AIRQUALITY MONITORING, ASSESSMENTAND MANAGEMENT EditedbyNicolásA.Mazzeo Air Quality Monitoring, Assessment and Management Edited by Nicolás A. Mazzeo Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Natalia Reinic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright Jeff Banke, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published June, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Air Quality Monitoring, Assessment and Management, Edited by Nicolás A. Mazzeo p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-317-0 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Air Quality Monitoring 1 Chapter 1 Planning Air Pollution Monitoring Networks in Industrial Areas by Means of Remote Sensed Images and GIS Techniques 3 Mauro Rotatori, Rosamaria Salvatori and Roberto Salzano Chapter 2 Design of Urban Air Quality Monitoring Network: Fuzzy Based Multi-Criteria Decision Making Approach 25 Abdullah Mofarrah, Tahir Husain and Badr H. Alharbi Chapter 3 Malodor Detection Based on Electronic Nose 41 Teerakiat Kerdcharoen, Chatchawal Wongchoosuk and Panida Lorwongtragool Part 2 Air Quality Assessment and Management 75 Chapter 4 “Nuisance Dusts” – Validation and Application of a Novel Dry Deposition Method for Total Dust Fall 77 Gary T. Hunt Chapter 5 Characterization of Particles Transmitted by Wind from Waste Dump of Phosphatic Fertilizers Plant Deposited on Biological Sample Surfaces 93 M.I. Szynkowska, A. Pawlaczyk and J. Rogowski Chapter 6 Role of the Ionic Component and Carbon Fractions in the Fine and Coarse Fractions of Particulate Matter for the Identification of Pollution Sources: Application of Receptor Models 109 Pierina Ielpo, Claudia Marcella Placentino, Isabella Cafagna, Gianluigi de Gennaro, Martino Amodio, Barbara Elisabetta Daresta and Alessia Di Gilio VI Contents Chapter 7 Monitoring and Reporting VOCs in Ambient Air 137 Anjali Srivastava and Dipanjali Majumdar Chapter 8 Estimated Atmospheric Emissions from Mobile Sources and Assessment of Air Quality in an Urban Area 149 Elba Calesso Teixeira, Camila D. P. Mattiuzi, Flavio Wiegand, Sabrina Feltes and Felipe Norte Chapter 9 Applications of Remote Sensing Instruments in Air Quality Monitoring 173 Chuen Meei Gan, Barry Gross, Yong Hua Wu and Fred Moshary Chapter 10 The Surveillance of the Air Quality in the Vicinity of an Active Volcano: Case of the Piton de la Fournaise 205 Chatrapatty Bhugwant, Miloud Bessafi and Bruno Siéja Chapter 11 Remote Zones Air Quality - Persistent Organic Pollutants: Sources, Sampling and Analysis 223 Alessandro Bacaloni, Susanna Insogna and Lelio Zoccolillo Chapter 12 Asian Dust Storm as a Natural Source of Air Pollution in East Asia; its Nature, Aging, and Extinction 241 Chang-Jin Ma Chapter 13 Genetic Biomarkers Applied to Environmental Air Quality: Ecological and Human Health Aspects 267 Vera Maria Ferrão Vargas, Kelly Cristina Tagliari de Brito and Mariana Vieira Coronas Chapter 14 An Evaluation of Atmospheric Aerosols in Kanana, Klerksdorp Gold Mining Town, North-West Province of South Africa 285 Brighton Kaonga and Eno E. Ebenso Chapter 15 Some Guidelines to Improve Air Quality Management in Santiago, Chile: From Commune to Basin Level 305 Margarita Préndez, Gerardo Alvarado and Italo Serey Chapter 16 Multi-Year Assessment of Airborne Metals in Fallon, Nevada, using Leaf-Surface Chemistry 329 Paul R. Sheppard, Gary Ridenour and Mark L. Witten Chapter 17 Organic Compounds in Airborne Particles and their Genotoxic Effects in Mexico City 345 Villalobos-Pietrini R., Amador-Muñoz O., Valle-Hernández B.L., Gómez-Arroyo S., Waliszewski S. and Jazcilevich A.D. Preface Human beings need to breathe oxygen diluted in certain quantity of inert gas for living. In the atmosphere, there is a gas mixture of, mainly, oxygen and nitrogen, in appropriate proportions. However, the air also contains other gases, vapours and aerosols that humans incorporate when breathing and whose composition and concentration vary spatially . Some of these are physiologically inert. An unpolluted atmosphere never existed. From the very beginning of time, the decomposition of vegetable, animal matter and the forest fires have emitted gases and particles. However,asaconsequenceoftechnologicaldevelopment,airpollution hasbecomea problemofmajor concernin thelastfewde cades,sinceithascausednegativeeffects onhumanhealth,natureandproperties. This book presents the results of research studies carried out by researchers from different countries, presented in seventeen chapters which can be grouped into two main sections. Those sections are: a) air