Tóm tắt luận Án tiến sĩ 2 nâng cao năng lực cạnh tranh của doanh nghiệp vận tải hàng hóa Đường bộ tại thành phố hải phòng trong Điều kiện hội nhập quốc tế

Practical Contributions The dissertation assesses the current state of RFT enterprises in Hai Phong across various dimensions: the competitiveness in terms of sustaining operations, cap

AND INVESTMENT AND TRAINING

CENTRAL INSTITUTE FOR ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT

CENTRAL INSTITUTE FOR ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT

Advisor: PhD Vu Thanh Liem PhD Nguyen Thi Luyen

Examiner 1:

Examiner 2:

Examiner 3:

This thesis is defended at the Thesis Examination Committee at the Central Institute for Economic Management at…… on… 2024

The thesis can be found at:

Library of the Central Institute for Economic Management

National Library, Viet Nam.

INTRODUCTION

1 Rationale for the Topic Selection

The topic of enhancing the competitiveness of businesses, especially in the field of road freight transportation (RFT), is extremely important in the context of globalization and international integration The rapid economic development of Vietnam, along with participation in international trade agreements such as ASEAN, WTO, and CPTPP, has created both significant opportunities and challenges for businesses The RFT sector plays a crucial role in connecting production and consumption areas, serving as the backbone

of the economy and facilitating the circulation of goods

Hai Phong City, a major economic hub in the North, has seen a sharp increase in road transportation demand due to its strategic location and large port system From 2016 to 2022, Hai Phong accounted for 29% of the total freight volume in the Red River Delta With more than 3,000 road transport companies operating and around 50,000 employees, this city serves as a key gateway for the import and export of goods in Northern Vietnam

However, RFT businesses in Hai Phong face competition from both domestic and international companies, along with pressure from alternative transportation methods such as maritime and rail transport High operating costs, particularly fuel and vehicle maintenance costs, are significant challenges due to the frequent fluctuations in fuel prices Moreover, in order

to meet international safety and environmental standards, businesses must make substantial investments in technology and human resource training Given these challenges, the selection of the topic “Enhancing the Competitiveness of Road Freight Transport Enterprises in Hai Phong in the Context of International Integration” is essential for the sustainable development of this group of businesses

2 Novel Contributions of the Dissertation

2.1 Theoretical Contributions

The dissertation systematizes, supplements, and clarifies the theoretical framework regarding the competitiveness of RFT enterprises in the context of international integration This includes: The ability of enterprises to survive

and maintain operations; The ability to expand and sustain market share; The ability to improve business performance

2.2 Practical Contributions

The dissertation assesses the current state of RFT enterprises in Hai Phong across various dimensions: the competitiveness in terms of sustaining operations, capturing market share, and improving business efficiency; Methods to enhance the competitiveness, including scaling up transport capacity, adjusting freight rates, and differentiating service offerings; External factors influencing the competitiveness, such as international integration, government policies, natural and cultural conditions, and internal factors within the enterprise, including human resources, financial capacity, marketing, connectivity, and brand reputation; Finally, the dissertation proposes solutions to enhance the competitiveness for RFT enterprises, incorporating both state policy support and self-improvement measures from the enterprises themselves

3 Structure of the Dissertation

In addition to the Introduction, Conclusion, References, and Appendices, the dissertation is structured into four chapters as follows:

Chapter 1 Overview of previous studies and the research direction of the dissertation Chapter 2 Theoretical Basis and Practical Experience in Enhancing the Competitiveness of road freight transportation Enterprises in the Context of International Integration

Chapter 3 The Current Situation of Enhancing the Competitiveness of road freight transportation Enterprises in Hai Phong City in the Context of International Integration

Chapter 4 The context and solutions for improving the Competitiveness

of road freight transportation enterprises in Hai Phong in the context of international integration

Chapter 1 OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH STUDIES AND DIRECTION

OF THE DISSERTATION 1.1 OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH STUDIES AND GAPS IN THE DISSERTATION 1.1.1 Overview of Research on Firm Competitiveness

