Ngữ Pháp và Bài tập cho lớp 11.doc

Form If clause Main clause Past perfect Would/ could/ might + have + past participle If clause can come first or later If it hadn’t rained, I would have gone fishing.. • Might + have +

NGỮ PHÁP VÀ BÀI TẬP TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11

Người gửi:

Thầy: Giang Lương Hùng

Giáo viên: Tiếng Anh - Trường THPT Nguyễn Trãi.

We call both … and, not only … but also …, either… or, neither … nor pair

conjunctions or correlative conjunctions.

Parallel structures

The same grammatical form should follow each part of the paired conjunctions

Both + noun + and + noun/pronoun

Both my sister and I went to Hoang Van Thu High School.

Not only + adj + but also + adj Trang is not only intelligent but also generous.

Not only + verb + but also + verb Minh not only saw the famous writer but also spoke to him.

Either + noun + or + noun Students can choose either English or French in this semester.

Neither + verb + nor + verb She had promised to visit me, but she neither came nor telephoned Subject and verb agreement

• Two subjects connected by both … and … take a plural verb.

Both Tam and Dan work for an instruction company.

• When two subjects are connected by not only … but also, either … or…, neither… nor…, the second subject determines the form of the verb.

Not only my parents but also my brother is on a trip to Ha Long.

Either the teacher or the students have to make a plan for the class newspaper Neither salt nor sugar is necessary for this dish.

 Notes

• Not only… but also … can be replaced by not only … but … as well.

It is not only rainy but also windy in this season.

It is not only rainy but windy in this season as well.

Exercises

A In each of the following sentences, there is an error Identify and correct it.

1 Both my teacher praised my best friend and me

2 Ha neither went to my party or told me the reason why

3 I enjoy neither swimming nor go fishing

4 Hoa not only helps me in my work but as well shares my happiness and sadness in life

5 I prefer living in the country since it is not only quiet but also less traffic

6 I love not only watching game shows but talk shows as well

7 I love literature, so I will either become a literature teacher or a journalist

8 Rice is both grown in the north and in the south of Viet Nam

B Suply the correct form and tense of the verb in the parentheses. 1 Both the fridge and the air conditioner (not work) ……… today 2 Both my sister and I (never be) ……… to Ha noi before 3 Either my husband or I (have) ……… to see the estate agent today 4 Either Thuy or her friends (be going to) ……… pick you up at the airport 5 Neither Mrs Hoa nor her assistants (be) ……… at the meeting yesterday 6 Not only Trung but also his parents (be expected) ……… to come to the ceremony C There is a lack of both, and, not only, but also, either, or, neither or nor in the following passage Put a check () where you will find in one of these words and write the word on the right. Television is one of the greatest inventions since it helps us relaxed after a day of work transfers the latest news in the world Normally, when we feel tired, we can choose to go out and have a drink with some friends to sit on the sofa in front of the television and enjoy the family warm atmosphere You may say that you like music programs lengthy soap operas No problem There are many channels for you to choose Why don’t you try TV news programs documentaries if you are interested in enlarging your knowledge? Besides, you can watch live soccer games that are transferred through satellites listen to lively comments which you can never hear in the stadium However, spending so much time watching television may have bad effects on parents work and children’s study Therefore, parents children should agree on how much time of watching TV is enough for a day ………

………

………

………

………

………

………

………

………

………

………

………

………

………

………

D Combine wo sentences into one, using both … and …, not only … but also, either… or …, neither … nor… 1 Hoang didn’t come to class today Nhan didn’t come to class today (neither… nor…)

2 Le will buy a new T-shirt If there is no style that she likes, she will buy a shirt instead (either … or…)

3 Oxygen is necessary for life Water is necessary for life too (both … and…)

4 Chanh is also absent-minded He left his book in class He also left his jacket inclass (not only … but also)

 Cleft sentences in the active

• Subject focus: We use cleft sentences to emphasize the subject of the action.

Did your friend give you these earrings?

No It was my mother that gave me these these earrings.

Instead of saying My mother gave me these these earrings, the speaker says It was

my mother that gave me these these earrings to emphasize that her mother, not her

friend gave her the earrings

• Object focus: We use the cleft sentences to emphasize the object of the verb.

