fallacy affirming the consequent; ambiguous middle; argument; begging the question; composition and division, fallacies of; confectionery; definist; equivoca- tion; four-term; gambler’s; genetic; ignoratio elenchi; intentional; many questions; masked man; Monte Carlo; naturalistic; philosophical logic; straw man fallibilism Dewey; falisifiability; Peirce false consciousness Marx; Marxist philosophy falsifiability fallibilism; verifiability family, ethics and the family resemblance Wittgenstein fanon violence, political fa¯ra¯bi¯, al- Islamic philosophy; Platonism fascism anti-communism; Gentile; Italian philosophy; race, theories of; racism; State, the; right, the political new; totalitarianism fashion in philosophy American philosophy; English philosophy; French philosophy; German philosophy; journals of philosophy; national and regional philoso- phies; philosophical inquiry: first premisses and prin- ciples; philosophy; philosophy, history of centres and departments of fatalism astrology; Calvinism; destiny; determinism, logical; many-valued logics; Master Argument; Molina; sea- battle argument fear emotion and feeling feeling see emotion and feeling feinberg felicific calculus see hedonic calculus feminism care, ethics of; Conway; de Beauvoir; episte- mology, feminist; equality; feminism, radical; feminist epistemology; feminist ethics; feminist philosophy; feminist philosophy of science; feminist political theory; gender; Héloïse complex; Irigaray; Kristeva; law, feminist philosophy of; Le Dœuff; lesbian femi- nism; Levinas; love; masculism; Mill, John Stuart; public– private distinction; Radcliffe Richards; radical philoso- phy; Schutz; science, feminist philosophy of; sexism; sexuality, philosophy of; social constructionism; Woll- stonecraft; women in philosophy feminism, lesbian see lesbian feminism feminism, radical feminism; feminist political theory feminist epistemology see epistemology, feminist; mas- culism feminist ethics care, ethics of; feminism; feminist phil- osophy; feminist political theory; masculism feminist philosophy care, ethics of; Conway; de Beau- voir; epistemology, feminist; feminism; feminism, rad- ical; feminist epistemology; feminist ethics; feminist philosophy of science; gender; Héloïse complex; Iri- garay; Kristeva; law, feminist philosophy of; Le Dœuff; lesbian feminism; Levinas; masculism; Mill, John Stu- art; public–private; Radcliffe Richards; Schutz; science, feminist philosophy of; sexism; social constructionism; Wollstonecraft; women in philosophy feminist philosophy of law seelaw,feminist philosophy of feminist philosophy of science see science, feminist phil- osophy of feminist political philosophy feminism; feminism, rad- ical; feminist ethics ferguson Scottish philosophy ferrater-mora Spanish philosophy fertilization in vitro applied ethics; medical ethics; slip- pery slope feuerbach German philosophy; Hegelianism; Left Hege- lians feyerabend mind, history of the philosophy of; science, history of the philosophy of; science, problems of phil- osophy of fichte German philosophy; idealism, German; idealism, philosophical; Kantianism; national character; Romanticism, philosophical; war and philosophy; Wissenschaftslehre ficino Italian philosophy; Platonism; Renaissance phil- osophy fiction fictional names; literature and philosophy fictional names names; referring fideism faith and reason; God and the philosophers field mathematics, problems of the philosophy of field theory figures of the syllogism see syllogism film, philosophy of filmer Locke final causes causality; teleological explanation fine fingering slave finnis law, history of the philosophy of; law, problems of the philosophy of finnish philosophy Hintikka fire see bachelard first cause argument arkhe¯; God, arguments for the existence of; God, arguments against the existence of; prime mover first-person perspective see dualism five ways Aquinas; God, arguments against the existence of; God, arguments for the existence of flaccid designator Kripke; names; possible worlds; rigid designator flesh see merleau-ponty flow of the wind see korean philosophy flux Heraclitus; process focal meaning meaning fodor holism; language of thought hypothesis; unity of science fogelin folk psychology Churchland; eliminativism; neuroscience, philosophical relevance of; Stich føllesdal Norwegian philosophy foot moral philosophy, history of; virtues footnotes to plato ancient philosophy; Neoplatonism; philosophy; Platonism; Whitehead foreknowledge see prediction forgery lying; plagiarism forgiveness atonement; hell; moral psychology for-itself and in-itself bad faith; de Beauvoir; Sartre; slime 1020 Index and List of Entries fork, hume’s analytic and synthetic statements; a priori and a posteriori; contingent and necessary statements; Hume; reason as slave of the passions form, logical logic, modern formal and material mode formalism Kreisel; logic, history of; mathematics, history of the philosophy of; mathematics, problems of the philosophy of; realism and anti-realism formalism, ethical see ethical formalism formalization formal language; form, logical formal language formalization; independence, logical; logic, modern formal logic see logic, formal or symbolic formal semantics, philosophical relevance of seman- tics form and matter Aristotle; Forms, Platonic; hylomorph- ism; matter; Plato; prime matter form of life culture; linguistic philosophy; Winch; Witt- genstein forms, platonic anamnesis; Aristotle; Augustine; cave, analogy of; idealism, philosophical; ideas; mathemat- ics, problems of the philosophy of; metaphysics, history of; phenomena and noumena; philosophy; Plato; Pla- tonism; Plotinus; Schopenhauer; Socrates; third-man argument; transcendentalism; universals formula logic, modern foucault French philosophy; homosexuality; sexuality, philosophy of foundationalism boat, Neurath’s; Chisholm; empiricism; epistemology; history of; epistemology, problems of; given; justification, epistemic; knowledge; principle; religion, problems of philosophy of; Rorty foundationalism in mathematics Gödel four freedoms democracy; freedom; liberty four noble truths see buddhist philosophy four-term fallacy fallacies frame problem frankena frankfurt frankfurt school Adorno; Benjamin; continental