ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY doc

ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY Edited by Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy Edited by Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Anja Filipovic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team Image Copyright kjpargeter, 2011. DepositPhotos First published January, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, Edited by Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-817-5 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Chapter 1 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) 1 R. García and A. P. Báez Chapter 2 State-of-the-Art and Trends in Atomic Absorption Spectrometry 13 Hélcio José Izário Filho, Rodrigo Fernando dos Santos Salazar, Maria da Rosa Capri, Ângelo Capri Neto, Marco Aurélio Kondracki de Alcântara and André Luís de Castro Peixoto Chapter 3 Elemental Profiling: Its Role and Regulations 37 Ajai Prakash Gupta and Suphla Gupta Chapter 4 Microextraction Techniques as a Sample Preparation Step for Metal Analysis 61 Pourya Biparva and Amir Abbas Matin Chapter 5 Application of Atomic Absorption for Determination of Metal Nanoparticles in Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposites 89 Roozbeh Javad Kalbasi and Neda Mosaddegh Chapter 6 Flame Spectrometry in Analysis of Refractory Oxide Single Crystals 105 T.V. Sheina and K.N. Belikov Chapter 7 Interference Effects of Excess Ca, Ba and Sr on Mg Absorbance During Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry: Characterization in Terms of a Simplified Collisional Rate Model 131 Mark F. Zaranyika, Albert T. Chirenje and Courtie Mahamadi Chapter 8 Nutritional Metals in Foods by AAS 143 Mary Millikan VI Contents Chapter 9 Comparative Assessment of the Mineral Content of a Latin American Raw Sausage Made by Traditional or Non-Traditional Processes 167 Roberto González-Tenorio, Ana Fernández-Diez, Irma Caro and Javier Mateo Chapter 10 Analysis of High Solid Content in Biological Samples by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry 183 Lué-Merú Marcó Parra Chapter 11 Mineral Content and Physicochemical Properties in Female Rats Bone During Growing Stage 201 Margarita Hernández-Urbiola, Astrid L. Giraldo-Betancur, Daniel Jimenez-Mendoza, Esther Pérez-Torrero, Isela Rojas–Molina, María de los Angeles Aguilera-Barreiro, Carolina Muñoz-Torres and Mario E. Rodríguez-García Chapter 12 Activation of Bentonite and Talc by Acetic Acid as a Carbonation Feedstock for Mineral Storage of CO 2 221 Petr Ptáček, Magdaléna Nosková, František Šoukal, Tomáš Opravil, Jaromír Havlica and Jiří Brandštetr Preface Spectroscopy is the study of absorption and emission of electromagnetic radiation due to the interaction between matter and energy, which depends on the wavelength of the respective radiation. Analytical Chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the study of qualitative, as well as quantitative analysis, of samples. Different spectroscopic techniques like UV-Visible, Atomic Absorption, Flame Emission, Molecular Fluorescence, Phosphorescence, Chemiluminescence, Infrared, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Raman, X-Ray, Mass, Electron, Mössbauer are being used for this purpose. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) is one of the spectroscopic and analytical techniques, used for the qualitative and quantitative determination of elements employing the absorption of electromagnetic energy of a particular wavelength, usually ultraviolet or visible region, by free atoms in the gaseous state. The technique is being used for the determination of metals in different samples like food, drugs, nanomaterials, biomaterials, environmental, forensics and industrial wastes. There is a dire need to provide scholars all over the world with the recent advancements going on in research using analytical techniques. This book is an effort of the authors in the field of AAS, covering topics from basic to advanced levels. The chapters in this book have been organized to keep the sequence in reading. In the first two chapters, introduction, history and basic principle of AAS have been described with detail instrumentation of all parts and sample preparation. Chapter 3 deals with elemental profiling, functions, dietary source, biochemistry and potential toxicity of metals along with comparative techniques used for the analysis. As sample preparation techniques are the most beneficial for proper analysis, chapter 4 discusses the microextraction techniques which are characteristics for an ideal sample preparation. Keeping in view the importance of nanomaterials and refractory materials, chapter 5 and 6 highlight the ways to characterize these materials by using AAS. The interference effects between elements can be characterized using a simplified rate model and through thermodynamic equilibrium approach as explained in chapter 7. The importance of metals in food and biological samples and their characterization with AAS have been given in chapters 8-11. Carbon capture and X Preface mineral storage, leaching experiments and estimation of metal contents by comparative techniques have been explained in chapter 12. The book will provide a good resource for teaching and research purposes. Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh Department of Chemistry G.C. University Lahore Pakistan [...]... using atomic absorption spectroscopy are, in our opinion: Greater sensitivity and detection limits than other methods Direct analysis of some types of liquid samples 11 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) Low spectral interference Very small sample size Finally, it is worth mentioning that in the last two decades, quantification and characterization of different matrices and materials by atomic absorption. .. energy from the source 3.3 Basic instrumentation Every atomic absorption spectrometer presents the same basic components, however, each manufacturer differentiates the configuration due to the analytical demand and according to technological advance Figure 2 shows the main components of an atomic absorption spectrometer Fig 2 Main components of an atomic absorption spectrometer The radiation source may be... high temperature for excitation not necessary; generally no plasma/arc/spark in AAS 3 Flame (AAS) Flame atomic absorption methods are referred to as direct aspiration determinations They are normally completed as single element analyses and are relatively free of interelement 6 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy spectral interferences For some elements, the temperature or type of flame used is critical... Báez et al., 2007 and García et al., 2009 characterized atmospheric aerosols, metals and ions 8 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy that play an important role in the content of chemical species and of many elements in atmospheric ecosystem interfaces Sodium, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ were analyzed with a double beam atomic absorption spectrophotometer Deuterium and hollow cathode lamps (Photron Super lamp) were used... to be Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) 9 proportional to the ground state atom population in the flame; any factor that affected the ground state atom population was classified as interference Factors that might affected the ability of the instrument to read this parameter were also classified as interference The different types of interference that were encountered in atomic absorption spectroscopy. .. Flame and furnace spectroscopy has been used for years for the analysis of metals Today these procedures are used more than ever in materials and environmental applications This is due to the need for lower detection limits and for trace analysis in a wide range of samples Because of the scientific advances of Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission 4 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy Spectroscopy (ICP-OES),... though the theoretical basis was established in the beginning of the twentieth century, only in the early 1950s an Australian physicist, Sir Alan Walsh, proposed the phenomenon 16 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy of atomic absorption as an elementary analysis technique However, the first scientific equipment was made in the early of 1960s Despite unavailable technology by that time, two main problems... will attempt to demonstrate that AAS is a reliable chemical technique to analyze almost any type of material The chapter describes the basic principles of atomic absorption spectroscopy in the analysis of trace metals, such as Ag, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) 5 and Hg, in environmental samples For example, the study of trace metals in wet and dry precipitation has increased in recent... grating resolution is one of the main factors affecting the monochromators’ performance Monochromators used in atomic absorption equipments generally have grating up to 1000 slots per millimeter Fig 7 Diagram of a discrete light diffraction in a Czerny-Turner monochromator 24 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy Echelle monochromators, use a diffraction grating and a prism as dispersing elements that spread... of shape and intensity of the line Background absorption of source radiation: This is caused by the presence of a particle from incomplete atomization This problem is overcome by increasing the flame temperature Rate of aspiration, nebulization, or transport of the sample (e.g viscosity, surface tension, vapor pressure , and density) 4 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy with graphite furnace (GFAA) The . ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY Edited by Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy Edited by Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh. Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy 4 Spectroscopy (ICP-OES), Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), have left Atomic Absorption (AA) behind. This. The chapter describes the basic principles of atomic absorption spectroscopy in the analysis of trace metals, such as Ag, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) 5 and Hg, in