You went to the book store yesterday, didn’t you? Did you buy this English book? It looks new

No It was this Math book that I bought yesterday The English book is a

present from my teacher

Instead of saying I bought this Math book yesterday, the speaker says It was this Math book that I bought yesterday to emphasize that he bought the Math book, not

the English book

• Adverbial focus: We use cleft sentences to emphasize the adverb.

I should be grateful to my sister It was for me that she quitted school.

Instead of saying she quitted school for me, the speaker says It was for me that she quitted school to emphasize that his sister sacrificed her study for him.

 Cleft sentences in the passive

• Cleft sentences can also be used in the passive voice

I heard that dog bit you yesterday

No It was the postman that was bitten by the dog.

Exercises

A Choose the sentences that can best replace the sentences provided.

1 I was born and grew up in this village

A It was this village that I was born and grew up

B It was in this village I was born and grew up

C It was in this village that I was born and grew up

D It was in this village where I was born and grew up.

2 Your carelessness cause the accident

A It is the accident that your carelessness caused

B It was the accident that your carelessness caused

C It is your carelessness that caused the accident

D It was your carelessness that caused the accident

3 Hue helped me a lot with my study last semester

A It was Hue that helped me a lot with my study last semester

B It was Hue that has helped me a lot with my study last semester

C It was Hue that had helped me a lot with my study last semester

D It was Hue that was helped me a lot with my study last semester

4 – Did the headmaster give Tham a bicycle as a scholarship

- The headmaster gave Tam a bicycle as a scholarship

A It was the headmaster who gave Tham a bicycle as a scholarship

B It was the headmaster who gave Tam a bicycle as a scholarship

C It was Tham who was given a bicycle as a scholarship

D It was Tam who was given a bicycle as a scholarship

5 – Who put the photo here on the desk?

- Don’t you remember? You put it there on your birthday

A It was you that put it there on your birthday

B It was on your birthday that you put it there

C It was there that you put it on there birthday

D It was the photo that was put there on your birthday

B Complete the following sentences with groups of words in the box There is one extra group.

it was this school

it was in this school

it was in the summer

that i gave it a fish

that i asked to carry the luggage for me

that broke the window

it was the bicycle

it was in the winterthat stole the fish

1 It was the boy

2 It was the cat

3 that I learnt the first letter

4 that was rebuilt that year

5 it was the taxi driver

6 that my grandpa used when he was young

7 that birds moved to the south

8 that my family often went to the seaside

C Answer the following questions with the word provided, using cleft sentences.

1 Did you first meet your husband at high school

(at university)

2 Who did you give the letter to?

(the landlady)

3 It is said that you were on television last night Is it right?

(my twin sister)

4 I absent-mindedly washed your white T-shirt with the dark blue one Was yourwhite T-shirt ruined?

(my white shirt)

5 Your cell phone was stolen, wasn’t it? Do you know who stole it?

(a monkey)

6 Long time no see Do you still major in English now?

(French)

D Unscramble the words to make complete sentences.

1 was/ that/ this river/ It/ died/ in/ many people

We use conditional type 1 to express real or probable conditions

If Van gets high marks in the exam, her parents will give her a computer.(Van is a good student, and it is possible for her to get high marks in the exam)

Form

If clause Main clause

Present Simple Future Simple

If clause can come first or later.

Be careful If you step on the dof’s tail, it will bit you.

You’ll never get success if you don’t try your best.

Notes

• Instead of the Future simple tense in the main clause, we can use can +

bare-infinitive to indicate permission or ability

You can go out with friends if you promise to come home before 9

(permission)

If you concentrate, you can do the job well (ability)

• May/might + bare-infinitive can be used in the main clause to indicate possibility.

The soccer game may be delayed if the weather isn’t better.

• Other modal verbs or any expressions of command can be used according to theirmeanings

If Tuan wants to recover soon, he should stay in bed (advice)

Please tell Ha to see me in the library if you happen to see him (request)

• Instead of Present Simple tense in the If clause, we can use the Present Perfect

tense

Hand in your paper if you have finished your writing.

Exercises

A Make conditional sentences from the following words.

1 weather/ fine/ go on a pinic

2 I/ be employed/ invite you/ eat out

3 you/ come across/ monolingual dictionary/ take one for me.