phil- osophy; German philosophy; Habermas; ideology; Marcuse; Marxist philosophy franklin fraternity community; friendship frede free, freedom see freedom and determinism; freedom, political free logics freedom, academic see academic freedom freedom, political anarchism; contract, social; democ- racy; four freedoms; freedom of speech; freedom, polit- ical; Hegel; liberalism; liberty; Marsilius; Marxist philosophy; political freedom; political philosophy, his- tory of; political philosophy, problems of; rights freedom and determinism Abelard; agent-causation Augus- tine; autonomy and heteronomy; Calvin; Calvinism; chance; chaos theory; choosing and deciding; compati- bilism and incompatibilism; destiny; determinism; Edwards, J.; embraced and reluctant desires; Epictetus; fatalism; Frankfurt; freedom and determinism; free- dom through reason and goodness; Hegel; Hegelian- ism; Hobbes; Hume; indeterminism; James; Kant; libertarianism; mechanism; metaphysics, problems of; mind, history of the philosophy of; Molina; moral philosophy, problems of; neuroscience, philosophical relevance of; origination; paradigm case argument; prediction; quantum theory and philosophy; res- ponsibility; Sartre; Schopenhauer; Spinoza; spontane- ity and indifference; Stoicism; Strawson; Thomism; will. freedom and liberty liberty freedom of goodness and reason Hegel; liberty; Sto- icism freedom of speech civil liberties freedoms, four see four freedoms free riders free will see freedom and determinism, origination frege indexicals; indirect discourse; language, history of the philosophy of; language, problems of the philoso- phy of; logically perfect language; logical theory; logic, history of; logicism; materialism; mathematics; history of the philosophy of; meaning; names; propositional calculus; psychologism; quantifier; sense and reference; tone; saturated and unsaturated expressions french philosophy Arnauld; Bachelard; Barthes; Bau- drillard; Bayle; Bergson; Brillat-Savarin; Brunschvicg; Camus; Cartesianism; Comte; Condillac; Condorcet; ‘continental’ and ‘analytic’; continental philosophy; Couturat; d’Alembert; de Beauvoir; deconstruction; Deleuze; Derrida; Descartes; Diderot; différance; dis- course; Durkheim; élan vital; Encyclopaedists; existen- tialism; Fanon; Foucault; French philosophy; Gassendi; Geulincx; Gilson; Héloïse complex; Helvétius; Hol- bach; Irigaray; Lacan; Lévi-Strauss; Levinas; Lévy- Bruhl; Lyotard; Maine de Biran; Malebranche; Marcel; Merleau-Ponty; Meyerson; Montaigne; Montesquieu; Other; Pascal; philosophes; philosophy, history of centres and departments of; Port-Royalists; post- modernism; Renouvier; Ricœur; Rousseau; Saint- Simon; Sartre; Sorel; structuralism; Voltaire; Weil french philosophy today ‘continental’ and ‘analytic’ frequency theory see probability freud counselling, philosophical; Jung; Lacan; pseudo- science; psychoanalysis, philosophical problems of; Reich; Ricœur; Sartre; unconscious and subconscious mind friendship egoism and altruism; fraternity; loyalty; love fringe philosophy function argument; Frege; propositional function; values functional explanation see teleological explanation functionalism Armstrong; Block; Chinese room; con- sciousness, its irreducibility; Dennett; epiphenomenal- ism; inverted spectrum; Lycan; Mary, black and white; mind, history of the philosophy of; mind, problems of the philosophy of; mind, syntax, and semantics; Index and List of Entries 1021 psychology and philosophy; Putnam; realization; reductionism, mental; Searle; Shoemaker; Turing machine; unlikely philosophical propositions; variable realization future see time future contingents sea-battle argument future generations person-affecting principles; popula- tion fuzzy logic gabirol see ibn gabirol gadamer hermeneutics galen ancient philosophy galileo cosmology; new philosophy calls all in doubt; science, history of the philosophy of; Platonism gambler’s fallacy fallacy game theory Braithwaite; decision theory; maximin and minimax; Neumann gandhi Indian philosophy garden, the see epicureanism gassendi Cartesianism; Descartes; French philosophy gauthier Canadian philosophy; contractarianism; moral philosophy, history of gavagai see translation, indeterminacy of geach analytical Thomism; identity; Wiggins GEIST see spirit gender ethics, feminist; feminism; feminist philosophy; masculism; sex generalization universal proposition; law, natural or scientific; philosophical logic generalization, rule of predicate calculus general properties see properties, general general will political philosophy, history of; Rousseau generations, justice between development ethics; justice genetic epistemology see epistemology, genetic genetic fallacy reliabilism; testimony genetics and morality bioethics genius Diderot; great man theory of history; Romanti- cism, philosophical gentile Hegelianism; Italian philosophy; politics and the philosophers gentzen natural deduction; normalization; proof theory genus and species categories; definition; determinables and determinates; infima species, Porphyry german philosophy Adorno; Albertus Magnus; anthro- pology, philosophical; Avenarius; Barth; Bauer; Ben- jamin; Bonhoeffer; Burckhardt; Cassirer; ‘continental’ and ‘analytic’; Dasein; Dilthey; Feuerbach; Fichte; Frankfurt School; Gadamer; German philosophy; Goethe; Habermas; Hartmann, E. von; Hartmann, N.; Heidegger; Hegel; Hegelianism; Herder; hermeneutics; Humboldt; Husserl; idealism, philosophical; Ingarden; Jacobi; Jaspers; Kant; Kantian ethics; Kantianism; Kaut- sky; Kraus; Leibniz; Lessing; Lichtenberg; Lotze; Luther; Marx; Meinong; Mendelssohn; Naturphiloso- phie; neo-Kantianism; Nietzsche; nothingness; phenom- enology; philosophes; philosophy, history of centres and departments of; Pufendorf; Reichenbach; Scheler; Schelling; Schiller; Schlegel; Schleiermacher; Schlick; Schopenhauer; Stirner; Tugendhat; Vaihinger; Verste- hen; Vienna Circle; Weber; Weltanschauung; Wis- senschaftslehre; Wolff german philosophy today ‘continental’ and ‘analytic’ gestalt theory perception; seeing as gettier counter-example, philosophy by; knowledge geulincx Cartesianism; Netherlands philosophy gewirth rights ghaza¯li¯, al- Islamic philosophy ghost in the machine Descartes; dualism; ego; mental- ity; mind, history of