quality monitoring and b) air quality assessment and management. Most chapters are the result of research work done by theirauthorsduringseveralyears. The first three chapters, which form the first section, have been prepared by researchersfromItaly,Canada‐SaudiArabiaandThailand.Thesechaptersarefocused on the discussion about the d ifficulties of the air quality network design and on the development and description of theapplication of anelectronic nosetodetect odour generatedbydifferentairpollutants. The second section is consti tuted of fourteen chapters and focu ses on air quali ty assessmentand ma nagement in different areas.The authorsof these chaptersar e fr om USA (three chapters),Poland, Italy(t wochapters),Brazil(t wochapters), India,Fra nce, Japan, South Afric a, Chile and Mexico. Chapter 4 deals with a monitoring program of total particulate deposition in the vicinity of the coal fired power plant employing passive dry depo sition techniques. Chapter 5 investigates the possible occurrence of dustingprocessbyanalyzingtheatmosphericparticulatesaccumulatedonthebiological surface and compares them with the particles characteristic of phosphogypsum waste by‐product. Chapter 6 presents an ap plication of Principal Component Analysis and Absolute Principal Component Scores to the data set of chemical parameters (ions, organiccarbonandelementalcarbon)ofPM2.5andPM10data obtainedwithsampler. X Preface Chapter7isareviewarticleondifferenttechniquesof measurementandmonitoringof VOCs in emission gases and air quality. Chapter 8 describes the estimation of vehicle emissions of CO, NOx, HC, SO2 and PM in an urban area located in Brazil, from the additionofbiodieseltodieselandev aluatesair qualityaccordingtoPM, CO,NOx, O3, SO2, PAHs, NPA Hs and meteorological variables. Thischapter illustrates why vertical information is critical in monitoring air quality and how large ‐scale plume transportation affects surface pollution level. Chapter 9 outlin es the importance of remote sensing inst ruments in mu ltiple applications in monitoring the ve rtical distribution of air quality and dem onstrates how they can unravel difficulties in air quality retrieval from satellite techniques. Ch apter 10 presents SO2 concentration measurementsundertakenoveranislandandinthevicinityofavolcanoduringandoff eruption events. Chapter 11 deals with different sampling and analysis t echniques for persistent organic pollutants in the atmosphere of remote zones. In chapter 12, the specialinformati o non Asiandust–stormparticleswhichisapeculiarnaturalsourceof airpollutioninEastAsiaandthePacificOceanisreported.Chapter13addressestheuse of genetic damage biomarkers as early indicators for mai nly organ ic atmospheric pollution,comparesthemutagenicresponses withparticulate matterconcentrationand discussesthebi ologicaleffects observedinassaysusingsamplesof differentparticulat e matter size. Chapter 14 gives the results of an evaluation of atmospheric aerosols in a gold mi ning town. The main objective of chapter 15 is to id enti fy the causes of high levelsofPM10 concentrationsinthe M e tropolita nRe gionof thecityof Santiago (Chile) inorderto contributeto improv ethema nagementofairquality inthecity.Ch apter16 describes a multi‐year assessm ent of airborne metals, using leaf‐surface chemistry. Chapter 17 pre sents a study of the organic compounds in airborne particles and their impact onclimateand airquality,chem icalc ompositionandsourceap po rt ionment, as well as on instr umenta l determination and atmosp heric transformation, besides their toxiceffectsandtoriskhumanhealth. Thisbookprovidesasourceofmaterialforallthoseinvo lvedinthefield,whetheras a student, scientific researcher, industrialist, consultant, or government agency with responsibilityinthisarea. It should be emphasized that all chapters have been prepared by profe ssionals who areexpertsintheirresearchfields.Thecontentofeachchapterexpressesthepointof view of its aut hors who are responsible for its development. All chapters have been submitted to reviews in order to improve their presentation following several interactions between the Editor‐Publisher‐Authors. In this sense, the Editor, the Publisherandhard‐workingairqualityprofessionalshaveworkedtogetherasateam toprepare abookthatmaybecomeareference inthefieldnext years.Thiswill have beenachieved,mainly,thankstothegroupofexpertsintheirresearchfieldsjoinedas authorsofthisbook. NicolásA.Mazzeo NationalScientificandTechnologicalResearchCouncil NationalTechnologicalUniversity Argentina [...]