AIR POLLUTION – MONITORING, MODELLING AND HEALTH doc

AIR POLLUTION – MONITORING, MODELLING AND HEALTH Edited by Mukesh Khare           Air Pollution – Monitoring, Modelling and Health Edited by Mukesh Khare Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Maja Bozicevic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published March, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Air Pollution – Monitoring, Modelling and Health, Edited by Mukesh Khare p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0424-7    Contents  Preface IX Chapter 1 Urban Air Pollution 1 Bang Quoc Ho Chapter 2 Analytical Model for Air Pollution in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer 39 Daniela Buske, Marco Tullio Vilhena, Bardo Bodmann and Tiziano Tirabassi Chapter 3 Monitoring Studies of Urban Air Quality in Central-Southern Spain Using Different Techniques 59 Florentina Villanueva, José Albaladejo, Beatriz Cabañas, Pilar Martín and Alberto Notario Chapter 4 Air Pollution in Mega Cities: A Case Study of Istanbul 77 Selahattin Incecik and Ulaş Im Chapter 5 Air Pollution Monitoring Using Earth Observation & GIS 117 Diofantos G. Hadjimitsis, Kyriacos Themistocleous and Argyro Nisantzi Chapter 6 Critical Episodes of PM10 Particulate Matter Pollution in Santiago of Chile, an Approximation Using Two Prediction Methods: MARS Models and Gamma Models 141 Sergio A. Alvarado O., Claudio Z. Silva and Dante L. Cáceres Chapter 7 Mapping the Spatial Distribution of Criteria Air Pollutants in Peninsular Malaysia Using Geographical Information System (GIS) 153 Mohd Zamri Ibrahim, Marzuki Ismail and Yong Kim Hwang Chapter 8 Train-Based Platform for Observations of the Atmosphere Composition (TROICA Project) 175 N.F. Elansky, I.B. Belikov, O.V. Lavrova, A.I. Skorokhod, R.A. Shumsky, C.A.M. Brenninkmeijer and O.A. Tarasova VI Contents Chapter 9 Fugitive Dust Emissions from a Coal-, Iron Ore- and Hydrated Alumina Stockpile 197 Nebojša Topić and Matjaž Žitnik Chapter 10 Bio-Monitoring of Air Quality Using Leaves of Tree and Lichens in Urban Environments 223 M. Maatoug, K. Taïbi, A. Akermi, M. Achir and M. Mestrari Chapter 11 Developing Neural Networks to Investigate Relationships Between Air Quality and Quality of Life Indicators 245 Kyriaki Kitikidou and Lazaros Iliadis Chapter 12 Strategies for Estimation of Gas Mass Flux Rate Between Surface and the Atmosphere 259 Haroldo F. de Campos Velho, Débora R. Roberti, Eduardo F.P. da Luz and Fabiana F. Paes Chapter 13 Methodology to Assess Air Pollution Impact on Human Health Using the Generalized Linear Model with Poisson Regression 281 Yara de Souza Tadano, Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya and Admilson Teixeira Franco Chapter 14 Exposure to Nano-Sized Particles and the Emergence of Contemporary Diseases with a Focus on Epigenetics 305 Pierre Madl and Hanno Stutz Chapter 15 Air Pollution and Health Effects in Children 337 Yungling Leo Lee and Guang-Hui Dong Chapter 16 Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Diseases 357 Najeeb A. Shirwany and Ming-Hui Zou Chapter 17 Particulate Matter and Cardiovascular Health Effects 369 Akeem O. Lawal and Jesus A. Araujo    Preface  This book provides a comprehensive compilation of chapters in air quality modelling, monitoring, exposure, health and control. The book consists of two volumes. Air Pollution – Monitoring, Modelling and Health mainly consist of chapters describing pioneering research findings in air quality monitoring, modelling, exposure and health; Air Pollution – Monitoring, Modelling, Health and Control comprises research findings on air quality monitoring, modelling, exposure, health and control. The book seeks to provide environmental scientists, engineers, researchers and students with a comprehensive and organised body of information in the area of air pollution. I would like to express my sincere thanks to the chapter authors for their competence, dedication and patience in the production of the book. Thanks are also due to the Ms. Maja Bozicevic, Publishing Process Manager for her help and support in the preparation of the entire book volume. Sincere appreciation is extended to Mr. Sunil and Mr. Sumanth Chinthala who provided extremely valuable organizational assistance throughout the book production cycle.  Dr. Mukesh Khare IIT Delhi Civil Engineering Department India [...]... 