the philosophy of; mind, problems of the philosophy of; Ryle; self; subjectivity gibbard giles of rome gilson neo-Thomism given, the certainty; incorrigibility; foundationalism; Lewis, C. I.; myth of the given; neo-Kantianism; perception; representative theory of perception; scepticism; scepti- cism, history of; sense-data globalization, morality, politics and ethics develop- ment ethics; markets and the public good glover killing gnoseology knowledge gnosticism Platonism god analytical Thomism; Anselm; antitheism; Aquinas; atheism and agnosticism; Bonhoeffer; Boyle; Bright- man; Buber; Bultmann; Cajetan; Calvinism; causa sui; Conway; cosmological argument; cosmology and reli- gious belief; creationism; credo quia absurdum est; credo ut intelligam; deism; design, argument from; Duns Sco- tus; evil, the problem of; Feuerbach; first cause argu- ment; Gilson; God; God and the philosophers; God, arguments against the existence of; God, arguments for the existence of; God is dead; godmanhood; hell; holy, numinous, and sacred; Islamic philosophy; Jansenism; Jewish philosophy; Laplace; Maimonides; Manichaeism; neo-Thomism; Nietzsche; Nicholas of Cusa; onto- logical argument; pantheism; Pascal’s wager; Plantinga; prime mover; Ra¯ma¯nuja; religion, history of the phil- osophy of; religion, problems of the philosophy of; reli- gion, scepticism about; Schelling; Spinoza; Swinburne; teleological argument for the existence of God; theism; Thomism; Thomism, analytical; veritatis splendor god, arguments against the existence of atheism and agnosticism; God and the philosophers; evil, the prob- lem of; religion, scepticism about god, arguments for the existence of Aquinas; cosmo- logical argument; design; first cause; ontological argu- ment; religion, history of the philosophy of; religion, problems of the philosophy of; religion, scepticism about; religious experience; teleological argument god and the philosophers atheism and agnosticism; Berkeley; Feuerbach; hell; Hume; Kant; religion, scep- ticism about; Spinoza; fideism; Hegel; Nietzsche; reli- gion, history of the philosophy of; religion, problems of the philosophy of; Russell; Sartre; theology and phil- osophy 1022 Index and List of Entries gödel choice, axiom of; completeness; decidability; Gödel’s theorem; formalism; incompleteness; logic, history of; logic, modern; mathematics, history of the philosophy of; Russell; Wang gödel’s theorem Gödel; logic, history of; mathematics, history of philosophy of; mechanism god is dead Nietzsche; nihilism godmanhood Solovyov godwin anarchism goethe German philosophy; Schopenhauer goldbach’s conjecture number golden mean see mean, doctrine of the golden mountain see meinong golden rule natural rights; universalizability goldman knowledge good aesthetics, history of; aesthetics, problems of; axiological ethics; good, greatest good, the form of; good in itself; good will; instrumental value; moral judgement; moral philosophy, history of; moral philosophy, problems of; naturalistic fallacy; natural law; obligation; right action; slave morality; Stoicism; summum bonum; transvaluation of values; utility; value; virtues; well-being good, greatest Buddhist philosophy; moral philosophy, problems of; Plotinus; summum bonum; utilitarianism good, the form of transcendence good-in-itself ends and means; instrumental value; moral philosophy, problems of goodman aesthetics, history of; grue; mereology; music good will Kant; Kantian ethics gorgias Plato; Sophists grace grammar Chomsky; linguistics; structure, deep and sur- face; statements and sentences grammar, autonomy of beetle in the box; grammatical proposition; Wittgenstein grammatical proposition grammar, autonomy of; Witt- genstein gramsci Italian philosophy; Marxist philosophy; politics and the philosophers greatest happiness principle Bentham; Mill; happiness; hedonic calculus; political philosophy, history of; Priestley; utilitarianism; utility great man theory of history history, history of the philosophy of great-souled man Aristotle greek philosophy see ancient philosophy; greek phil- osophy, modern greek philosophy, modern green English philosophy; idealism, British; liberalism; Oxford philosophy gregory of rimini medieval philosophy grelling’s paradox heterological and homological; para- doxes; Weyl’s paradox grice implicature; meaning; Lexicon, the Philosophical; pragmatics griffin well-being grossman Meinong grosseteste grotius law, history of the philosophy of; libertarianism, left-; Netherlands philosophy grue Goodman; induction grünbaum science, history of the philosophy of guilt moral psychology; original sin; Pelagius; shame guru Indian philosophy; Veda¯nta; Tantra habermas Frankfurt School; law and continental philoso- phy; Lyotard habit memory see memory hacking haecceity essence; properties; qualities halevi Jewish philosophy hallucination illusion hamilton Scottish philosophy hamlyn epistemology, history of; metaphysics, history of hampshire London philosophy hannay Kierkegaard; Norwegian philosophy hao wang see wang happiness Bentham; Epicureanism; eudaimonia; greatest happiness principle; Hartmann, E. von; hedonic calcu- lus; Mill, John Stuart; moral philosophy, history of; pleasure; utilitarianism; well-being hard determinism see freedom and determinism hare akrasia; fact–value distinction; moral philosophy, history of; prescriptivism; universalizability, moral; neustic and phrastic harm consequentialism harman explanationism harmony, logical natural deduction harmony, pre-established Leibniz hart law, history of philosophy of; law, positive; law, problems of philosophy of; responsibility hartley associationism hartmann, eduard von German philosophy hartmann, nicolai German philosophy hartshorne process philosophy harvard philosophy American philosophy; philosophy, history of centres and departments of hayek anti-communism; conservatism; political scepti- cism; progress heap, paradox of bald man paradox; paradoxes; philo- sophical logic; vagueness heaven hell; religion, history of the philosophy of; reli- gion, problems of philosophy of hedonic calculus Bentham; hedonism; utilitarianism hedonism asceticism; Bradley; hedonism, ancient; moral philosophy, history of; pleasure; self-defeating theories; utilitarianism hedonism, ancient