GREENHOUSE GASES – CAPTURING, UTILIZATION AND REDUCTION Edited by Guoxiang Liu Greenhouse Gases – Capturing, Utilization and Reduction Edited by Guoxiang Liu Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Maja Bozicevic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published March, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Greenhouse Gases – Capturing, Utilization and Reduction, Edited by Guoxiang Liu p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0192-5 Contents Preface IX Part 1 Greenhouse Gases Capturing and Utilization 1 Chapter 1 Carbon Dioxide: Capturing and Utilization 3 Ali Kargari and Maryam Takht Ravanchi Chapter 2 Recent Advances in Catalytic/Biocatalytic Conversion of Greenhouse Methane and Carbon Dioxide to Methanol and Other Oxygenates 31 Moses O. Adebajo and Ray L. Frost Chapter 3 Separation of Carbon Dioxide from Flue Gas Using Adsorption on Porous Solids 57 Tirzhá L. P. Dantas, Alírio E. Rodrigues and Regina F. P. M. Moreira Chapter 4 The Needs for Carbon Dioxide Capture from Petroleum Industry: A Comparative Study in an Iranian Petrochemical Plant by Using Simulated Process Data 81 Mansoor Zoveidavianpoor, Ariffin Samsuri, Seyed Reza Shadizadeh and Samir Purtjazyeri Chapter 5 Absorption of Carbon Dioxide in a Bubble-Column Scrubber 95 Pao-Chi Chen Chapter 6 Ethylbenzene Dehydrogenation in the Presence of Carbon Dioxide over Metal Oxides 117 Maria do Carmo Rangel, Ana Paula de Melo Monteiro, Marcelo Oportus, Patricio Reyes, Márcia de Souza Ramos and Sirlene Barbosa Lima Chapter 7 Sustainable Hydrogen Production by Catalytic Bio-Ethanol Steam Reforming 137 Vincenzo Palma, Filomena Castaldo, Paolo Ciambelli and Gaetano Iaquaniello VI Contents Chapter 8 Destruction of Medical N 2 O in Sweden 185 Mats Ek and Kåre Tjus Chapter 9 Dietary Possibilities to Mitigate Rumen Methane and Ammonia Production 199 Małgorzata Szumacher-Strabel and Adam Cieślak Part 2 Greenhouse Gases Reduction and Storage 239 Chapter 10 Effective Choice of Consumer-Oriented Environmental Policy Tools for Reducing GHG Emissions 241 Maria Csutora and Ágnes Zsóka Chapter 11 Livestock and Climate Change: Mitigation Strategies to Reduce Methane Production 255 Veerasamy Sejian and S. M. K. Naqvi Chapter 12 General Equilibrium Effects of Policy Measures Applied to Energy: The Case of Catalonia 277 Maria Llop Chapter 13 Carbon Dioxide Geological Storage: Monitoring Technologies Review 299 Guoxiang Liu Preface Greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, and ozone, play an important role in balancing the temperature of the Earth’s surface by absorbing and emitting radiation within the thermal infrared range from the source. However, with the enormous burning of fossil fuels from the industrial revolution, the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has greatly increased. The increase has most likely caused serious issues such as global warming and climate change. Such issues urgently request strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. The main strategies include clean and renewable energy development, efficient energy utilization, transforming greenhouse gases to nongreenhouse gases/compounds, and capturing and storing greenhouse gases underground. The book entitled Greenhouse Gases - Capturing, Utilization and Reduction covers two parts, a total of 13 chapters. Part 1 (Chapters 1–9) focuses on capturing greenhouse gases by difference techniques such as physical adsorption and separation, chemical structural reconstruction, and biological usage. Part 2 (Chapters 10-13) pays attention to the techniques of greenhouse gases in reduction and storage, such as alternative energy research, energy utilization policy, and geological storage monitoring. I would like to thank all of authors for their significant contributions on each chapter, providing high-quality information to share with worldwide colleagues. I also want to thank the book managers, Maja Bozicevic and Viktorija Zgela, for their help during the entire publication process. Guoxiang Liu, Ph.D. Energy & Environmental Research Center, University of North Dakota, USA [...]... sources of energy or ‘waste’ energy for CO2 conversion and utilization whenever possible Carbon Dioxide: Capturing and Utilization 21 22 Greenhouse Gases – Capturing, Utilization and Reduction Table 9 CO2 capture technologies advantages and challenges (DOE/NETL 2010) Carbon Dioxide: Capturing and Utilization 23 Convert CO2 along with other co-reactants into chemical products that are industrially... which can be readily transported The disadvantages associated with 20 Greenhouse Gases – Capturing, Utilization and Reduction the cryogenic separation of CO2 are the amount of energy required in refrigeration, particularly in dilute gas streams, and the requirement to remove gases, such as water and heavy hydrocarbons, that tend to freeze and block the heat exchangers Liquefaction technology for CO2 recovery... methanol has also been reported (Nam et al, 1999) There has been 24 Greenhouse Gases – Capturing, Utilization and Reduction some reported effort on direct synthesis of aromatics from hydrogenation of CO2 using hybrid catalysts composed of iron catalysts and HZSM-5 zeolite (Kuei and Lee, 1991) Related to the methanol synthesis and Fischer– Tropsch synthesis is the recently proposed tri-reforming process... methyldiethanolamine (MDEA), and diglycolamine 14 Greenhouse Gases – Capturing, Utilization and Reduction Table 6 Major Licensors of CO2 separation processes from gaseous streams (Hydrocarbon Processing, 2004.) 15 Carbon Dioxide: Capturing and Utilization Separation techniques Post-combustion Chemical & physical absorption Membrane Chemical solvents Adsorption Cryogenic Polymer – CeramicHybrid - Carbon Zeolites Active... permeability and selectivity A wide range of selectivity/permeability combinations are provided by different membrane materials, but for gas separation applications, the most permeable polymers at a particular selectivity are of interest, and the highly permeable polymers exhibit moderate to low selectivity values 18 Greenhouse Gases – Capturing, Utilization and Reduction On the other hand, in the... considered responsible for global warming and climate change Table 3 8 Greenhouse Gases – Capturing, Utilization and Reduction Gas Energy-originated CO2 Global warming Potential* Contribution to global warming 1 76% CH4 –( Methane) 21 12% N2O - (Nitrous oxide) 310 11% 140-11700 . GREENHOUSE GASES – CAPTURING, UTILIZATION AND REDUCTION Edited by Guoxiang Liu Greenhouse Gases – Capturing, Utilization and Reduction Edited by. greenhouse gases to nongreenhouse gases/ compounds, and capturing and storing greenhouse gases underground. The book entitled Greenhouse Gases - Capturing, Utilization and Reduction covers two parts,. Greenhouse Gases – Capturing, Utilization and Reduction, Edited by Guoxiang Liu p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0192-5 Contents Preface IX Part 1 Greenhouse Gases Capturing and