Competitiveness has been a focal topic for many researchers and organizations Significant works include Michael E Porter's (1985) theory of competitive advantage based on cost leadership, differentiation, and value chains; Jay B Barney's (1991) resource-based view, which emphasizes unique, inimitable resources as key to sustainable competitive advantage; Gary Hamel and C.K Prahalad (1994), who stressed long-term strategic vision, core competencies, and innovation Further studies by Schealbach (1989) and Buckley (1991) focused on international competitiveness, the role of corporate governance, and export strategies Ramasamy (1995) and Mehra (1998) identified core factors such as marketing strategy, resource management, and technology In Vietnam, scholars like Bùi Đức Tuân (2011), Nguyễn Thành Long (2016), and Phạm Thu Hương (2018) emphasized improving management capabilities, technological innovation, and marketing strategies to enhance competitiveness

1.1.2 Overview of Research on Methods to Enhance the Competitiveness

of Transport Enterprises

Research on improving the competitiveness of transport enterprises typically focuses on factors such as firm size, pricing, product differentiation, and branding Schealbach (1989), along with reports from the World Bank (2011, 2019) and OECD (2018), underscored the role of supportive policies, infrastructure investment, and the adoption of advanced technologies in enhancing the competitiveness of the transport sector Studies such as Vitranss (2008) and Blancas & Isbell (2013) suggested sustainable development and logistics optimization to improve transport efficiency Anncika Knutsson (2008) analyzed transport costs, emphasizing the need for effective management and technology investment to minimize costs and increase efficiency Additionally, research by BMI (2009, 2011) and McKinsey & Company (2020) focused on trends, challenges, and opportunities in the global transport sector, particularly in transitioning to renewable energy and optimizing logistics networks

1.1.3 Research Gaps Addressed in the Dissertation

Based on the literature review, the dissertation identifies key research gaps requiring further exploration to propose specific solutions:

Spatial Research Gap: Many studies focus on national or large regional scales, overlooking the unique characteristics of strategic localities such as Hai Phong Content Research Gap: There is a lack of research on the competitiveness

of road freight transport enterprises at specific local levels in the context of international integration Few studies delve deeply into the specific methods for enhancing competitiveness, resulting in a shortage of effective solutions tailored for local businesses

1.2 OBJECTIVES, SUBJECTS, AND SCOPE OF RESEARCH

Geographical Scope: The study focuses on road freight transport enterprises in Hai Phong

Time Scope: The research evaluates the period from 2016 to 2022 and proposes solutions until 2030

1.2.4 Research Questions

(i) What defines the competitiveness of RFT enterprises? What methods do these enterprises use to enhance competitiveness? What criteria are used to assess competitiveness and methods for improving it? (ii) What factors influence the competitiveness of RFT enterprises? How do these factors impact the enhancement of competitiveness? (iii) What is the current state of competitiveness and methods for improving the competitiveness of RFT enterprises in Hải Phòng in the context of international integration? How do influencing factors affect the competitiveness of these enterprises in this context? (iv) What solutions should be applied to improve the competitiveness

of RFT enterprises in Hải Phòng in the context of international integration?

1.3 APPROACH AND RESEARCH METHODS

1.3.1 Approach and Analytical Framework

Figure 1.1: The analytical framework for evaluating the competitiveness

of road freight transport enterprises under international integration

State Management Perspective: The analysis considers the impact of government policies, economic environment, natural conditions, social culture, and international integration on the competitiveness of RFT enterprises in the context of globalization

Enterprise Management Perspective: The focus is on analyzing internal factors such as human resources, financial capability, marketing strategies, connectivity, and brand reputation

Enhancing the Competitiveness of Road Freight Transport Enterprises

State Policy Factors

Natural, Cultural and

Enterprises in Hai Phong

1.3.2 Methods of Collecting Secondary Information

To systematize the theoretical foundation, the dissertation references both domestic and international research from sources such as books, dissertations, academic journals, and government documents To analyze the current competitiveness situation, secondary data is gathered from reports and publications by relevant authorities and businesses in Hai Phong

1.3.3 Methods of Collecting Primary Information through Enterprise Surveys

Survey Subjects: The sample size is 200 enterprises, selected using Slovin’s formula (1984) from over 3,000 enterprises The respondents include three representatives from each enterprise: senior management, middle management, and transport drivers

Survey Content and Method: The survey contains questions regarding enterprise information, competitiveness, methods for improving competitiveness, and influencing factors The survey is conducted directly by distributing questionnaires to the respondents at their workplaces

Duration: Conducted from January 2022 to April 2022

1.3.4 Methods of Collecting Information through In-depth Interviews

Interview Subjects: In-depth interviews were conducted with 20 government officials and experts from related sectors to gather insights on the competitiveness of RFT enterprises in Hai Phong