Aristippus; Aristotle; Democritus; Epicurus; Plato; pleasure; utilitarianism hegel Adorno; aesthetics, history of; civil society; concrete universal; continental philosophy; epistemology, his- tory of; dialectic; German philosophy; Hegelianism; history, history of the philosophy of; idealism, German; idealism, philosophical; learning paradox; Marx; master and slave; material contradiction; metaphysics, Index and List of Entries 1023 history of; moral philosophy, history of; organic society; Owl of Minerva; Platonism; progress; Roman- ticism, philosophical; world-soul hegelianism Bauer; Bradley; Bruno; dialectic; English philosophy; Feuerbach; Gadamer; German philoso- phy; God and the philosophers; Green; Hegel; Kierkegaard; Marx; Marxist philosophy; Owl of Min- erva; Stirner; world-soul hegemony imperialism heidegger Adorno; Angst; authenticity; being in the world; continental philosophy; existentialism; German philosophy; Hegelianism; hermeneutics; metaphysics, history of; nothingness; phenomenology; politics and the philosophers; Sartre heisenberg quantum mechanics hell eschatology; forgiveness; God and the philosophers; heaven; religion, history of the philosophy of; religion, problems of the philosophy of; theism hellenistic philosophy Epicureanism; Master Argument; Philo Judaeus; Platonism; Roman philosophy; scepti- cism, history of; Stoicism héloïse complex Abelard; de Beauvoir; women in phil- osophy helvétius hempel covering-law model; empiricism, logical; explan- ation; ravens, paradox of; science, problems of the philosophy of henry of ghent heraclitus Cratylus; Pre-Socratic philosophy herder history, history of the philosophy of; national character; Romanticism, philosophical heredity and environment human nature hermeneutic circle hermeneutics hermeneutics continental philosophy; German philoso- phy; German philosophy today; Dilthey; interpret- ation; Schutz hermetic corpus wisdom herzen Russian philosophy heterological and homological Grelling’s paradox; paradoxes heteronomy see autonomy and heteronomy heuristic education, problems of the philosophy of higher-order logic logic, modern; types, theory of hilbert formalism; mathematics, history of the philo- sophy of; mathematics, problems of the philosophy of hindu philosophy Aurobindo; Bhagavadgi¯ta¯; Indian phil- osophy; karma; Radhakrishnan; Tantra; Upanishads; Veda¯nta hintikka Finnish philosophy; Lexicon, the Philosophical hippocrates historical determinism see determinism, historical historical materialism base and superstructure; dialect- ical materialism; Marx; Marxist philosophy; political philosophy, history of; Sartre; science, feminist philoso- phy of historicism history, history of the philosophy of; social philosophy; Vico histories of moral philosophy history, history of the philosophy of; moral philosophy, history of HISTORY aesthetic concepts; aesthetics, Islamic; class struggle; determinism; Enlightenment; great man the- ory of history; Hegel; Hegelianism; Herder; historical; historical materialism; historicism; history, history of the philosophy of; history, problems of the philosophy of; Marx; Marxist philosophy; stories and explanation; Vico history, history of the philosophy of HISTORY history, problems of the philosophy of HISTORY hobbes compatibilism and incompatibilism; English phil- osophy; Leviathan; materialism; moral philosophy, history of; nasty, brutish, and short; persecution of philosophers; political philosophy, history of; power; state of nature hobhouse liberalism; London philosophy; war and phil- osophy hocking hodgson hoffding Danish philosophy holbach Encyclopaedists; French philosophy holism bootstrapping; Duhem; methodological holism and individualism holism, methodological see methodological holism holy, numinous, and sacred, the God; mysticism; reli- gion, history of the philosophy of; religious experience; sublime homeland, a right to imperialism; international rela- tions, philosophy of; people homological see heterological and homological homosexuality enforcement of morals; human nature; lesbian feminism; sex; sexual morality homunculus self honderich hook horizon background; Gadamer; interpretation hornsby action; agent horseshoe material implication horwich hsün tzü human, all too human see nietzsche human beings Darwinism; evolution; Ferguson; human nature; Marx; nature; needs; personal identity; persons human nature anthropology, philosophical; conservatism; education, problems of the philosophy of; evolution; Hobbes; homosexuality; Hsün Tzuˇ; human beings; Marx; moral philosophy, history of; national character; nature; needs; Nietzsche; Plato; Rousseau human rights liberty, natural rights; rights humanism Czech philosophy; Epicureanism; Italian phi- losophy; Mill, John Stuart; Montaigne; Netherlands philosophy; Renaissance philosophy; Serbian philoso- phy; Spanish philosophy; Tagore; Valla humboldt German philosophy; liberalism hume backgammon; bundle theory of the self; causality; cement of the universe; constant conjunction; empiri- cism; English philosophy; epistemology, history of; 1024 Index and List of Entries explanation; God and the philosophers; Hume’s fork; induction; laws, natural or scientific; mathematics, his- tory of the philosophy of; metaphysics, history of; mir- acles; moral philosophy, history of; moral sense; naturalism; oar in water; philosopher may preach; philosophical inquiry; philosophy; philosophy, history of departments and centres of; philosophy and science; projectivism; reason as slave of the passions; Reid; reli- gion, history of the philosophy of; scepticism, history of; science, problems of the philosophy of; Scottish philosophy; sincerity; suicide; sympathy; taste hume’s fork see fork, hume’s humour comedy; laughter hungarian philosophy Lukács; Neumann husserl bracketing; continental philosophy; Føllesdal; German philosophy; life-world; other; phenomen- ology hutcheson Irish philosophy; moral philosophy, history of; moral sense; Scottish philosophy hylomorphism form and matter; Ockham hylozoism see panpsychism hypothesis hypothetico-deductive method; Peirce; the- ories hypothetical imperative see categorical imperative hypothetico-deductive method Bacon; Cambridge phil- osophy; hypothesis; Jevons; Popper; Whewell i and thou Buber; Rosenzweig