ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS – REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICS – CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS pot

ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS – REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICS – CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS Edited by Hayder Abdul-Razzak Atmospheric Aerosols – Regional Characteristics – Chemistry and Physics http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2695 Edited by Hayder Abdul-Razzak Contributors Inna Plakhina, Tomomi Hoshiko, Kazuo Yamamoto, Fumiyuki Nakajima, Tassanee Prueksasit, A.K. Srivastava, Sagnik Dey, S.N. Tripathi, Sanat Kumar Das, S.V. Sunilkumar, K. Parameswaran, Bijoy V. Thampi, Alireza Rashki, Dimitris Kaskaoutis, C.J.deW. Rautenbach, Patrick Eriksson, Stelyus L. Mkoma, Gisele O. da Rocha, José D.S. da Silva, Jailson B. de Andrade, J.C. Jiménez-Escalona, O. Peralta, F. J. S. Lopes, G. L. Mariano, E. Landulfo, E. V. C. Mariano, Gerhard Held, Andrew G. Allen, Fabio J.S. Lopes, Ana Maria Gomes, Arnaldo A. Cardoso, Eduardo Landulfo, Mohd Zul Helmi Rozaini, Biwu Chu, Jingkun Jiang, Zifeng Lu, Kun Wang, Junhua Li, Jiming Hao, Shexia Ma, Chul Eddy Chung, Shiyong Shao, Yinbo Huang, Ruizhong Rao, Gourihar Kulkarni, Karel Klouda, Stanislav Brádka, Petr Otáhal, Adriana Estokova and Nadezda Stevulova Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Marijan Polic Typesetting InTech Prepress, Novi Sad Cover InTech Design Team First published September, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Atmospheric Aerosols – Regional Characteristics – Chemistry and Physics, Edited by Hayder Abdul-Razzak p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0728-6 Contents Preface IX Section 1 Aerosols Regional Characteristics 1 Chapter 1 Variations in the Aerosol Optical Depth Abovethe Russia from the Data Obtained at the Russian Actinometric Network in 1976–2010 Years 3 Inna Plakhina Chapter 2 Temporal Variation of Particle Size Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at Different Roadside Air Environments in Bangkok, Thailand 29 Tomomi Hoshiko, Kazuo Yamamoto, Fumiyuki Nakajima and Tassanee Prueksasit Chapter 3 Aerosol Characteristics over the Indo-Gangetic Basin: Implications to Regional Climate 47 A.K. Srivastava, Sagnik Dey and S.N. Tripathi Chapter 4 Natural vs Anthropogenic Background Aerosol Contribution to the Radiation Budget over Indian Thar Desert 81 Sanat Kumar Das Chapter 5 Distribution of Particulates in the Tropical UTLS over the Asian Summer Monsoon Region and Its Association with Atmospheric Dynamics 113 S.V. Sunilkumar, K. Parameswaran and Bijoy V. Thampi Chapter 6 Changes of Permanent Lake Surfaces, and Their Consequences for Dust Aerosols and Air Quality: The Hamoun Lakes of the Sistan Area, Iran 163 Alireza Rashki, Dimitris Kaskaoutis, C.J.deW. Rautenbach and Patrick Eriksson VI Contents Chapter 7 Characteristics of Low-Molecular Weight Carboxylic Acids in PM2.5 and PM10 Ambient Aerosols From Tanzania 203 Stelyus L. Mkoma, Gisele O. da Rocha, José D.S. da Silva and Jailson B. de Andrade Chapter 8 Interaction Between Aerosol Particles and Maritime Convective Clouds: Measurements in ITCZ During the EPIC 2001 Project 221 J.C. Jiménez-Escalona and O. Peralta Chapter 9 Impacts of Biomass Burning in the Atmosphere of the Southeastern Region of Brazil Using Remote Sensing Systems 247 F. J. S. Lopes, G. L. Mariano, E. Landulfo and E. V. C. Mariano Chapter 10 Review of Aerosol Observations by Lidar and Chemical Analysis in the State of São Paulo, Brazil 273 Gerhard Held, Andrew G. Allen, Fabio J.S. Lopes, Ana Maria Gomes, Arnaldo A. Cardoso, Eduardo Landulfo Section 2 Aerosols Chemistry and Physics 321 Chapter 11 The Chemistry of Dicarboxylic Acids in the Atmospheric Aerosols 323 Mohd Zul Helmi Rozaini Chapter 12 Effects of Inorganic Seeds on Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) Formation 347 Biwu Chu, Jingkun Jiang, Zifeng Lu, Kun Wang, Junhua Li and Jiming Hao Chapter 13 Production of Secondary Organic Aerosol from Multiphase Monoterpenes 363 Shexia Ma Chapter 14 Aerosol Direct Radiative Forcing: A Review 379 Chul Eddy Chung Chapter 15 A Method Analyzing Aerosol Particle Shape and Scattering Based on Imaging 395 Shiyong Shao, Yinbo Huang and Ruizhong Rao Chapter 16 Separating Cloud Forming Nuclei from Interstitial Aerosol 407 Gourihar Kulkarni Contents VII Chapter 17 Experiences with Anthropogenic Aerosol Spread in the Environment 415 Karel Klouda, Stanislav Brádka and Petr Otáhal Chapter 18 Investigation of Suspended and Settled Particulate Matter in Indoor Air 455 Adriana Estokova and Nadezda Stevulova Preface Over the past few decades numerous studies have shown an alarming increase in the concentration of atmospheric particular matter called aerosols resulting from a variety of human activities, ranging from agricultural to combustion of fossil fuels. Besides having serious impacts on the health of all living creatures, these particles can affect planetary radiation budget. Consequences of this change include global temperature shifts and the altering of atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns. It is therefore essential to quantify and characterize these particles, while also studying the chemical and physical processes they are subject to. This book presents recent studies conducted by internationally recognized scientists from all over the world. It is divided into two sections. The first section presents characterization of atmospheric aerosol