Interview Content and Method: The interviews focus on competitiveness, methods for improving competitiveness, and factors influencing competitiveness The interviews are conducted either face-to-face or through remote means

Duration: Carried out in April 2024

1.3.5 Data Analysis Methods

Descriptive Statistical Methods: Used to analyze and describe the current competitiveness of RFT enterprises in Hai Phong

Analytical Methods: Used to evaluate operational performance, financial capabilities, and human resources of enterprises, as well as to identify strengths, weaknesses, and challenges faced by RFT enterprises

Synthesis Methods: Cross-checking results from different data sources to form a comprehensive view of the competitiveness of RFT enterprises

Comparative Methods: Used to assess criteria such as transport pricing, business efficiency, and customer satisfaction among RFT enterprises in Hai Phong and other regions, as well as other transport modes

Chapter 2 THEORETICAL BASIS AND PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE IN ENHANCING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF ROAD FRIEGHT TRANSPORT ENTERPRISES IN CONTEXT OF INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATION 2.1 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENHANCING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF ROAD FREIGHT TRANSPORT ENTERPRISES IN THE CONTEXT OF INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATION

2.1.1 Road Freight Transport Enterprises

RFT refers to the movement of goods by road-based vehicles on established routes It is characterized by its high mobility, flexibility, and minimal dependence on fixed infrastructure, playing a crucial role in both domestic and cross-border goods transportation

A RFT enterprise is an economic entity established with the purpose of generating profit from the transportation of goods by road vehicles This concept is derived from definitions found in the Oxford Dictionary of Economics, Philip Kotler (2000), Robbins and Coulter (2005), and Vietnam’s Enterprise Law of 2020

RFT is a common method of transportation, noted for its flexibility, variety of vehicles, and quick delivery times While it faces limitations in terms of capacity and higher transportation costs compared to other modes, road freight transport holds an essential position in the economy by ensuring continuous connections between various transportation modes

Compared to other forms of transport, such as sea, rail, and air, road freight has advantages in flexibility and the ability to reach a variety of delivery points It acts as an intermediary, linking different transport modes and is especially suited for short and medium-distance shipments

RFT enterprises contribute significantly to the economy by handling a substantial volume of goods, creating jobs, and providing flexible, efficient transport services Despite the relatively high costs, its flexibility and quick responsiveness to market demands make it the preferred option for many businesses

2.1.2 Competitiveness of Road Freight Transport Enterprises

Competitiveness is a core concept in economics and business management, understood from various perspectives According to Everett E Adam (1993),

competition is the rivalry between enterprises to acquire resources or customers Michael E Porter (1996) extended this idea, emphasizing that the goal of competition is to create added value for customers Competitiveness, according to Porter (1985), is the ability to maintain and expand market share while achieving higher profits than competitors In this thesis, the competitiveness of road freight transport enterprises is understood as the ability to sustain operations, capture market share, and enhance business performance within the industry

International integration presents significant challenges for road freight transport enterprises in terms of competitiveness due to: Participation in international trade agreements forces companies to compete fiercely with well-resourced global competitors; The number of transport enterprises is increasing, while customer demands are constantly evolving, requiring companies to continuously improve their competitiveness to maintain and expand market share; Modern technology is critical for enhancing service quality, meeting customer needs, and creating competitive advantages

Criteria for evaluating the competitiveness of road freight transport enterprises include:

- Survival and Operational Sustainability: Growth in the number of enterprises and revenue over time reflects the company’s ability to maintain operations

- Market Share: The share of goods transported by a company and the growth in this share indicate its ability to expand scale and geographical reach

- Business Efficiency: Profitability, return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), and return on sales (ROS) are key indicators of a company’s financial health and cost control abilities

2.1.3 Methods to Enhance Competitiveness of Road Freight Transport Enterprises

Expanding scale and freight transport capacity helps enterprises achieve economies of scale, attract customers and skilled labor, and acquire modern equipment Company scale is assessed through capital, labor, transport vehicles, and product diversification, reflecting the company's service capacity and ability to meet customer demand

Improving freight pricing is a major aspect of enhancing competitiveness The gap between operating costs and freight charges determines

competitiveness, with companies that manage lower costs and maintain a larger margin enjoying a competitive advantage

Differentiation service provision is another method of improving competitiveness Favorable geographic locations reduce transportation costs and time, offering a significant competitive edge Additionally, the ability to secure backhaul shipments, optimizing load capacity in both directions, enhances operational efficiency and reduces costs