4 mother/ allow/ go to your party

5 you/ want/ good English learner/ learn to speak at the very beginning

6 not eat breakfast/ not have enough energy

7 you/ feed it too regularly/ the fish die

8 you/ travel by bus/ save money

9 the storm/ attack the village/ everyone/ be moved

10 Suong/ finish her assignment/ within two weeks/ have one mark plus

B Complete the following conditional sentences. 1 You will enlarge your knowledge ……… you spend time reading newspapers and magazines 2 You ……… cut yourself if you are not careful with the knife 3 ……… you want to lose weight, you ……… eat more vegetables 4 If the strike ……… finished, the factory won’t be opened tomorrow 5 ……… it’s Nhan that’s calling, please ……… him that I’m waiting for him 6 If you ……… your homework, you ……… play computer games 7 You ……… what you want if you try your best 8 The traffic in the city is very busy It will be easier for you if you ………

by bus during rush hour 9 Don’t forget to take your flashlight with you You ……… it if it is too dark outside 10 Normally the dog doesn’t bite anyone but ……… you enter the house stealthily, it ……… you C Complete the following conditional sentences with your own ideas. 1 If you want to speak English well,

2 If I see an old lady crossing the street,

3 If you visit my hometown,

4 If the weather is nice this weekend,

5 If I come first in the exam,

6 If a friend of mine gets a cold and cannot go to class,

7 If I come across an old friend who I haven’t seen for a long time,

8 If you want to become a good student,

§4 Conditional Typed 2

Revision

Use

We use conditional type 2 to express unreal conditions in the present

If I were you, I wouldn’t tell Nha that bitter truth

Form

If clause Main clause

Past Simple /Past Subjunctive Would/ could/ might + bare-infinitive

If clause can come first or later

If I had enough money, I would buy a house for my parents.

We would become lazy if we didn’t work.

Note

• We can use both was or were for the subjects I, he, she, it in the if clause.

If I was/were stronger, I could carry the luggage for you

• We can use could in the if clause to express ability.

If I could speak French well, I would apply for a job in a French company.

• Instead of the Past Simple tense in the if clause, we can use the Past Progressing

tense

I am talking to Ha who is a little boring

 I would be more interested if I was talking to another one.

Exercises

A Complete the following sentences with the verbs in parentheses.

1 There would be less crime if anyone (have) ……… a job

2 I will buy a new T-shirt for you if you (like) ………

3 If all the factories (be move) ……… out of the city center, the airpollution (be) ……… less serious

4 If you (fry) ……… the meat for a long time, it (become)

……… tough

5 (The phone ring)

- Thao, please answer the phone

- I (will) ……… if I (can) ……… I’m in the bathroom

6 If there (be) ……… no sunlight, life (not exist) ………

7 Mr Nhan is a poor worker but if he (have) ……… enough money, he(buy) ……… a motorbike

8 If I (be) ……… a bird, I (be) ……… a white pigeon

If I (be) ……… a flower, I (be) ……… a sunflower

If I (be) ……… a cloud, I (be) ……… a warm cloud

As a human, I will die for my country

B Choose the best answer.

1 – I have never been to a job interview before

- ………

A If I were you, I will dress formally

B If I were you, I could dress formally

C If I were you, I would dress formally

D If I were you, I can dress formally

2 There were 2000 workers in that prosperous company Many people

……… out of work if that company ……… down

A would be, closed B are, closed

C will be, closed D wouldn’t be, closed

3 I don’t like living in the city, but if I ……… a job there, I’ll movethere

4 ……… if you have a headache

A You drink these medicines

B Drink these medicines

C You take these medicines

D Take these medicines

5 I’m sure Toan ……… win the scholarship I ……… be verysurprised if she couldn’t

6 – Are you going to read this novel?

- I ……… if I ……… time I am very busy with my jobs

C Answer the following questions with your own ideas.

1 What would you do if you were of the opposite sex?

We use conditional type 3 to express unreal conditions in the past

Loan failed the exam because she was too lazy If she had studied hard, shewould have passed the exam

Form

If clause Main clause

Past perfect Would/ could/ might + have + past participle

If clause can come first or later

If it hadn’t rained, I would have gone fishing.

I would have gone swimming if I had had time.