ibn gabirol Jewish philosophy ibn khaldu¯n Islamic philosophy ibn rushd see averroës ibn si¯na¯ see avicenna idealism, british metaphysics, history of idealism, german metaphysics, history of idealism, philosophical Absolute; appearance and real- ity; Berkeley; Blanshard; Bosanquet; Bradley; Bright- man; Bruno; Buddhist philosophy; English philosophy; esse est percipi; Fichte; Gentile; German philosophy; Green; Hegel; Hocking; Husserl; Indian philosophy; Kant; Lenin; Marx; mathematics, problems of the philos- ophy of; metaphysics, history of; metaphysics, oppo- sition to; metaphysics, problems of; monism and pluralism; Oakeshott; perception; philosophy; Plato; realism and anti-realism; Reid; relations, nature of; rep- resentative theory of perception; Rescher; revisionary metaphysics; Royce; Santayana; Schelling; Schiller; Schopenhauer; Spinoza; spirit; Sprigge; thing-in-itself; transcendentalism; Vorstellung; Weltanschauung ideal observer right action ideals, moral absolutism, moral;supererogation ideas associationism; concepts; content; Descartes; epis- temology, history of; Forms; Hume; ideas of pure rea- son; innate ideas; language of thought hypothesis; Locke; meaning; Meinong; perception; phenomenal- ism; proposition; propositional attitude; representa- tion; representative theory of perception; thinking; Vorstellung ideas, innate see innate ideas ideas of reason Kant; Kantianism; transcendentalism identity criterion of identity; equivalence; event; iden- tity of indiscernibles; identity, the paradox of; Leibniz; Locke; philosophical logic; sense and reference; Wiggins identity, criterion of event; identity; identity of indis- cernibles identity, the paradox of identity; paradoxes; Wittgen- stein identity of indiscernibles criterion of identity; identity; identity, the paradox of; Leibniz identity theory of mind anomalous monism; Davidson; dualism; materialism; mental reductionism; mind, problems of philosophy of; mind–body problem; phys- icalism in the philosophy of mind; topic-neutral; union theory; variable realization ideology base and superstructure; Frankfurt School; his- torical materialism; idols; lying; Marx; nationalism; noble lie; utopianism idiolect language idols Bacon; ideology; Plotinus if see conditionals iff biconditional ignoratio elenchi fallacy illocutions see linguistic acts illusion, arguments from appearance and reality; duck- rabbit; epistemology, history of; hallucination; jaun- dice; oar in water; percept; perception; pheno- menalism; scepticism; sense-data image eidetic imagery; imagination; memory; represen- tation; Vorstellung imagery, eidetic see eidetic imagery imagination Coleridge; image; aesthetics; Sartre imagination, aesthetic aesthetic attitude; aesthetics, his- tory of; aesthetics, problems of; fiction; imagination; Sartre immediate inference see inference, immediate immortality atheism and agnosticism; death; mortalism; reincarnation; religion, history of the philosophy of; religion, problems of the philosophy of; soul imperialism hegemony; international relations, philoso- phy of; Lenin; Marxist philosophy implication conditionals; entailment; horseshoe; mater- ial implication; strict implication implicature Grice; meaning impredicative definition mathematics, history of the philosophy of; vicious circle; reducibility, axiom of; types, theory of incommensurability relativism; science, history of the philosophy of; science, problems of the philosophy of incommensurability, moral moral philosophy, history of; moral philosophy, problems of; utilitarianism incompatibilism see compatibilism incompleteness arithmetic, foundations of; artificial intelligence; completeness; consistency proofs; Gödel; Gödel’s theorem incomplete symbol description; Russell Index and List of Entries 1025 incongruent counterparts identity of indiscernibles; Kant; space inconsistent triad antilogism; aporia; paradoxes incontinence see weakness of will incorrigibility certainty; epistemology, history of; given; privileged access; scepticism independence, logical indeterminacy in law law, history of the philosophy of; law, problems of the philosophy of; legal positivism indeterminacy of meaning Chomsky; Quine indeterminacy of translation see translation, inde- terminacy of indeterminism causality; chaos theory; determinism; determinism, scientific; freedom and determinism; lib- ertarianism; Peirce; Popper; prediction; quantum the- ory; Renouvier indexicals logically proper names; self indian philosophy Aurobindo; Bhagavadgi¯ta¯; Buddhist philosophy; detachment; Gandhi; guru; Hindu philoso- phy; Jainism; karma; Madhva; mantra; Na¯ga¯rjuna; nir- vana; Radhakrishnan; Ra¯ma¯nuja; reincarnation; S ´ an˙kara; Tagore; Tantra; Upanishads; Veda¯nta indifference see spontaneity and indifference; freedom indifference, principle of see probability indirect discourse Frege individualism, moral and political agent-relative moral- ities; autonomy; general will; liberalism; libertarianism individualism and anti-individualism externalism; twin earth individuation counting; philosophical logic; sortal; Straw- son; things indoctrination see teaching and indoctrinating induction abduction; Bacon, F.; consilience; curve-fitting problem; Goodman; grue; Hume; inference; Kneale; method, joint; method of agreement; method of con- comitant variations; method of difference; method of residues; Mill, John Stuart; Peirce; philosophical logic; Popper; prediction; Reichenbach; science, problems of the philosophy of; scientific method inequality aristocracy, natural; conservatism; difference principle; élitism; equality; justice; law, scepticism about; liberalism; socialism; well-being; Wilt Chamber- lain argument inference abduction; deduction; implication; induction; inference to the best explanation; Mill, John Stuart; modus ponens; philosophical logic; probability inference, immediate inversion;logic, traditional inference to the best explanation abduction; Peirce INFIMA SPECIES genus and species infinite, traversal of the see traversal of the infinite infinite regress third man argument infinitesimals infinity; mathematics, history of the phil- osophy of; number infinitism, epistemological infinity antinomies; apeiron; Cantor; Cantor’s paradox; Couturat; infinitesimal; infinity, axiom