SMALL-ANIMAL SPECT IMAGING pptx

SMALL-ANIMAL SPECT IMAGING i Matthew A. Kupinski Harrison H. Barrett (Eds.) Small-Animal SPECT Imaging With 123 Figures iii Matthew A. Kupinski Harrison H. Barrett Optical Science Center Department of Radiology The University of Arizona The University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 85721 Tucson, AZ 85721 USA USA Library of Congress Control Number: 2005923844 ISBN-10: 0-387-25143-X eISBN: 0-387-25294-0 Printed on acid-free paper. ISBN-13: 978-0387-25143-1 C  2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, Inc., 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed in the United States of America. (EB) 987654321 springeronline.com iv SMALL-ANIMAL SPECT IMAGING SMALL-ANIMAL SPECT IMAGING Edited by MATTHEW A. KUPINSKI University of Arizona HARRISON H. BARRETT University of Arizona Kluwer Academic Publishers Boston/Dordrecht/London Contents List of Figures xi List of Tables xvii About the Editors xix Preface xxi Acknowledgments xxii Chapter 1 Biomedical Significance of Small-Animal Imaging 1 James M. Woolfenden and Zhonglin Liu 1. Introduction 1 2. Selection of radiopharmaceuticals 2 3. Applications: Ischemic heart disease 4 4. Applications in oncology 5 5. Summary 7 References 7 Chapter 2 Detectors for Small-Animal SPECT I 9 Harrison H. Barrett and William C. J. Hunter 1. Introduction 9 2. Image formation 10 3. Detector requirements 16 4. Approaches to gamma-ray detection 26 5. Semiconductor detectors 31 6. Scintillation detectors 37 7. Summary and future directions 42 References 43 Chapter 3 Detectors for Small-Animal SPECT II 49 Harrison H. Barrett 1. Introduction 49 2. Role of statistics 50 3. Poisson statistics 53 4. Random amplification 60 5. Approaches to estimation 63 6. Application to scintillation cameras 66 7. Semiconductor detectors 81 8. Summary and conclusions 85 References 85 v vi SMALL-ANIMAL SPECT IMAGING Chapter 4 The Animal in Animal Imaging 87 Gail Stevenson 1. Introduction 87 2. Health surveillance programs 88 3. Species sp ecifics 88 4. On arrival 90 5. Anesthetics 91 6. Animal monitoring 94 7. Regulations 98 References 99 Chapter 5 Objective Assessment of Image Quality 101 Matthew A. Kupinski and Eric Clarkson 1. Introduction 101 2. Image quality 103 3. The Hotelling observer 110 4. The channelized Hotelling observer 110 5. Summary 111 References 112 Chapter 6 SPECT Imager Design and Data-Acquisition Systems 115 Lars R. Furenlid, Yi-Chun Chen, and Hyunki Kim 1. Introduction 115 2. Gamma-ray optics 115 3. SPECT imager design 124 4. Electrical signals from gamma-ray detectors 133 5. Data acquisition architectures 134 6. Conclusions 136 References 136 Chapter 7 Computationa l Algorithms in Small-Animal Imaging 139 Donald W. Wilson 1. Introduction 139 2. Reconstruction 139 3. System modeling 150 4. Conclusions 158 References 159 Chapter 8 Reconstruction Algorithm with Resolution Deconvolution in a Small-Animal PET Imager 163 Edward N. Tsyganov, Alexander I. Zinchenko et al. 1. Experimental setup 163 2. List-mode EM algorithm with convolution model 165 3. Results for simple phantoms 166 4. Double Compton scattering model 170 5. Application of EM algorithm for image deblurring 173 6. Conclusions 174 References 175 Contents vii Chapter 9 Estimates of Axial and Transaxial Resolution for One-, Two-, and Three- Camera Helical Pinhole SPECT 177 Scott D. Metzler and Ronald J. Jaszczak 1. Introduction 177 2. Experimental acquisition 177 3. Estimating experimental resolution 178 4. Fitting a Gaussian-convolved impulse function 179 5. Results 180 6. Summary 180 7. Acknowledgments 180 References 181 Chapter 10 Pinhole Aperture Design for Small-Animal Imaging 183 Chih-Min Hu, Jyh-Cheng Chen, and Ren-Shyan Liu 1. Introduction 183 2. Theory 183 3. Materials and methods 184 4. Results 185 5. Discussion 186 6. Conclusions 186 References 187 Chapter 11 Comparison of CsI(Ti) and Scintillating Plastic in a Multi-Pinhole/CCD-Based Gamma Camera for Small-Animal Low-Energy SPECT 189 Edmond Richer, Matthew A. Lewis, Billy Smith, Xiufeng Li et al. 1. Introduction 189 2. CCD-based gamma camera 189 3. Plastic scintillators 192 4. Conclusions and future work 194 References 194 