Note

• Might + have + past participle can be used in the main clause to indicate

possibility

The accident might have been more serious if the driver hadn’t driven slowly

• Could + have + past participle can be used in the main clause to indicate

possibility or ability

If Toan had tried more, he could have done better (ability)

The bridge could have collapsed if it had rained more heavily (possibility)

• Inversion can be used to replaced if.

If Dan had been out late last night, she might have been punished by her

parents

 Had Dan been out late last night, she might have been punished by her

parents

Conditionals in reported speech

• Type 1: present  past, will/ can  would/ could

“If I see Lam, I’ll tell him to phone you”, Tran promised

 Tran promised (that) she would tell Lam to phone me if she met him.

• Type 2 and type 3: no tense changes

“I would travel to Ha Long Bay if I had enough money”, said Hoai

 Hoai said (that) she would travel Ha Long bay if she had enough money.

“If Japan hadn’t attacked the Pearl Harbor, the U.S couldn’t have joined WorldWar II”, our history teacher said

 Our history teacher said (that) if Japan hadn’t attacked the Pearl Harbor, the U.S couldn’t have joined World War II.

Exercises

A Match each clause in column A to its following in column B to make a complete conditional sentences Add a comma where necessary.

1 If It hadn’t been for the storm

2 I would have come back to work in

my hometown after graduation

3 Had Phuc had a map

4 If Chi hadn’t missed the bus

5 If I hadn’t been so busy

6 Snow White couldn’t have been

9 If you hadn’t pulled the dog’s tail

10 She wouldn’t have been so exhausted

a it wouldn’t have bitten you

b if the prince hadn’t kissed her

c I would have helped you

d if she hadn’t worked so much

e if I had been able to find a job there

f if It hadn’t been for hergodmother’s help

g many people wouldn’t have beenbadly injured

h I couldn’t have afforded thismotorbike

i she wouldn’t have gotten lost

j she hadn’t been late for school

B Write conditional sentences from the following pairs of pictures (page 22)

C Make conditional type 3 from the following situations.

1 Tram stayed up late to watch TV last night, so she got up late and was late forclass this morning

2 Mr Trong’s head was badly injured in the accident because he didn’t wear ahelmet

3 Lan went out yesterday without an umbrella It suddenly rained, and she got wet

4 I was punished because I went out late last night

5 I didn’t meet my old friend in the party yesterday because I left so early

6 I didn’t know that you arrived in Ho Chi Minh City last Saturday, so I didn’t pick you at the station

7 I didn’t recognize Hang among the crowd, so I didn’t call her

8 Tam was fined because he rode the motorbike without a license

D Yesterday was a busy day You had a lot of homework to do You didn’t have enough time to do other things What would you have done if you had had more time? Write 5 sentences. Example: If I had had more time yesterday, I would help my mother with the housework. 1

2

3

4

5

E Complete the following reported speech with your own ideas. 1 Linh told me she would lend me some money if

2 The nurse told Mr Thuan if he took the medicines regularly,

3 My teacher said the air wouldn’t be so polluted if

4 Phuong said she would see me the day after if

5 A witness said if the victim had been taken to hospital soon,

6 Mrs Le believed if she had fewer children,

7 Hai said he could have performed better in his interview,

8 A firefighter said the fire wouldn’t have take place

§6 Defining Relative Clauses

Revision

Definition

Defining relative clauses which describe the preceding noun are essential to the understanding of the noun; so they could not be omitted

The boy who gave me the letter yesterday ran away without letting me know his

name

(The clause who gave me the letter yesterday is a defining relative clause If we

omit that clause, the meaning of the sentence becomes unclear.)

Relative pronouns used defining relative clauses

Things which/ that (1) which/ that (3) whose/ of which (5)

Person who/ that (2) whom/ who/ that (4) whose (6)

(1) The road which/ that leads to the city center is in bad condition.

(2) He is the student who/ that has taken his disable friend to school for years (3) The book which/ that I bought yesterday is an original one.

(4) The secretary whom/ that Mr Hoa has employed is very talented.

(5) Houses whose walls were made of wood were all destroyed by the storm.

Houses, the walls of which were made of wood, were all destroyed by the storm (6) The man whose daughter has just been born is over 50.