of; mathemat- ics, history of the philosophy of; mathematics, prob- lems of philosophy of; number; set theory; traversal of the infinite; Zeno infinity, axiom of set theory informal logic see logic, informal ingarden phenomenology; Polish philosophy in-itself see for-itself and in-itself innate ideas Chomsky; Descartes; empiricism; ideas; Kant; Leibniz; Locke; rationalism innateness of language language history and problems of philosophy of inner sense apperception; introspection; Maine de Biran; mentality instrumentalism conventionalism; Dewey; Duhem; posi- tivism; science, history of the philosophy of; science, problems of the philosophy of; realism and anti-realism instrumental value ends and means; good in itself insufficient reason, principle of Keynes integrity conscience; character intellectual virtues see virtues; doxastic virtues intelligence rationality; reason; reasoning intension see extension and intension intensionality belief; intentionality; meaning; opacity; reference; semantics intention action; agent; Anscombe; double effect; rea- sons and causes; volition; will intentional fallacy aesthetics, history of; aesthetics, problems of; fallacies intentionality biological naturalism; content; intentional relation; embodiment; language, history of the philoso- phy of; language, problems of the philosophy of; mean- ing; mind, history of the philosophy of; mind, problems of the philosophy of; physicalism in the philosophy of mind; propositional attitudes; representation; Searle; sensation intentional relation intentionality; phenomenology intentional stance see dennett interactionism dualism; epiphenomenalism; identity the- ory; mental causation; mind–body problem; psy- chophysical laws; union theory internal and external relations see relations, inter- nal and external international relations,philosophy of hegemony; home- land, right to a; imperialism; justice; war, just; Machia- velli; Vitoria international law justice, international; law internet, philosophy on the interpretation Davidson; Gadamer; hermeneutics; hori- zon; language, problems of the philosophy of; life- world; novel, the philosophical; Peirce; Ricœur; scepticism; seeing as; sign and symbol intersubjective other minds; Pareto optimality; subject- ivity intrinsic good see good-in-itself introspection apperception; awareness, sense; Heracli- tus; inner sense; mentality; self; self-consciousness intuition doxa; irrationalism; Kant; moral philosophy, problems of; Prichard intuitionism, ethical moral philosophy, history and problems of philosophy of 1026 Index and List of Entries intuitionism, mathematical bivalence; Brouwer; con- structivism; Dummett; intuitionist logic; logic, history of; mathematics, history of the philosophy of; math- ematics, problems of the philosophy of intuitionist logic negation and double negation; logic, modern; natural deduction inversion distribution of terms inverted spectrum functionalism invisible hand conservatism; liberalism; markets; Smith inwardness Kierkegaard; religiousness A and B iqbal Islamic philosophy; knowledge by presence irigaray feminism; French philosophy irish philosophy Berkeley; Burke; English philosophy; Eriugena; Hutcheson; Molyneux; Toland iron block universe see determinism irony, romantic Romanticism, philosophical irony, socratic elenchus; Socrates; Socratic method irrationalism enthusiasm; intuition; reason; Spanish philosophy irwin histories of moral philosophy is see ‘to be’; being; real; subject and predicate ‘is’ and ‘ought’ fact–value distinction; moral judgement; moral philosophy, history of; moral philosophy, prob- lems of; naturalism, ethical; natural law; naturalistic fal- lacy; ought islamic aesthetics Islamic philosophy islamic ethics Islamic philosophy islamic philosophy Fa¯ra¯bı¯, al-; Ghaza¯lı¯, al-; Kindı¯, al-; Averroës; Avicenna; Khaldu¯n, Ibn; Iqbal; Islamic aesthet- ics; Islamic ethics; Islamic philosophy; Islamic philoso- phy today; knowledge by presence; Molla¯S ˙ adra¯; mundus imaginalis; Platonism; Sohravardı¯; Sufism islamic philosophy today Islamic philosophy italian philosophy Bobbio; Bruno; Cajetan; Campanella; Colletti; Croce; Dante; Ficino; Gentile; Gramsci; Marsilius of Padua; Petrarch; Pico della Mirandola; Valla; Vattimo; Vico jackson Mary, black and white jacobi pietism jainism atheism and agnosticism; Buddhist philosophy; Indian philosophy; karma; Tantra james American philosophy; freedom and determinism; Harvard philosophy; mind, history of the philosophy of; neutral monism; pragmatism; pragmatic theory of truth; relations, nature of; Renouvier; stream of con- sciousness; tough- and tender-minded; will to believe james–lange theory emotion and feeling jansenism Port-Royalists; religion japanese philosophy Buddhist philosophy; Confucian- ism; Do¯gen; Ku¯kai; neo-Confucianism; Nishida; Nishitani; nothingness, absolute; Tanabe; Taoism; Watsuji; Zen jaspers existence precedes essence; existentialism; Platonism jaundice Hume; illusion, arguments from; perception; oar in water jefferson democracy jeffrey Bayesian confirmation theory jen see confucianism jevons jewish philosophy Albo; Alexander; anti-Semitism; Cohen, H.; Crescas; Gabirol, Ibn; Halevi; Jewish philosophy; Kabbalah; Levinas; Maimonides; Mendelssohn; Philo Judaeus; religion, history of the philosophy of; Rosen- zweig; Saadiah Gaon; Spinoza johnson, samuel johnson, william ernest joint method see method, joint jorgensen Danish philosophy journals of philosophy London philosophy; radical phil- osophy judaism see jewish philosophy judgement belief; choosing and deciding; propositional attitude jung Bachelard; philosophy: world and underworld; psy- choanalysis, philosophical problems of jurisprudence see philosophy of law justice ableism; affirmative action; benevolence; capital punishment; corrective justice; difference principle; economics and morality; justice; equality; fairness; gen- erations, justice between; inequality; international relations, philosophy of; justice, international; law, problems of the philosophy of; law, scepticism about; Marxist philosophy; Mill, John Stuart; moral judge- ment; moral philosophy, history of; needs; original position; Paine; Plato; political philosophy, history of; political philosophy, problems of; punishment; Radcliffe