Chapter 12 Calibration of Scintillation Cameras and Pinhole SPECT Imaging Systems 195 Yi-Chun Chen, Lars R. Furenlid, Donald W. Wilson, and Harrison H. Barrett 1. Introduction 195 2. Background 195 3. Experiment construction and data processing 196 4. Interpolation of the H matrix 198 5. Summary and conclusions 200 References 201 Chapter 13 Imaging Dopamine Transporters in a Mouse Brain with Single-Pinhole SPECT 203 Jan Booij, Gerda Andringa, Kora de Bruin, Jan Habraken, and Benjamin Drukarch 1. Introduction 203 2. Methods and materials 204 3. Results 206 4. Conclusion 207 References 207 viii SMALL-ANIMAL SPECT IMAGING Chapter 14 A Micro-SPECT/CT System for Imaging of AA-Amyloidosis in Mice 209 Jens Gregor, Shaun Gleason, Stephen Kennel, et al. 1. Introduction 209 2. MicroCT instrumentation and reconstruction 210 3. MicroSPECT instrumentation and reconstruction 210 4. Preliminary experimental results 211 References 213 Chapter 15 Feasibility of Micro-SPECT/CT Imaging of Atherosclerotic Plaques in a Trans- genic Mouse Model 215 Benjamin M. W. Tsui, Yuchuan Wang, Yujin Qi, Stacia Sawyer, et al. 1. Introduction 215 2. Methods 217 3. Results 219 4. Conclusions 220 References 222 Chapter 16 Effect of Respiratory Motion on Plaque Imaging in the Mouse Using Tc-99m Labeled Annexin-V 225 William P. Segars, Yuchuan Wang, and Benjamin M. W. Tsui 1. Introduction 225 2. Methods 226 3. Results 228 4. Conclusions 229 References 230 Chapter 17 Calibration and Performance of the Fully Engineered YAP-(S)PET Scanner for Small Rodents 233 Alberto Del Guerra, Nicola Belcari, Deborah Herbert, et al. 1. Introduction 233 2. YAP-(S)PET scanner design 233 3. YAP-(S)PET scanner performance 234 4. Conclusions 236 References 236 Chapter 18 A Small-Animal SPECT Imaging System Utilizing Position Tracking of Unanes- thetized Mice 239 Andrew G. Weisenberger, Brian Kross, Stan Majewski, Vladimir Popov, et al. 1. Introduction 239 2. Imaging methodology 239 3. Apparatus description 240 4. Discussion 242 References 242 Chapter 19 A Multidetector High-Resolution SPECT/CT Scanner with Continuous Scan- ning Capability 245 Tobias Funk, Minshan Sun, Andrew B. Hwang, James Carver, et al. 1. Introduction 245 2. Design of the SPECT/CT system 246 Contents ix 3. Conclusion 249 References 250 Chapter 20 High-Resolution Multi-Pinhole Imaging Using Silicon Detectors 251 Todd E. Peterson, Donald W. Wilson, and Harrison H. Barrett 1. Introduction 251 2. Impact of detector resolution on pinhole imaging 252 3. Silicon imager prototyp e 254 4. The synthetic collimator 255 5. Summary 257 References 257 Chapter 21 Development and Characterization of a High-Resolution MicroSPECT System 259 Yujin Qi, Benjamin M.W. Tsui, Yuchuan Wang, Bryan Yoder, et al. 1. Introduction 259 2. Imaging system and method 259 3. Results 262 4. Discussion 264 5. Conclusions 265 References 266 Chapter 22 High-Resolution Radionuclide Imaging Using Focusing Gamma-Ray Optics 267 Michael Pivovaroff, William Barber, Tobias Funk, et al. 1. Introduction 267 2. Radionuclide imaging: Traditional approach 267 3. Radionuclide imaging: Focusing γ-ray optics 268 References 271 Chapter 23 SPECT/Micro-CT Imaging of Bronchial Angiogenesis in a Rat 273 Anne V. Clough, Christian Wietholt, Robert C. Molthen, et al. 1. Introduction 273 2. Methods 274 3. Results 274 4. Discussion 275 References 276 Chapter 24 Projection and Pinhole-Based Data Acquisition for Small-Animal SPECT Us- ing Storage Phosphor Technology 279 Matthew A. Lewis, Gary Arbique, Edmond Richer, Nikolai Slavine, et al. 1. Introduction 279 2. Background 280 3. Prototype 281 4. Results 282 5. Conclusions and open issues 283 References 284 Chapter 25 Cardiac Pinhole-Gated SPECT in Small Animals 287 [...]... 