Omission of relative pronouns in defining relative clauses

An object relative pronoun in a defining relative clause can be omitted

“Gone With The Wind” is the novel which/ that I like best.

= “Gone With The Wind” is the novel I like best

A relative pronoun that is the subject of a clause cannot be omitted

B Combine a word or phrase in each box to complete a defining relative clause.

An email a service be wrapped in a box and sent to someone

transmission

A package

A postman

A message

A clerk

an object

a letter

a person

a person

a piece of information

his job is to serve people at a store you send to someone when you cannot speak directly

be sent from one computer to another help people send documents without changing their original shapes

his job is to deliver mail to people

1 An email is a letter which/ that is sent from one computer to another.

2 Fax transmission

3 A package

4 A postman

5 A message

6 A clerk

C Read the following passage about different kinds of flooding then fill in the blanks with who/ whom/ which/ that/ where There may be more than one correct word fill in a blank. Flooding actually occurs from a range of causes and conditions – not always the ones (1) ……… first come to mind Of course, river flooding is the kind (2) ……… we think of most commonly Heavy rains or rapid snowmelt on upstream watersheds cause rivers to rise Coastal flooding is also very common in many places (3) ……… coastal land is very close to sea level, and therefore vulnerable During hurricanes or other large storms, waves may be much higher than normal, and super-low atmospheric pressure often forces sea level to rise a dozen feet or more above normal in a “storm surge” When violent surf and storm surge coincide with normal high tides, the results can be catastrophic Less often thought of are the flood (4) ……… can result from the failure of dams, impoundments, or other regulatory systems The Johnstown flood is an example A flash flood is really any sudden, severe flood event (5) ……… can have a variety of causes – although large sudden downpours are the main ones The effects of a downpour are worsened when terrain will not absorb water Reasons vary: soil type (e.g clay), lack of vegetation, steepness, extensive pavement (urban areas), frozen or ice-covered soil, or the saturation of soil by previous rains Flood typically get the most headlines when waters are about to crest But there are important post-flood stories (6) ……… need telling as well For example, failure of normal sewage and drinking water systems means people need advice about how to find safe drinking water They need to understand and address the problems of mold and mildew in waterlogged buildings And of course they need advice on how to connect with disaster-aid agencies (Source: Environment Health Center) D Complete the following definitions about different kinds of flooding, using relative clauses. 1 River flooding is a kind of flood that is caused by heavy rains or rapid snowmelt. 2 Coastal flooding is a kind of flood

3 Johnstown flood is an example of flood

4 A flash flood is a kind of flood

§7 Non-defining Relative Clauses

Revision

Definition

Non-defining relative clauses are replaced after definite nouns; so they are notessential to the understanding of the noun They only give some more informationabout the noun

Non-defining relative clauses are separated from the noun by commas.

Long’s father, who works for a construction company, is often away from home (The clause who works for a construction company is a non-defining relative

clause If we omit that clause, the meaning of the sentence is still clear.)

Relative pronouns used in non-defining relative clauses

Things which (1) which (3) whose/ of which (5)

(1) Nhu’s cat, which just caught a mouse, didn’t eat the dead mouse.

(2) That man, who has just lent me his umbrella, is a kind man.

(3) Those classrooms, which were built last year, have not been in use yet.

(4) Tuan, whom I hate a lot, is a talkative man.

(5) My jacket, the sleeves of which are too long, was bought in this shop.

My jacket, whose sleeves are too long, was bought in this shop.

(6) Hoang, whose father is an English teacher, cannot speak English.

Use

We use non-defining relative clauses in the following situations:

• When the preceding noun is a proper noun

Tien, who has just moved to my neighborhood, is a very sensitive boy.

• When the preceding noun has a possessive case

I’ve lost my book, which I lent you last week.

• When the preceding noun has this, that, these, those

That man, whom Iyou met last Christmas, is going to be my brother-in-law.

Note

• That cannot be used to replace who, whom, which in non-defining relative clauses.

• Relative pronouns used as objects cannot be omitted

• Notice the difference:

Contestants, who got good results, are all very intelligent.

(All the contestants got good results.)

Contestants who got good results are all very intelligent.

(Only some of the contestants got good results.)

Exercises

A Defining or non-defining? Add commas if necessary.

