GREENHOUSE GASES – EMISSION, MEASUREMENT AND MANAGEMENT pptx

GREENHOUSE GASES – EMISSION, MEASUREMENT AND MANAGEMENT Edited by Guoxiang Liu Greenhouse Gases – Emission, Measurement and Management Edited by Guoxiang Liu Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Maja Bozicevic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published March, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Greenhouse Gases – Emission, Measurement and Management, Edited by Guoxiang Liu p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0323-3 Contents Preface VII Part 1 Greenhouse Gases Emission and Measurement 1 Chapter 1 Emissions of Nitrous Oxide (N 2 O) and Di-Nitrogen (N 2 ) from the Agricultural Landscapes, Sources, Sinks, and Factors Affecting N 2 O and N 2 Ratios 3 M. Zaman, M.L. Nguyen, M. Šimek, S. Nawaz, M.J. Khan, M.N. Babar and S. Zaman Chapter 2 The Blend Ethanol/Gasoline and Emission of Gases 33 Antonio Carlos Santos Chapter 3 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Hydroelectric Reservoirs: What Knowledge Do We Have and What is Lacking? 55 Raquel Mendonça, Nathan Barros, Luciana O. Vidal, Felipe Pacheco, Sarian Kosten and Fábio Roland Chapter 4 GHG Emissions Reduction Via Energy Efficiency Optimization 79 Faisal F. Al Musa, Ali H. Qahtani, Mana M. Owaidh, Meshabab S. Qahtani and Mahmoud Bahy Noureldin Chapter 5 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Non-Cattle Confinement Buildings: Monitoring, Emission Factors and Mitigation 101 S. Godbout, F. Pelletier, J.P. Larouche, M. Belzile, J.J.R. Feddes, S. Fournel, S.P. Lemay and J.H. Palacios Chapter 6 The Effect of Organic Farms on Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions 127 Risa Kumazawa Chapter 7 Exploitation of Unconventional Fossil Fuels: Enhanced Greenhouse Gas Emissions 147 Judith Patterson VI Contents Chapter 8 The Role of US Households in Global Carbon Emissions 171 Md Rumi Shammin Chapter 9 The Uncertainty Estimation and Use of Measurement Units in National Inventories of Anthropogenic Emission of Greenhouse Gas 187 Oleh Velychko and Tetyana Gordiyenko Chapter 10 Detection of Greenhouse Gases Using the Photoacoustic Spectroscopy 215 Marcelo Sthel, Marcelo Gomes, Guilherme Lima, Mila Vieira, Juliana Rocha, Delson Schramm, Maria Priscila Castro, Andras Miklos, Helion Vargas Chapter 11 Miniaturized Mass Spectrometer in Analysis of Greenhouse Gases: The Performance and Possibilities 235 Shuichi Shimma and Michisato Toyoda Chapter 12 CO 2 and CH 4 Flux Measurements from Landfills – A Case Study: Gualeguaychú Municipal Landfill, Entre Ríos Province, Argentina 255 Romina Sanci and Héctor O. Panarello Part 2 Greenhouse Gases Effect and Management 273 Chapter 13 Greenhouse Effect 275 Andrew A. Lacis Chapter 14 Regional-Scale Assessment of the Climatic Role of Forests Under Future Climate Conditions 295 Borbála Gálos and Daniela Jacob Chapter 15 Climate Change in the Upper Atmosphere 315 Ingrid Cnossen Chapter 16 Projecting Changes in Extreme Precipitation in the Midwestern United States Using North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP) Regional Climate Models 337 Shuang-Ye Wu Chapter 17 Future Changes in the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation Under a Greenhouse Gas Increase and Ozone Recovery in Transient Simulations by a Chemistry-Climate Model 355 Kiyotaka Shibata and Makoto Deushi Contents VII Chapter 18 Regional Pattern of Trends in Long-Term Precipitation and Stream Flow Observations: Singularities in a Changing Climate in Mexico 387 Luis Brito Castillo Chapter 19 The Environmental and Population Health Benefits of Active Transport: A Review 413 Richard Larouche Chapter 20 Arctic Sea Ice Decline 441 Julienne C. Stroeve and Walter Meier Chapter 21 Post-Combustion CO 2 Capture with Monoethanolamine in a Combined-Cycle Power Plant: Exergetic, Economic and Environmental Assessment 463 Fontina Petrakopoulou, George Tsatsaronis, Alicia Boyano and Tatiana Morosuk Chapter 22 The Greenhouse Stakes of Globalization 485 Sébastien Dente and Troy Hawkins Preface Greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, and ozone, play an important role in balancing the temperature of the Earth’s surface by absorbing and emitting radiation within the thermal infrared range from the source. However, with the enormous burning of fossil fuels from the industrial revolution, the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has greatly increased. The increase has most likely caused serious issues such as global warming and climate change. Such issues urgently request strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. The main strategies include clean and renewable energy development, efficient energy utilization, transforming greenhouse gases to nongreenhouse gases/compounds, and capturing and storing greenhouse gases underground. The book entitled Greenhouse Gases - Emission, Measurement and Management contains two parts, a total of 22 chapters. The first 12 chapters (Part 1) discuss the emissions of greenhouse gases, which cover the sources, measurements, and analysis. The last ten chapters (Part 2) cover the effects and management of greenhouse gases, which contain climate changes related to local and global effects, arctic sea ice decline, and environmental performance. I would like to thank all of authors for their significant contributions on each chapter, providing high-quality information to share with worldwide colleagues. I also want to thank the book managers, Maja Bozicevic and Viktorija Zgela, for their help during the entire publication process. Guoxiang Liu, Ph.D. Energy & Environmental Research Center, University of North Dakota, USA [...]