143 xii SMALL-ANIMAL SPECT IMAGING 7.2 Reconstructions using a Landweber algorithm and a Landweber algorithm with a positivity constraint 7.3 The slice of the Hoffman brain phantom used for study 2.2 7.4 Reconstructions after 200 ML-EM iterations with and without bore-diameter compensation 7.5 The MTFr spectrum for compensations at 0.8 mm, 1.4 mm, and 2.0 mm 7.6 The NPSr spectrum 7.7 The N P Sr spectrum... authors’ knowledge, they have not been used for small animals For a thorough discussion of collimator design and optimization, see Gunter [1996] Detectors for Small-Animal SPECT I 2.2 11 Pinholes 2.2.1 Simple pinhole imaging Most small-animal SPECT imaging today is done with pinholes Pinholes are very flexible, with the main free parameters being the pinhole diameter dph , the perpendicular distance s1... small-animal SPECT, with regard to the different methods of image formation discussed in Section 2 3.1 Clinical SPECT versus small-animal SPECT Before getting into specifics on the detector requirements for small-animal SPECT, it is useful to contrast that application with conventional clinical SPECT As seen in Table 2.1, the most obvious difference is in the required field of view and spatial resolution;... of America A, and is the recipient of the IEEE Medical Imaging Scientist Award in 2000 He is the coauthor of two books on image science xix Preface In January 2004, the Center for Gamma-Ray Imaging (CGRI), a research resource funded by the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), hosted “The Workshop on Small-Animal SPECT in Tucson, Arizona Over 80 people from around the... publish this volume We are especially thankful to Corrie Thies for her careful editing of this entire volume Finally, we thank the over 80 attendees of the Workshop of Small-Animal SPECT Imaging Chapter 1 Biomedical Significance of Small-Animal Imaging James M Woolfenden and Zhonglin Liu∗ 1 Introduction Small animals are used widely in biomedical research Mice in particular are favorite animal subjects:... Woolfenden and Z Liu Imaging of internal biodistribution of molecules in small animals generally means gamma-ray imaging, although imaging of superficial structures may be possible using other methods The remainder of this discussion will assume that the objective is gamma-ray imaging and that the gamma-emitting radionuclides serve as reporters of physiologic functions of interest (Imaging of characteristic... hormone The radiation dose to the animal from imaging studies should be considered, particularly when serial studies are planned, in order to prevent unwanted biological effects The administered radionuclide doses per unit weight for small-animal imaging are typically quite large, in comparison to human studies, in order to obtain sufficient photons for imaging If CT imaging is also used, this further increases... There is evidence that development and severity of ischemia-reperfusion injury can be modulated by drugs and ischemic preconditioning Small-animal imaging studies provide a means to evaluate the effects of such modulation Biomedical Significance of Small-Animal Imaging 3.2 5 Imaging of ischemia-reperfusion injury We have implemented a model for studies of ischemia-reperfusion injury using Sprague-Dawley... Chaudhuri “The type 2 human somatostatin receptor as a platform for reporter gene imaging, ” Eur J Nucl Med., vol 29, pp 388-399, 2002 Chapter 2 Detectors for Small-Animal SPECT I Overview of Technologies Harrison H Barrett and William C J Hunter∗ barrett@radiology.arizona.edu 1 Introduction Indirect imaging systems such as SPECT have three essential components: an image-forming element, an image detector,... PSF measurement process 6.8 The FastSPECT II calibration stage 6.9 FastSPECT I with 24 fixed 4 in2 modular cameras 6.10 The optical arrangement of FastSPECT II showing the shape of the field of view 6.11 The SpotImager comprises a single 4096 pixel CZT detector 6.12 The CT /SPECT dual modality system combines a SpotImager with a transmission x-ray system 6.13 The SemiSPECT system combines eight CZT detector . SMALL-ANIMAL SPECT IMAGING i Matthew A. Kupinski Harrison H. Barrett (Eds.) Small-Animal SPECT Imaging With 123 Figures iii Matthew A. Kupinski. rights. Printed in the United States of America. (EB) 987654321 springeronline.com iv SMALL-ANIMAL SPECT IMAGING SMALL-ANIMAL SPECT IMAGING Edited by MATTHEW A. KUPINSKI University of Arizona HARRISON H. BARRETT University. materials 204 3. Results 206 4. Conclusion 207 References 207 viii SMALL-ANIMAL SPECT IMAGING Chapter 14 A Micro -SPECT/ CT System for Imaging of AA-Amyloidosis in Mice 209 Jens Gregor, Shaun Gleason,