1 Professor Kim who teaches psychology is a strict teacher

2 Japan which consists of four main islands suffers from a lot natural disastersevery year

3 Only students whose English does not meet the requirement should attend thecourse

4 Minh who couldn’t stand the smell of durian went out of the room when shesaw me with some durians.

5 Corn which is mainly grown in the highland can be exported

6 Hue bought a bar of chocolate which looked very delicious

7 My ao dai which is too short now was my favorite at high school

8 These glasses which were made by a famous craftsman were sold out quickly

B Combine two sentences to make a defining relative clause or a non-defining relative clause.

1 Does the T-shirt fit you? I gave it to you yesterday

4 The Prime Minister praised Nguyen Huu At He was the first blind student totake the university entrance exams alongside peers in Viet Nam

5 Ngoc has just moved to a new school It was built two years ago

C Choose the correct explanation of the meaning of each sentence.

1 Bread, which was very precious in the difficult time, is very cheap nowadays

A Bread, in general, was all precious in the difficult time

B Just some kinds of bread were precious in the difficult time

2 The bread which I ate yesterday was very cheap

A All the bread was cheap

B Only the bread I ate yesterday was cheap

3 Tham tried to reach the bottle which was on the top shelf

A There was only one bottle on the shelf

B There was more than one bottle on the shelf

4 Tham tried to reach the bottle, which was on the top shelf

A There was only one bottle on the shelf

B There was more than one bottle on the shelf

5 The players who want to take part in the coming game are practicing veryenthusiastically

A All the players of the team want to take part in the coming game

B Only some of the players want to take part in the coming game

6 The players, who want to take part in the coming game, are practicing veryenthusiastically

A All the players of the team want to take part in the coming game

B Only some of the players want to take part in the coming game

§8 Gerund and Present Participle

• After some verbs (avoid, delay, enjoy, finish, forgive, miss, etc.)

She had just finished dressing the children when the phone rang.

A present participle is used in the following situations:

• As an adjective

I heard some surprising news from him.

• After catch, find, leave + O

I find my new job satisfying.

• After verbs of sensation (the action may be complete or incomplete.)

There must be someone outside I hear someone knocking at the door.

• After go, come, spend, waste, be busy

Maybe I will go fishing this weekend.

Ms Nga can spend 5 hours doing the shopping.

Sorry I can’t help you right now I am busy preparing dinner.

Perfect gerund and perfect participle

The suspect finally admitted having broken into the house.

The action of breaking into the house happened before the action of admitting, so it

is in perfect gerund having + past participle.

Exercises

A Decide whether each –ing form below is gerund or present participle Write G

for gerund and P for participle.

1 I introduced Mai to Hang and then I left her talking to Hang

2 The police caught him breaking into a house

3 You should avoid eating too much fat since it is not good for you health

4 Having a cold bath in the morning has become my habit for years

5 Hoai wasted a lot of time riding her bike around without any purpose

6 He got up late because of staying up late last night

7 My hobby is playing soccer

8 Taking risks is his distinguishing characteristic

B Rewrite each of the following sentences, using the word(s) provides in parentheses.

1 There is something in the kitchen It is burning (SMELL)

2 Hue reminded me to turn off the lights, then she went to bed (BEFORE)

C There is an error in each sentence Identify and correct it.

1 Travel by bus in the city is one of the ways to avoid getting tired when there aretraffic jams

2 Phuong has spent 2 million dong doing shopping since she luckily won thelottery

3 Thao went to school in the afternoon last year, so she isn’t used to get up earlythis year

4 I had a date with my friends yesterday, but the heavy rain prevented me goingout

5 I find it interest to take part in social activities held by the school

6 I have 2 tickets to the cinema tonight Would you like to go with me?

I’d love to, but I’m busy to do my homework

D Gerund, present participle, perfect gerund or perfect participle? Supply the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.

1 In my company, the employees have bonuses for (not miss) ……… aday

2 (Do) ……… all the housework, Dung went to bed

3 The businessman kept (deny) ……… (sponsor) ……… thescholarship He wanted to keep it secret

4 Would you mind (turn) ……… the CD player down? I’m studying

5 Despite (never meet) ……… Le before, I could realize her thanks to herdistinguishing height

6 I have to go now It was nice (talk) ……… to you, you know

7 Nam is always keen on (pursue) ……… his study despite the poverty ofhis family

8 (Do) ……… the morning exercise, Mr Minh enjoyed his breakfast

E Ask and answer the following questions in full sentences.