... such as fertilizers and applied animal urine) are derived from streams, rivers and estuaries 5 Factors affecting N2O and N2 emissions and possible mitigating options As reviewed in Section 3 (Processes of N2O and N2 production across the agricultural landscape), autotrophic and heterotrophic nitrification and DNRA produce only N2O; while 14 Greenhouse Gases – Emission, Measurement and Management denitrification... nitric acid production and fossil fuel combustion, but the amount of N2O 8 Greenhouse Gases – Emission, Measurement and Management from fossil fuel varies with the fuel type and technology Fossil fuel combustion and industrial processes are responsible for N2O emissions of around 0.7 Tg N per year (Denman, 2007) Other important sources include human sewage and the burning of biomass and biofuels Across...Part 1 Greenhouse Gases Emission and Measurement 1 Emissions of Nitrous Oxide (N2O) and Di-Nitrogen (N2) from the Agricultural Landscapes, Sources, Sinks, and Factors Affecting N2O and N2 Ratios M Zaman, M.L Nguyen, M Šimek, S Nawaz, M.J Khan, M.N Babar and S Zaman Ballance Agri-Nutrients Limited, Tauranga, New Zealand 1 Introduction Nitrous oxide (N2O) is one of the key greenhouse and ozone (O3)... J.L (2009) Hippuric acid and benzoic acid inhibition of urine derived N2O emissions from soil Global Change Biology, 15, pp 2067-2077 Bhandral, R Saggar, S Bolan, N.S & Hedley, M.J (2003) Nitrous oxide fluxes in soil as influenced by compaction Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, 65, pp 265-271 22 Greenhouse Gases – Emission, Measurement and Management Bhandral, R Saggar, S Bolan,... emission and soil organic C from N fertilized wheat crop The N2O:N2 ratio could be explained by an 18 Greenhouse Gases – Emission, Measurement and Management interaction of C availability, NO3- concentration and enzyme status (Swerts et al., 1996) There are reports that the N2O:N2 ratios are lower in the rhizosphere, which provides more available organic C in the form of root exudates and root debris, and. .. Across the agricultural landscape, several microbial processes can occur simultaneously to produce harmful N2O and non -greenhouse N2 in soils (pasture and arable) and sediments (drain, ditch, wetland and stream) These microbial processes are regulated by various soil, environmental and management factors, therefore making it difficult to control the rates of N2O and N2 production and their ratios (Paul... grassland Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosytems, 67, pp 37-46 24 Greenhouse Gases – Emission, Measurement and Management Duxbury, J.M Harper, L.A & Mosier, A.R (1993) Contributions of agroecosystems to global climate change, Agricultural Ecosystem Effects on Trace Gases and Global Climate Change American Society of Agronomy, pp 1-18 Eriksen, A.B & Holtan-Hartwig, L (1993) Emission spectrometry for direct measurement. .. processes of N2O and N2 production across the agricultural landscape, challenges in N2O measurements and estimates across the agricultural landscape, factors affecting N2O and N2 emissions and possible mitigating options, conclusions and references 2 Nitrogen transformations Nitrogen is an essential nutrient controlling the diversity, dynamics, and functioning of many terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems... a & b, 1998, 2008; 16 Greenhouse Gases – Emission, Measurement and Management (5.1.1) Chadwick et al., 2005; Meneer et al., 2008; Sanz-Cobena et al., 2008; Singh et al., 2008; Zaman et al., 2008a & 2009; Zaman & Blennerhassett., 2010) Ammonia itself is not a greenhouse gas, but it can act as a secondary source of N2O production after its deposition on land (Martikainen, 1985) and thus contributes indirectly... ecosystems rely on N 4 Greenhouse Gases – Emission, Measurement and Management inputs from a variety of sources including synthetic chemical fertilizers, predominantly urea which accounts for more than 50% of the total world N consumption, organic wastes (farm dairy effluent, animal excreta, plant residues and sewage sludge) and atmosphere (biological fixation of atmospheric N through symbiotic and non-symbiotic . GREENHOUSE GASES – EMISSION, MEASUREMENT AND MANAGEMENT Edited by Guoxiang Liu Greenhouse Gases – Emission, Measurement and Management Edited by. greenhouse gases to nongreenhouse gases/ compounds, and capturing and storing greenhouse gases underground. The book entitled Greenhouse Gases - Emission, Measurement and Management contains two parts,. Greenhouse Gases – Emission, Measurement and Management, Edited by Guoxiang Liu p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0323-3 Contents Preface VII Part 1 Greenhouse Gases Emission and