OXIDATIVE STRESS – MOLECULAR MECHANISMS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS Edited by Volodymyr Lushchak and Halyna M. Semchyshyn Oxidative Stress – Molecular Mechanisms and Biological Effects Edited by Volodymyr Lushchak and Halyna M. Semchyshyn Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Sasa Leporic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published April, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Oxidative Stress – Molecular Mechanisms and Biological Effects, Edited by Volodymyr Lushchak and Halyna M. Semchyshyn p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0554-1 Contents Preface IX Section 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Introductory Chapter 3 Volodymyr I. Lushchak and Halyna M. Semchyshyn Section 2 General Aspects of Oxidative Stress 13 Chapter 2 Interplay Between Oxidative and Carbonyl Stresses: Molecular Mechanisms, Biological Effects and Therapeutic Strategies of Protection 15 Halyna M. Semchyshyn and Volodymyr I. Lushchak Chapter 3 Oxidative and Nitrosative Stresses: Their Role in Health and Disease in Man and Birds 47 Hillar Klandorf and Knox Van Dyke Chapter 4 Nitric Oxide Synthase and Oxidative Stress: Regulation of Nitric Oxide Synthase 61 Ehab M. M. Ali, Soha M. Hamdy and Tarek M. Mohamed Chapter 5 Iron, Oxidative Stress and Health 73 Shobha Udipi, Padmini Ghugre and Chanda Gokhale Chapter 6 Heme Proteins, Heme Oxygenase-1 and Oxidative Stress 109 Hiroshi Morimatsu, Toru Takahashi, Hiroko Shimizu, Junya Matsumi, Junko Kosaka and Kiyoshi Morita Chapter 7 Assessment of the General Oxidant Status of Individuals in Non-Invasive Samples 125 Sandro Argüelles, Mercedes Cano, Mario F. Muñoz-Pinto, Rafael Ayala, Afrah Ismaiel and Antonio Ayala VI Contents Chapter 8 Hydrogen: From a Biologically Inert Gas to a Unique Antioxidant 135 Shulin Liu, Xuejun Sun and Hengyi Tao Chapter 9 Paraoxonase: A New Biochemical Marker of Oxidant-Antioxidant Status in Atherosclerosis 145 Tünay Kontaş Aşkar and Olga Büyükleblebici Section 3 Cellular and Molecular Targets 155 Chapter 10 Renal Redox Balance and Na + , K + -ATPase Regulation: Role in Physiology and Pathophysiology 157 Elisabete Silva and Patrício Soares-da-Silva Chapter 11 Effects of Oxidative Stress and Antenatal Corticosteroids on the Pulmonary Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Alveolarization 173 Ana Remesal, Laura San Feliciano and Dolores Ludeña Chapter 12 Protection of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells from Oxidative Stress by Methionine Sulfoxide Reductases 197 Larry F. Lemanski, Chi Zhang, Andrei Kochegarov, Ashley Moses, William Lian, Jessica Meyer, Pingping Jia, Yuanyuan Jia, Yuejin Li, Keith A. Webster, Xupei Huang, Michael Hanna, Mohan P. Achary, Sharon L. Lemanski and Herbert Weissbach Chapter 13 Structural and Activity Changes in Renal Betaine Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Caused by Oxidants 231 Jesús A. Rosas-Rodríguez, Hilda F. Flores-Mendoza, Ciria G. Figueroa-Soto, Edgar F. Morán-Palacio and Elisa M. Valenzuela-Soto Section 4 Reactive Species as Signaling Molecules 253 Chapter 14 Signalling Oxidative Stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 255 Maria Angeles de la Torre-Ruiz, Luis Serrano, Mima I. Petkova and Nuria Pujol-Carrion Chapter 15 Role of the Yap Family in the Transcriptional Response to Oxidative Stress in Yeasts 277 Christel Goudot, Frédéric Devaux and Gaëlle Lelandais Chapter 16 The Yeast Genes ROX1, IXR1, SKY1 and Their Effect upon Enzymatic Activities Related to Oxidative Stress 297 Ana García Leiro, Silvia Rodríguez Lombardero, Ángel Vizoso Vázquez, M. Isabel González Siso and M. Esperanza Cerdán Contents VII Chapter 17 Complex Regulatory Interplay Between Multidrug Resistance and Oxidative Stress Response in Yeast: The FLR1 Regulatory Network as a Systems Biology Case-Study 323 Miguel C. Teixeira Chapter 18 ROS as Signaling Molecules and Enzymes of Plant Response to Unfavorable Environmental Conditions 341 Dominika Boguszewska and Barbara Zagdańska Preface This book contains some of the scientific contributions that resulted from the research activities undertaken mainly over the last 25 years, in the field of oxidative stress. Being first denoted by Helmut Sies (1985), the oxidative stress concept immediately attracted the attention of researchers in both, basic and applied fields. To a large extent, the formulation of oxidative stress concept resulted from more than three decades of investigations of homeostasis of free radicals in biological systems. It is necessary to underline that, once discovered in biological systems, free radicals were proposed to be related to diverse diseases and aging (Harman, 1956; 1985). Due to that, many efforts were applied to decipher the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in diverse biological processes (Halliwell & Gutteridge, 1999). The history of our understanding of ROS-related processes is very interesting. They were at first recognized as clearly damaging side-products of