2.1.4 Factors Affecting Competitiveness of Road Freight Transport Enterprises

International integration plays a crucial role in enhancing competitiveness

by creating opportunities for access to new markets, technology, and resources However, it also presents challenges such as fierce competition, compliance with international regulations, high investment costs, and risks related to security and legal issues Road freight transport enterprises need flexible strategies to capitalize on opportunities and overcome challenges in this integrated environment

Government policies have a significant impact on the competitiveness of road freight transport enterprises National policies ensure fair competition, investment support, and infrastructure improvement, while local policies focus on infrastructure investment, tax incentives, land use planning, and workforce development

Natural and socio-cultural conditions directly affect business operations Geographical location, workforce availability, and climate conditions determine a company's potential for growth and competitiveness Social factors such as lifestyle, customs, and educational levels influence consumer behavior and business strategies

Internal factors of enterprises are also crucial for competitiveness Human resources determine operational efficiency and the company’s public image Strong financial capacity allows firms to expand, manage risks, and compete

on price Effective marketing helps satisfy customer needs and sustain competitive advantages Connectivity with other transport modes and customers optimizes costs and enhances operational efficiency, while reputation and brand help attract customers and improve competitiveness

2.2 PRACTICAL EXPERIENCES OF LOCALITIES IN ENHANCING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF ROAD FREIGHT TRANSPORT ENTERPRISES IN THE CONTEXT OF INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATION

2.2.1 Experiences from Several Localities

Ho Chi Minh City, as a major economic hub, has implemented various policies such as developing transportation infrastructure, establishing logistics centers, adopting technological innovations, and providing workforce training

to enhance the competitiveness of road freight transport enterprises These policies have contributed to improving transport efficiency, reducing costs, and creating a favorable business environment

Hanoi has focused on traffic management, infrastructure development, and the application of information technology to reduce congestion and increase transport efficiency The city has also introduced economic measures and incentive policies to support road freight transport enterprises, particularly in reducing environmental pollution and improving service quality

Quang Ninh Province has developed its transportation infrastructure, logistics systems, and international connections to support freight transport The province has also placed significant emphasis on applying technology in traffic management and offering investment incentives to boost the competitiveness of road freight transport enterprises

2.2.2 Lessons for Hai Phong

Hai Phong can learn valuable lessons from other localities such as Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi, and Quang Ninh to enhance the competitiveness of its road freight transport enterprises Key lessons include improving transportation infrastructure, encouraging the adoption of information technology, providing workforce training, and offering financial support through administrative reform and tax reductions Additionally, strengthening cooperation with international organizations, developing high-quality services, ensuring environmental protection, and implementing strict regulatory oversight are crucial factors in ensuring the sustainable development of the transport industry in Hai Phong

Chapter 3 THE CURRENT SITUATION OF ENHANCING THE

COMPETITIVENESS OF ROAD FREIGHT TRANSPORT ENTERPRISES IN HAI PHONG IN THE CONTEXT OF INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATION 3.1 THE FREIGHT TRANSPORT MARKET IN HAI PHONG IN THE CONTEXT OF INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATION

3.1.1 Freight Transport Market in Hai Phong

Hai Phong, as a key economic and service hub, has experienced substantial growth in its freight transport sector between 2016 and 2022 During this period, road freight transport (VTHHĐB) grew by 238.60%, inland waterway transport increased by 186.27%, and maritime transport expanded by 135.07% This growth underscores the critical role of road freight transport in facilitating both international and domestic freight movements For continued success, Hai Phong must further invest in transportation infrastructure and port facilities, while also integrating advanced technologies into transport management A balanced development across all modes of transport is vital to ensure the sustainability and comprehensive development of the city's transport system and road freight logistics

3.1.2 Current Situation of Road Freight Transport Enterprises in Hai Phong

As of 2022, Hai Phong hosts 3,084 businesses engaged in road freight transport, with most structured as limited liability companies and joint-stock companies The majority of these enterprises, 74%, operate with small capital scales, presenting challenges in terms of investment capacity and the adoption

of new technologies However, the diversity in business structures allows for flexibility in meeting the city's transport demands, despite the need for larger investments in technological advancements

3.1.3 International Integration and the Requirements for Road Freight Transport Enterprises in Hai Phong

Hai Phong has achieved significant milestones in international integration, reflected in its ability to attract foreign investment and generate substantial production value, which in turn drives greater demand for freight transport However, the city’s road freight transport enterprises face increasing