1 Have you ever wasted your time doing something useless?

§9 Infinitive and Gerund

Revision

Infinitive

There are 2 kinds of infinitive: infinitive with to (to-infinitive) and infinitive without to.

Infinitive with to (to-infinitive)

• Certain verbs, adjectives and expressions can be followed by infinitive with to.

The manager asked his secretary to type the letter for him.

I’m glad to hear that you are recovering.

There’s nothing left to eat.

• Some common verbs and adjectives followed by to-infinitive.

allow/ ask/ invite + O

likely lucky pleased reluctant willing

There is something to-infinitive There is nothing to-infinitive

S + have something to-infinitive enough to-infinitive

too + adj/ adv + to-infinitive

Infinitive without to

• Some common verbs and expressions followed by infinitive without to.

Let/ have/ suggest + O + infinitive without to See/ hear + O + infinitive without to

I suggest you travel by bike to avoid traffic jams.

I heard Xuan chat with her friend on the phone yesterday.

Gerund

• Some common verbs followed by gerund

admit avoid can’t bear can’t help continue delay

deny enjoy finish keep mind miss

postpone practice quit recommend risk

suggest

Nguyet delayed studying at the university to open a shop.

Mrs Huong risked investing all her money on her new company.

Exercises

A Infinitive or gerund? Use the infinitive of gerund form of the verbs in parentheses.

1 A: Hang’s grandmother has just passed away

B: I’m sorry (hear) ……… about that

2 Hai wants (travel) ……… to Hai Phong but he doesn’t have enoughmoney (go) ………

3 I don’t mind (share) ……… my book in case you doesn’t have one

4 Toan admitted (break) ……… the flower case

5 Thuy is really interested in (do) ……… the research I saw her (work)

……… alone in the lab yesterday

6 A: Why is the door open? I remember (lock) ……… it

B: You are absent-minded You told me (leave) ……… it open since you just went out for a minute Remember?

7 A: It’s late Why don’t you go home?

B: I can’t help (wait) ……… a little more I’m eager (know)

……… the test result

8 On the way to the company, Mr Tuan felt someone (following)

……… him

9 Don’t reluctant (help) ……… the victims of the hurricane

10 Trang invited me (eat) ……… out, but my parents didn’t let me (go)

……… out so late

B Underline the most appropriate words or phrases.

1 Trang failed ……… the essay into Vietnamese because there are toomany unfamiliar expressions

A to convince, going, refusing

B to convince, to go, refusing

C convincing, to go, refuse

C Rewrite these sentences, using the words in the parentheses.

1 The picture is too high for me to reach (ENOUGH)

2 You have one more book to read in order to make the presentation (THERE)

D Answer the following question

1 What do you expect to do after you graduate from high school?

6 Have you ever planned to live on your own? If you are allowed to, what do youintend to do to earn a living?

7 Who will ever have your bicycle repaired once the brake doesn’t work? (use

have + O + infinitive without to)

Linking words are words used to link clauses or sentences

Tam likes leaning English However, he is too shy to speak English in front of the

class

Popular linking words

Addition and, additionally, in addition, besides, moreover,

furthermore, what is more, in addition to + n, apart from + n

Contrast but, though, however, nevertheless

Result hence, thus, as a result, the result of that is …, as a

consequence, consequently

Example for example, for instance

Generalization in general, generally, to sum up

Life in big cities is very comfortable There are many parks where the whole

family can relax at weekends Besides, there are supermarkets where you can both

go shopping and enjoy yourself

Life in big cities is very comfortable Nevertheless, it may be stressful to some

people

If parents indulge their children too much, they may spoil them Hence, children

should be punished only when they do something wrong

Note

Sometimes linking words can be put after the subject

It is assumed that big cities are heavens City dwellers, however, have to face many

problems

Exercises

A Choose the best linking word to fill in each blank.