Richards; Rawls; revenge; rights; Thrasy- machus; veil of ignorance; virtues; well-being justice, international international law; justice justice and benevolence see benevolence justification, epistemic epistemology, history of; episte- mology, problems of; foundationalism; knowledge; knowledge, the limits of; reliabilism; scepticism; scepti- cism, history of just war see war, just kabbalah Jewish philosophy; Pico della Mirandola; Tarot kagan consequentialism kant abandonment; aesthetics, history of; agape¯; analytic and synthetic statements; animals; antinomies; appear- ance and reality; apperception; architectonic; auton- omy; categorical imperative; categories; enlightenment philosophy; epistemology, history of; German philoso- phy; God and the philosophers; good will; idealism, German; idealism, philosophical; ideas of pure reason; innate ideas; inner sense; intuition; Kantian ethics; Kantianism; language, history of the philosophy of; law, history of the philosophy of; liberalism; manifold of sense; mathematics, history of the philosophy of; meta- physics, history of; Mill, John Stuart; modernism; moral law; moral philosophy, history of; necessity, nomic; neo-Kantianism; obligation; paralogism; pessimism and optimism; phenomena and noumena; philosophy; phil- osophy and science; philosophy, realism and anti- realism; history of departments and centres of; pietism; Index and List of Entries 1027 practical reason; realism and anti-realism; religion, his- tory of philosophy of; respect; Romanticism, philosoph- ical; scepticism, history of; science, history of philosophy of; self-consciousness; space; sublime; synthetic a priori judgements; taste; thing-in-itself; transcendental analytic; transcendental arguments; transcendental deduction; transcendental idealism; transcendentalism; war and philosophy kantian ethics Bradley; categorical imperative; ethical formalism; good will; histories of moral philosophy; Kant; Kantianism; Korsgaard; moral law; moral philos- ophy, history of; moral philosophy, problems of; neo-Kantianism; obligation; O’Neill; right action; uni- versalizability; voluntarism, ethical kantianism categorical imperative; categories; Cohen, H.; epistemology, history of; Fichte; French philosophy; German philosophy; good will; Grossman; idealism, philosophical; ideas of pure reason; Kant; Kantian ethics; Lichtenberg; manifold of sense; moral law; neo- Kantianism; Peirce; practical reason; Putnam; Strawson; thing-in-itself; transcendental analytic; transcendental arguments; transcendentalism; Wittgenstein kantianism, neo- see neo-kantianism kaplan referring karma Buddhist philosophy; Hindu philosophy; Indian philosophy; Jainism; reincarnation; Veda¯nta kautsky Marxist philosophy kelsen law, history of the philosophy of; law, problems of the philosophy of; legal positivism kenny analytical Thomism; Frege; Wittgensteinians keynes insufficient reason, principle of; science, problems of philosophy of khaldu¯n, ibn see ibn khaldu¯n kierkegaard Angst; Danish philosophy; despair; double- mindedness; existentialism; Hegelianism; inwardness; metaphysics, history of; pseudonyms, philosophical; religion, history of the philosophy of; religiousness A and B; subjective truth killing abortion; autonomy in applied ethics; double effect; capital punishment; euthanasia; Glover; Singer; Thomson; war, just kim events; mind, problems of the philosophy of; mind– body problem; physicalism and the mind; reduction- ism, mental; supervenience kind, natural kindi¯, al- Islamic philosophy KINE ¯ SIS kitcher klepsydra, the space kneale induction; probability knowledge acquaintance and description; a priori and a posteriori; Ayer; belief; certainty; common sense; Descartes; doubt; empiricism; epistemology, feminist; epistemology, history of; epistemology, problems of; evolutionary epistemology; fallibilism; foundational- ism; genetic epistemology; Gettier; given; Goldman; Habermas; Hamlyn; Indian philosophy; inference to the best explanation; justification, epistemic; knowledge and science; knowledge by presence; knowledge, limits of; Lehrer; Locke; Mill, John Stuart; moral realism; nat- uralism; necessity, epistemic; norms, epistemic; open and closed thought; Parmenides; perception; phenome- nology; philosophical inquiry; philosophy; philosophy and science; Plato; Pyrrhonism; rationalism; relativism, epistemological; reliabilism; Russell; Santayana; scepti- cism; scepticism, history of; Schopenhauer; self- knowledge; social constructionism; sociology of know- ledge; Sosa; tacit knowledge; testimony knowledge, the limits of epistemology, history of; epis- temology, problems of; justification, epistemic; know- ledge knowledge, theories of see epistemology, history of; epistemology, problems of knowledge and science knowledge; methodology; sci- ence, feminist philosophy of; science, history of the phi- losophy of; science, problems of the philosophy of; scientism knowledge by presence Islamic philosophy komensky´ Czech philosophy korean philosophy Buddhist philosophy; neo-Confucianism; nothingness, absolute korn Latin American philosophy korsgaard kotarbin´ski Polish philosophy; pragmatism kraus German philosophy kreisel mathematics, history of the philosophy of; real- ism and anti-realism kripke flaccid designator; language, problems of the phil- osophy of; logic, history of; logic, modal; names; neces- sity, metaphysical; possible worlds; rationalism; referring; rigid designator; rules; synthetic a priori judgements kristeva feminism kropotkin anarchism kuhn revolutions, scientific; science, history of the phil- osophy of; science, problems of the philosophy of ku¯kai Japanese philosophy lacan French philosophy lakatos Feyerabend; philosophy of science, history of; philosophy of science, problems of lamarck culture; determinism; evolution; perfectionism la mettrie materialism; mechanism language ambiguity; artificial language; Austin, J. L.; Bakhtin; Blackburn; Brandom; characteristica univer- salis; charity, principle of; Chomsky; cognitive mean- ing; communication; concept; constatives; contextual definition; contextualism; count noun; Davidson; deconstruction; definist fallacy; denotation and con- notation; descriptions, theory of; discourse; egocentric particulars; emotive and