3.1 Monitoring of air pollution Monitoring of air pollution is one of the most important tools in AQM It helps us to understand the status of air pollution levels and to understand the evolution of air pollution Monitoring gives us the information on emissions sources, because monitoring could be done on roadside for evaluating the traffic emissions and in industrial park for Urban Air Pollution 5 evaluating... (online & free downloading)) 24 Air Pollution – Monitoring, Modelling and Health Initial and boundary conditions for the photochemical simulations are based on measurements obtained by the Institute of Environment and Resources –VNU (IER-VNU) and the HEPA Measurements taken from stations located in the surrounding of HCMC They show 30 ppb of O3 and very low values of NO and NO2 (0.19 ppb) A pre-run of... standard for PM10 was manly issued in 2005, the rest in 2000 Source: WHO (2000) and WHO (2005) d WHO standard for O3 (maximum 1-h concentration) Source: Molina and Molina, 2001 Table 1 Air quality in large cities of the world Almost data reported correspond to the mean annual concentration in  g.m-3 (only O3 is reported in maximum 1-h concentration) 4 Air Pollution – Monitoring, Modelling and Health. .. Strategy for control of emission Concentration field Monitoring of air pollution Meteorological modelling Topography and Landuse Air quality modelling Fig 1 Air quality management system for urban areas 3 Air quality management Air pollutions in cities are very complex because of several factors contributing to deterioration of the air quality in cities These factors include: (1) a large amount of... of pollution exposure to the population Another important role of monitoring of air pollution is to validate the model which is used to simulate air quality There are different methods in use to monitor the air pollution including: automatic, semiautomatic and manual methods Automatic methods use the equipments which can measure directly the pollution and can be moved anywhere for monitoring of air pollution. .. made for improving air quality in developing cities, especially in HCMC These researches attempts are on air pollution status and effective abatement strategies The researches on status of air pollution analyzed the data from the monitoring networks to evaluate air pollution status of the city These results help the government in proposing solutions to reduce air pollution level today and in the future... countries Air quality in developing countries has deteriorated considerably, thus exposing millions of people to harmful concentrations of pollutants because in developing countries the urban air quality management has not been adopted for a variety of difficulties 2 Air Pollution – Monitoring, Modelling and Health 2 Status of the air quality in large cities A vast majority of the urban and suburban... less notorious The wind and temperature of simulation in vertical are agreement with the observations Urban Air Pollution 25 Fig 11 Wind field results from simulations at ground level for the domain 34 km x 30 km, 7th February 2006 Geographical coordinates of the lower left corner: 10.64°N and 106.52°E Maximum wind speed is 5.5 m s-1 26 Air Pollution – Monitoring, Modelling and Health 35 35 30 30 25... reduce air pollution by traffic in HCMC as well as for developing public transportation system and using unleaded gasoline Another study proposed technical solutions for reducing air pollution level by traffic activities (Duong, 2004) In conclusion, both the developed and developing cities have air pollution problem, especially in the developing countries where it is related to high level of air pollution. .. the spatial and temporal variability, respectively The  E _ Unc ,  E _ Spa and  E _ Tem are the standard deviation of the emissions due to variability of the input parameters The E j &  E j are the emission and their standard deviation for each cell 14 Air Pollution – Monitoring, Modelling and Health This process can also be applied for other cities than HCMC We collected the necessary data: minimum . monitoring, modelling, exposure and health; Air Pollution – Monitoring, Modelling, Health and Control comprises research findings on air quality monitoring, modelling, exposure, health and control AIR POLLUTION – MONITORING, MODELLING AND HEALTH Edited by Mukesh Khare           Air Pollution – Monitoring, Modelling and Health Edited by Mukesh. exposure, health and control. The book consists of two volumes. Air Pollution – Monitoring, Modelling and Health mainly consist of chapters describing pioneering research findings in air quality monitoring,