cellular metabolism changing normal physiological processes. It later became clear that they may be produced by specific systems in a highly controlled manner and used to defend organisms against diverse pathogens. Finally, their signaling role was disclosed at the beginning of 1990, initially in coordination of response to oxidative stress, and further involved in hormone effects in plants and animals (Semchyshyn, 2009; Lushchak, 2011a, b ). On December 16, 2011, Google Scholar search for “oxidative stress” yielded about 1,430,000 publication hits, whereas in Scopus and Pubmed databases it yielded 135,381 and 94,195 hits, respectively. When the publishing project presented here was initiated, we suggested to publish one book on Oxidative Stress, but after the project was started we received over 90 propositions and decided to divide the materials into three volumes. Due to the diverse fields presented, it was very difficult to group the chapters in many cases, because the problem of free radicals is very complex. The above reflects enormous interest and intensive research in this field that prompted us to develop this book idea. In addition to interest in basic science, there is also a growing interest in medicine, agriculture and biotechnology. A great number of diseases include oxidative stress as a component, either causing pathologies or accompanying them. Global climate changes also provide additional stress for living organisms affecting them via temperature increase and fluctuations, along with environmental pollution due to human activity. As stated before, the book contains a collection of diverse scientific areas related to oxidative stress, ranging from purely theoretical works to biomedical or even X Preface environmental. This demonstrates a wide spectrum of interests within the area of ROS research. The book starts with the Introduction section (V. I. Lushchak & H. M. Semchyshyn) that covers general aspects of oxidative stress theory starting from discovery of free radicals in biological systems, their appreciation as damaging ones, through discovery of superoxide dismutase by McCord and Fridovich (1969), to recognizing of their defensive and signaling roles. The book is divided into three sections. The first section, entitled “General aspects of oxidative stress” provides readers with some common aspects of oxidative stress theory. In this section, H. M. Semchyshyn and V. I. Lushchak describe the relationship between oxidative and carbonyl stresses, taking place at enhanced levels of either reactive oxygen or carbonyl species, with a focus on molecular mechanisms, biological effects and therapeutic strategies of protection. Similarly to previous chapter, H. Klandorf and K. Van Dyke describe the interplay, but in this case between oxidative and nitrosative stresses with some general attention to diseases in humans and birds. The next chapter, authored by E. M. M. Ali and colleagues is logically connected to the previous one, going deeper into the role and involvement of nitric oxide in oxidative stress development with the special attention to regulation of nitric oxide synthase. In the next chapter, S. Udipi and coauthors provide information on the relationship between oxidative stress and iron metabolism, the involvement of iron ions in generation and metabolism of free radicals and their potential roles in diverse pathologies. The Japanese team led by H. Morimatsu provides the most up-to-date knowledge on operation of heme proteins, heme oxygenase and roles of products of heme degradation in the induction of oxidative stress and the defence against it; interesting potential use of exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) for non-invasive evaluation of heme degradation under normal and pathological conditions is also presented. The fundamental question on types and dynamics of oxidative stress biomarkers in non- invasive samples and involvement of oxidative stress in diseases and aging is covered by S. Argüelles and colleagues. The complicated way of our understanding of hydrogen roles in biological systems – from inert gas to unique antioxidant with potential therapeutic use is described by S. Liu et al. The relatively unknown enzyme paraoxonase as a new biochemical marker of prooxidant-antioxidant status in atherosclerosis is described by T. Kontaş Aşkar and O. Büyükleblebici. The second section of the book, entitled “Cellular and Molecular Targets” is devoted to specific systems and enzymes, which are affected under oxidative stress and possible ways of its induction. The overview written by E. Silva and P. Soares-da-Silva describes in details the structure and operation of renal Na + ,K + -ATPase and its direct or non-direct regulation particularly by ROS under normal conditions and pathology. The pulmonary expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and alveolarization under oxidative stress and effects of antenatal corticosteroids are covered by A. Remesal and colleagues. The role of methionine sulfoxide reductases in protection of mouse embryonic stem cells against oxidative stress is highlighted by L. F. Lemanski et al. Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase catalyzing the oxidation of betaine [...]... Induction of hepatic enzymes and oxidative stress in Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) exposed to waterborne hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) Aquatic Toxicology, Vol.86, pp 4-11 Section 2 General Aspects of Oxidative Stress 2 Interplay Between Oxidative and Carbonyl Stresses: Molecular Mechanisms, Biological Effects and Therapeutic Strategies of Protection Halyna M Semchyshyn and Volodymyr I Lushchak... glucose-6-phosphate) and N-terminal amino acid residues or epsilon amino groups of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, which produces an acyclic form of Schiff base rearranging reversibly to cyclic N-substituted glycosylamine (Figure 6) 22 Oxidative Stress – Molecular Mechanisms and Biological Effects Fig 5 Suggested pathways of lipid peroxidation and its relation to oxidative and carbonyl stresses (modified... differentiation, metabolism, apoptosis, necrosis, etc This is a field of interest of many research groups and there is no doubt would gain a great attention in future 8 Oxidative Stress – Molecular Mechanisms and Biological Effects 3 Oxidative stress definitions There are many definitions of oxidative stress, but this term up to now has no rigorous meaning Of course, there is no “ideal” definition, but... relationship between oxidative stress and 10 Oxidative Stress – Molecular Mechanisms and Biological Effects many pathologies as well as aging (Valko et al., 2007) In many cases, the application of different antioxidants was shown to be both good prophylactics and cure to certain extent At least antioxidants were found to be able to reduce some disease symptoms In conclusion, it became more and more clear... unstable and readily enter many reactions Therefore, it is not correct to tell that “under some conditions ROS are accumulated” They are 4 Oxidative Stress – Molecular Mechanisms and Biological Effects continuously produced and eliminated due to what it is necessary to say about their steadystate level or concentration, but not about accumulation Fig 1 Four - and consequent one-electron reduction of molecular. .. purified RNA, DNA, and their precursors contribute to MGO formation (Chaplen et al., 1996) However, probably because of the higher intracellular steady-state concentrations of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates as compared with nucleic acids, oxidative catabolism of lipids, amino acids and Interplay Between Oxidative and Carbonyl Stresses: Molecular Mechanisms, Biological Effects and Therapeutic Strategies... mitochondrial DNA by immunofluorescence method Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol.554, pp 199-212 12 Oxidative Stress – Molecular Mechanisms and Biological Effects Olinski, R.; Rozalski, R.; Gackowski, D.; Foksinski, M.; Siomek, A & Cooke, M (2006) Urinary measurement of 8-OxodG, 8-OxoGua, and 5HMUra: a noninvasive assessment of oxidative damage to DNA Antioxidants and Redox Signaling, Vol.8, pp 1011-1019 Peng,... of RS and target molecules they interact with Although the issue is under debates, nobody can ignore it now Modification of cellular constituents and its evaluation Above we mentioned that ROS can interact with virtually all cellular components, namely lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, 6 Oxidative Stress – Molecular Mechanisms and Biological Effects nucleic acids, etc Damaged molecules of lipids and carbohydrates... between biomolecule amino groups and monosaccharides, without enzymes, was named ”nonenzymatic glycosylation” and several years later renamed ”glycation” in order to 18 Oxidative Stress – Molecular Mechanisms and Biological Effects differentiate it from the enzymatic glycosylation important in the post-translation modification of proteins (Yatscoff et al., 1984) Now it is well documented that glycation is... α-oxoaldehydes and hydrogen peroxide (Figure 9) (Thornalley et al., 1984; Wolff et al., 1991) This process was called monosaccharide autoxidation or Wolff pathway (Peng et al., 2011) The complicity of glycation with all variety of substrates and products, and almost unpredictable direction of the process is similar to free-radical chain reactions, in 24 Oxidative Stress – Molecular Mechanisms and Biological Effects . OXIDATIVE STRESS – MOLECULAR MECHANISMS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS Edited by Volodymyr Lushchak and Halyna M. Semchyshyn Oxidative Stress – Molecular Mechanisms and Biological. Lushchak and Halyna M. Semchyshyn Section 2 General Aspects of Oxidative Stress 13 Chapter 2 Interplay Between Oxidative and Carbonyl Stresses: Molecular Mechanisms, Biological Effects and Therapeutic. many research groups and there is no doubt would gain a great attention in future. Oxidative Stress – Molecular Mechanisms and Biological Effects 8 3. Oxidative stress definitions There