descriptive meaning; Evans; externalism; fictional names; flaccid designator; focal meaning; formal and material mode; formal language; formal semantics, philosophical relevance of; Frege; grammar; Grice; Herder; hermeneutics; idiolect; incomplete symbol; indexical signs; individuation; intensionality; Kaplan; Kraus; language; language-game; 1028 Index and List of Entries language, history of the philosophy of; language, problems of the philosophy of; language and parole; language of thought; linguistic acts; linguistic philoso- phy; linguistics, formal; linguistics, philosophical rele- vance of; Logical Positivism; logically proper names; meaning; metalanguage; metaphor; nonsense; opacity and transparency; open texture; ostensive definition; picture theory of meaning; pragmatics; private lan- guage; Quine; reference; representation; rigid designa- tor; rules; Russell; Sapir–Whorf hypothesis; Saussure; Schiffer; Searle; semantic ascent; semantics; semiotic; sense and reference; sign and symbol; sortal; state- ments and sentences; subject and predicate; synonymy; syntactics; tone; translation, indeterminacy of; univer- sal grammar; vagueness; verification principle; Vienna Circle; Wittgenstein; Appendix: Maps of Philosophy language, artificial see artificial language langauge, conventionality of language, formal see formal language language, history of the philosophy of language; defin- itions, explicit and implicit; implicature; indeterminacy of meaning; innateness of language; language, know- ledge of; language, social nature of; language and parole; Saussure; use and meaning; use and mention; Williamson language, knowledge of Chomsky; language, history and problems of philosophy of language, logically perfect see logically perfect lan- guage language, meta- see meta-language language, object see object language language, private see private language language, problems of philosophy of language; defin- itions, explicit and implicit, implicature; indeterminacy of meaning; innateness of language; language, know- ledge of; language, social nature of; language and parole; Saussure; Schiffer; use and meaning; use and mention; Williamson language, religious see religious language language, social nature of language, history of the phil- osophy of; language, problems of the philosophy of; Wittgenstein language-game linguistic philosophy; religion, philoso- phy of; Wittgenstein language of thought hypothesis cognition; cognitive science; Fodor; parallel distributed processing; thinking LANGUE and PAROLE language lao tzuˇ Chinese philosophy; Taoism laplace determinism latin american philosophy Korn; Molina; Romero; Span- ish philosophy latitudinarianism laughter Bergson; comedy; humour LAW Austin, John; base and superstructure; Bentham; defeasible; Dworkin; Finnis; Grotius; Hart; indetermin- acy in law; international law; justice, international; Kelsen; law and continental philosophy; law and morals; law, feminist philosophy of; law, history of the philosophy of; law, indeterminacy in; law, positive; law, problems of the philosophy of; law, scepticism about; legal positivism; legal realism; natural law law, feminist philosophy of feminism; feminist philoso- phy; feminist political theory; law, history of the philosophy of; law, problems of the philosophy of; law, scepticism about; masculism law, history of the philosophy of LAW law, indeterminacy in see indeterminacy in law law, moral see moral law law,natural seenatural law;laws,natural or scientific law, positive Austin, John; law, history of the philoso- phy of; law, problems of the philosophy of law, problems of the philosophy of LAW law, rule of see rule of law law, scepticism about indeterminacy in law; law, history of the philosophy of; law, problems of the philosophy of; Marxist philosophy; political obligation law and continental philosophy continental philoso- phy; law, history of the philosophy of; law, problems of the philosophy of law and morals law, history of the philosophy of; law, problems of the philosophy of; moral scepticism laws, natural or scientific Cartwright; causality; ceteris paribus; conditionals; determinism; determinism, sci- entific; induction; metaphysics, problems of; necessity, nomic; science, history of the philosophy of; science, problems of the philosophy of laws of thought excluded middle; identity; non- contradiction; psychologism; reasoning learning anamnesis; education, history of the philoso- phy of; education, problems of the philosophy of; epis- temology, genetic; teaching philosophy learning paradox paradoxes; Plato LEBENSWEISHEIT see popular philosophy LEBENSWELT see life and science le dœuff feminism; French philosophy left,the alienation; Althusser; anarchism; anti-communism; Bakunin; bourgeoisie and proletariat; class struggle; communism; conservatism; desert; dialectical material- ism; Engels; equality; false consciousness; fraternity; his- torical materialism; Kautsky; Kropotkin; Lenin; Lukács; Marcuse; Marx; Marxist philosophy; material contradic- tions; Paine; Plekhanov; political violence; Proudhon; radical philosophy; revolution; socialism; structural violence; Trotsky; well-being left and right hegelians see hegelianism legal positivism Austin, John; Bentham; Hart; Kelsen; law and morals; law, history of the philosophy of; positivism legal realism law, history of the philosophy of; law, scept- icism about legitimacy authority; political obligation lehrer leibniz calculus; deontic logic; German philosophy; har- mony, pre-established; identity; identity of indis- cernibles; innate ideas; mathematics, history of the philosophy of; mechanism; Mendelssohn; metaphysics, Index and List of Entries 1029 . of historicism history, history of the philosophy of; social philosophy; Vico histories of moral philosophy history, history of the philosophy of; moral philosophy, history of HISTORY aesthetic. of the philosophy of; history, problems of the philosophy of; Marx; Marxist philosophy; stories and explanation; Vico history, history of the philosophy of HISTORY history, problems of the philosophy. political philosophy, history of; Priestley; utilitarianism; utility great man theory of history history, history of the philosophy of great-souled man Aristotle greek philosophy see ancient philosophy;