable w o r d f r o m the box

a) Is either of you interested in working on Saturday this week?

b) I am afraid there are vacancies in the company at present

c) I think we should be given at least £50 d) other Saturday we watch our local hockey team

e) Let's start now There's time like the present!

f) you are interested in doing is going to the cafe!

g) There are two beds You can sleep in one, it doesn't matter

h) Sally gave a present to and every one of us!

i) And the star of our show is other than Dorothy Rogers!

j) My boss has given me chance to succeed

5 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the w o r d given Do not change the w o r d given You must use between t w o and five words, including the w o r d given

a) I always go to the cinema on Thursdays in winter

Thursday

I go to the cinema every Thursday in winter

b) This has nothing to do with you!

none

This is business! c) I'm afraid there aren't any empty seats at the front

all

I'm afraid at the front are taken

d) From today, lorries are not allowed to go through the town centre

n o From today to go through the town centre

e) The days get colder and colder,

it Each colder f) Both questions were impossible to understand

couldn't

I question

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g) You only want to listen to rock music!

is

All you to rock music

h) As many as 20,000 people are thought to have attended the concert

t h a n

No are thought to have attended the concert

i) Each child was given £100

were

The £100 each

j) We cannot waste any time!

n o

There waste

Look carefully at each line Some of the lines are correct, and some have a w o r d

which should not be there Tick each correct line If a line has a w o r d which

should not be there, write the w o r d in the space

Supermarkets

The every time I go to a supermarket I ask

myself why I go shopping there so often

Last time I ended up buying all the kinds of things

when the all I really wanted was a packet of

rice and a small loaf, but could find neither

of them I looked in every one corner of the shop

but there was simply no a sign of these products

I looked carefully on either side of the aisles

but it was no any good I ought to confess here

that I had forgotten my glasses! All of I could see

was rows of colourful shapes of all sizes I decided

to ask an assistant They were all a busy of course

and none of them was anywhere nearby in any

case Meanwhile I had been filling my basket with

all the kinds of things I thought I wanted After I

had paid, I had no money left for the weekend,

but I hadn't bought the either of the things I wanted!

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K e y p o i n t s 1 In the construction all + subject + verb, all means the only thing

All we need now is a new car

But we do not use all by itself as a subject Instead we use everything

Everything is missing, I'm afraid (NOT All is missing)

2 Note these idiomatic uses of no

No parking No smoking

It's no use It's no good

3 Each refers to the single items in a group, one by one Every refers to all the

items of a group together It is usual for larger numbers

Make sure that each letter has a stamp

Every Manchester United fan will be celebrating tonight

Both words are followed by a singular verb {has not have in the example above)

We can use each of but not every of

Each of these books has its interesting points

4 Either and neither refer to two items, separately

Both hotels look good to me Either one would be OK

Neither of these hotels is very comfortable

Both words are followed by a singular verb (is not are in the example above)

5 None (= not one) is often followed by a plural verb form in everyday speech, but

a singular verb in formal speech and writing

None of the students have/has answered the question correctly

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adjectives One-syllable adjectives, and two-syllable adjectives ending in -y, generally

add -er to make the comparative form (with y changing to i) Adjectives ending in -e add only -r

small, smaller early, earlier late, later

- Comparatives with more

Other two-syllable adjectives, and adjectives of more t h a n two syllables, use

more or less

more/less modern more/less interesting

• Comparatives with -er or more

A small group of two-syllable adjectives have both forms Examples are:

clever, common, narrow, polite, quiet, simple, tired

polite, politer/more polite

• Irregular comparatives Irregular comparatives are:

good, better bad, worse far, farther/further

Note that further has two meanings: a normal meaning of more far, and another meaning of just more

How much further do we have to go? (more far)

I can't really advise you any further (more)

Old has a regular form older, and an irregular form elder that is used as an

adjective

This is my elder sister

Superlatives Superlatives follow similar rules to comparatives in paragraphs 1 and 2 above

One-syllable adjectives use (the) -est and longer adjectives use (the) most

small, smaller, the smallest early, earlier, the earliest late, later, the latest modern, more modern, the most modern

interesting, more interesting, the most interesting

Irregular forms are:

good, the best bad, the worst

Comparatives of • Adverbs follow the same rules as adjectives

adverbs One syllable: fast, faster, the fastest

Two syllables ending -y: early, earlier, the earliest Two or more syllables: efficiently, more/less efficiently, the most/least efficiently

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