1 Women nowadays have their social roles They work as doctors, engineers, andeven construction workers ………, some women become the leaders

4 Travelling by public means of transportation can help save money

………, it costs us only 6,000 dong to go to school and come backhome while we have to spend 10,000 dong filling the petrol tank of themotorbike

5 Studying abroad is a good opportunity to develop our foreign language

………, not everyone can afford it

B There is a passage about the benefits of games Complete each numbered blank in the passage with one of the following linking words Capitalize it where necessary.

for instance

consequently andsince althoughwhat is more in general

It is argued that games are but a kind of entertainment, and that it is a waste oftime to spend so much time playing games I myself think that games are much morethan recreation (1)……… they teach us a lot of useful things, among whichare team spirit, competence of observation, and wishes

To begin with, team sport games such as soccer, volleyball or basketball give us lessons on solidarity and cooperation Taking part in these games, individuals become members of a group and they play for the sake of their group; thus they have to cooperate well with one another Cooperation, as we know it, is one of the essential factors that bring about success in studies and work (2) ………, solidarity and cooperation which stems from games can perfectly become the key to success (3) ………, games help us improve our competence of observation; hence they become a trainer of our minds Whatever games we play; sport games or computer games, only when we highly concentrate on the games can we win The computer game Mario, (4) ………, is one which requires much of our attention and observation or we will get lost Life is just the same; if we do not try our best to choose the right ways, it is inevitable that we will get lost in hundreds or even thousands of choices and opportunities in life

Finally, children games are a good environment for wishes to derive from In our childhood games, we often act as teachers, doctors, engineers, or even the prime minister Aren’t they our very romantic dreams? (5) ……… many people really make dreams come true when they grow up Bill Gates insists that we should dare to wish if we want to succeed and wishes seem to develop from those games Din

Bo Linh, a talented king in Vietnamese history, liked playing as a soldier fighting against invaders when he was young And false battles in childhood games eventually turned out to be real ones when he grew up (6) ……… it is a long distance from dreams to reality, aren’t those wishes the very beginning of our success?

(7) ………, games are worth spending time We can more or less benefit from games we play if we know how to take advantage of them

C People say that television has bad influence on young people nowadays Do you agree? Within 150 words, write your ideas and use examples to support your ideas Use linking words to make your passage coherent.

Suggested ideas:

Agree

• A lot of violence and sex on TV

• Bad influence on eyesight

• Lack of educational programs

Disagree

• A way of learning new things (news programs, “Travel Around The World”, game shows)

• Useful entertainment

• Advertisements on TV: provide useful information about the market and products

§11 Modal verbs

Revision

Ability

• We use can or be able to to express ability.

Hai can sing very well.

I believe that I will be able to finish the assignment on time.

• We use could as the past form of can.

I couldn’t swim when I was eight, but now I am among the best swimmers in

my class

Possibility

• We use can, could, may or might to express possibility.

You can swim in this lake in the summer since the water is not very cold.

Hung isn’t in now He could be in the bookstore (Perhaps he is in the

bookstore.)

It may/ might be Le on the phone.

• We use must/ could/ may/ might + have + past participle to express speculations

about past actions

Duyen hasn’t come yet She could/ may/ might have missed the train.

• However, can, could, may, might are not always used interchangeably.

(See §12 Modal Verbs: Degrees of Certainty and Formality for details).

Permission

• Can, could, and may are used to express permission.

Could you lend me some money?

You can go out now but make sure to come home before 9 o’clock.

A student (to his teacher): May I go out?

• There is a slight difference in the use of can, could and may to express

permission (See §12 Modal Verbs: Degrees of Certainty and Formality for

details)

Obligation

• Should and ought to are used to give advice.

You should/ ought to write to your uncle to thank him for his gift.

• Must is used to express speaker’s authority.

Teacher (to his students): You must wear uniform when you go to school.

(We must wear uniform because the teacher wants us to.)

• Have to is used to express external authority.

It is raining I have to stay at home (I can’t go out because of the weather.)

• Mustn’t = be not allowed to

Don’t have to = needn’t

You mustn’t write on the desk = You are not allowed to write on the desk You don’t have to go to the market We still have enough food.

= You needn’t go to the market, but it’s OK if you want to go.

Exercises

A Underline the modal verbs in the following sentences and write the function of

each modal under the underlined word: ability, advice, possibility, permission or

obligation The first sentence is done for you.