... classes Image classification techniques can help to study air quality and its effects on human health The classification procedures, devoted to the production of the 10 Air Quality Monitoring, Assessment and Management land use and the land cover maps for air quality studies, support the discrimination between spectral classes related to urban and industrial areas These classes can be used, by means... of the most delicate in Italy from the environmental point of 18 Air Quality Monitoring, Assessment and Management view, considering the type of industries and the proximity of the industrial area to the city For this reason the municipality has commissioned to the CNR-IIA a preliminary assessment of air quality aimed to optimize the air quality monitoring network according to the European criteria In... ambient air quality and cleaner air provides criteria about monitoring network This directive has been issued in order to improve, clarify, simplify and replace the precedents five acts: • Council Directive 96/62/EC of 27 September 1996 on ambient air quality assessment and management; • Council Directive 1999/30/EC of 22 April 1999 relating to limit values for sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen... best locations for air quality monitoring stations can be found analysing the environmental patterns of the region where the network must be located, even if sociopolitical reasons cannot be neglected The study of environmental patterns can be conducted 8 Air Quality Monitoring, Assessment and Management using coverage and land use maps along with census maps The availability of updated and detailed maps... air quality monitoring for the preservation of human health sets still very generic criteria at macro -and micro-scale, but contains an new approach which requires a definition of the spatial and temporal distribution of air pollutants through a preliminary assessment of air quality The Directive also classifies the monitoring stations according to their purposes (Traffic, Background and Exposure) and. .. European countries CLC describes land cover (and partly land use) according to a nomenclature of 44 classes organised hierarchically in three levels The first level (5 classes) corresponds to the main categories of the land cover/land use (artificial areas, agricultural land, forests and semi-natural areas, wetlands, water surfaces) The second level (15 classes) covers physical and physiognomic entities with... analysis and presentation of geographically referenced data (Burrough, 2001) In particular this powerful tool allows a 4 Air Quality Monitoring, Assessment and Management detailed representation of the investigated territory Different types of data can be integrated and correlated: chemical, physical, demographic and any kind of environmental information Numeric records can be stored in a GIS, creating and. .. between NO2 and NOx, in order to evaluate the areas in which the primary pollutants provide a major contribution i.e the areas where the ratio tends to lower values This calculation was performed for each campaign and NO2/NOx distribution maps were derived 20 Air Quality Monitoring, Assessment and Management Fig 11 Occurrence map of the ratio NO2/NOx below 0.6 in the Scarlino area overlaid on the land use... dioxide and nitrogen oxides, particulate matter and lead in ambient air; • Directive 2000/69/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 November 2000 relating to limit values for benzene and carbon monoxide in ambient air; • Directive 2002/3/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 February 2002 relating to ozone in ambient air and; • Council Decision 97/101/EC of 27 January... which they are located (urban, suburban, industrial, rural) 22 Air Quality Monitoring, Assessment and Management Fig 14 Flow chart of the proposed approach based on integrating GIS technique and Remote Sensing The traffic stations should be placed along main streets, taking into account its type and dimension, the distance from buildings and the mean traffic flow These stations should be equipped for . – 10 .7 5 th 83.3 – 10 4.2 80 – 10 0 53.3 – 66.7 53.3 – 66.7 10 .7 – 13 .3 6 th 10 4.2 – 12 5.0 10 0 – 12 0 66.7 – 80.0 66.7 – 80.0 13 .3 – 16 .0 7 th > 12 5.0 > 12 0 > 80 > 80 > 16 .0. AIR QUALITY MONITORING, ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT EditedbyNicolásA.Mazzeo Air Quality Monitoring, Assessment and Management Edited by. conducted Air Quality Monitoring, Assessment and Management 8 using coverage and land use maps along with census maps. The availability of updated and detailed maps is very limited and to overcome