particles and their impact on regional climate from East Asia to the Pacific. Ground-based, air-born, and satellite data were collected and analyzed. Detailed information about measurement techniques and atmospheric conditions were provided as well. In the second section, authors provide detailed information about the properties of the organic and inorganic constituents of atmospheric aerosols. They discuss the chemical and physical processes, temporal and spatial distribution, emissions, formation, and transportation of aerosol particles. In addition, new measurement techniques are introduced. This book hopes to serve as a useful resource to resolve some of the issues associated with the complex nature of the interaction between atmospheric aerosols and climatology. Hayder Abdul-Razzak Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Texas, USA [...]... between the Earth and the Sun and a solar altitude of 30°; S0is the solar constant equal to 1.367 kW/m2 The Linke turbidity factor is unambiguously correlated with Р: T = lgP / lgPi = ( lgS0 – lgS ) / ( lgS0 – lgSi ) = -lg P / 0.0433 (2) 6 Atmospheric Aerosols – Regional Characteristics – Chemistry and Physics The AOD of the vertical atmosphere was calculated with a method specially developed and used at... AOD in Trans-Baikal and Central Siberia region of Russia for the year and season AOD values:year,April,July and October values(from the top to the bottom), averaging period 1976-2010 years (14 stations) 20 Atmospheric Aerosols – Regional Characteristics – Chemistry and Physics Figure 13 Spatial distribution of T in Trans-Baikal and Central Siberia region of Russia for the year and season AOD values:... this paper 10 Atmospheric Aerosols – Regional Characteristics – Chemistry and Physics (a) (b) Figure 5 Time variations in the annual values of AOD and in the flux of direct solar radiation for the Sun’s height 30°: (a) multiyear variations in the annual values of AOD for three stations (Krasnodar (1), Chita (2), and Okhotsk (3)) and (b) multiyear variations in the annual values of AOD and in the annual... of the factor turbidity and aerosol optical depth during 1976 - 2005 years period; EPR the European Part of Russia; APR -theAsian Part of Russia 14 Atmospheric Aerosols – Regional Characteristics – Chemistry and Physics The examples of the long-term time variations for Tand AOD in the differentRussia regions:North,Central part and South of theEuropean Part of the Russia andRussianFar East are presented... (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited 4 Atmospheric Aerosols – Regional Characteristics – Chemistry and Physics climatic forcing and ecology The study of current spatiotemporal variations in the atmospheric aerosol component is of scientific interest and presents a problem Current ground-based networks of... 197 6–2 010) Variations in the Aerosol Optical Depth Above the Russia from the Data Obtained at the Russian Actinometric Network in 197 6–2 010 Years 21 Figure 14 Spatial distribution of AOD in Trans-Baikal and Central Siberia region of RF for the July (top) and April (bottom) values, averaging period 1976-2010 years, 17 stations 22 Atmospheric Aerosols – Regional Characteristics – Chemistry and Physics. .. series) and up to 2006 year ( in T series) Then the oscillations by 7- 3 monhs are exist in the FQ series, which may be also connected with the variations of the fire quantity Colorbar represents normalized variances 18 Atmospheric Aerosols – Regional Characteristics – Chemistry and Physics Figure 10 Spatial distribution of mean values of the turbidity factor T for June, July, and August in 1994 – 2009... stations and is, to a great extent, determined by the four powerful volcanic eruptions in the latter half of the 20th century, because seasonal and local disturbances caused by the effects of tropospheric aerosol, when annually averaged, become leveled and have almost no influence on the distribution of the multiyear values of AOD 12 Atmospheric Aerosols – Regional Characteristics – Chemistry and Physics. .. latitudes in the presence of areas with increased atmospheric turbidity over southern Europe, the Middle East, southeastern Asia, 8 Atmospheric Aerosols – Regional Characteristics – Chemistry and Physics Ukraine, and Kazakhstan Fig 3 shows that the AOD over Russia decreases from the southwest to the northeast The increased values of aerosol haziness in the southeast and southwest are most likely caused by an... signals: fire quantity FQ (top) and factor of integral turbidity T (bottom) during 1977 -1986 years in Trans-Baikal region 24 Atmospheric Aerosols – Regional Characteristics – Chemistry and Physics 1200 1000 fire quantity and T*100 800 600 400 200 0 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 year 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Figure 18 Fire quantity FQ (dotted line) and factor of integral turbidity . ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS – REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICS – CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS Edited by Hayder Abdul-Razzak Atmospheric Aerosols – Regional Characteristics – Chemistry and Physics. standpoints of its Atmospheric Aerosols – Regional Characteristics – Chemistry and Physics 4 climatic forcing and ecology. The study of current spatiotemporal variations in the atmospheric aerosol. increased atmospheric turbidity over southern Europe, the Middle East, southeastern Asia, Atmospheric Aerosols – Regional Characteristics – Chemistry and Physics 8 Ukraine, and Kazakhstan.