MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION Ho Chi Minh City, May 2024 GRADUATION THESIS ACCOUTING ACCOUNTING FOR REVENUE, EXPENSES, AND
Reasons for choosing the topic
In general, the global economic situation in 2022 has been marked by significant fluctuations, especially due to the political conflict between Russia and Ukraine, which has had an impact on the world economy as a whole and Vietnam in particular According to information from Mr Phan Duc Hieu at the seminar: "Assessing the Impact of the Armed Conflict between Russia and Ukraine on Vietnam's Economy" organized by the Vietnam Economic Journal/VnEconomy on March 7, 2022, Vietnam's economy is currently facing significant challenges The most pronounced effect on Vietnam's economy is the increase in domestic fuel prices, leading to an increase in inflation (on average, the basic inflation rate in the first 9 months of 2022 increased by 1.88% compared to the same period in 2021) According to statistics from the General Statistics Office of Vietnam, Vietnam imported nearly 10 million tons of crude oil valued at nearly $6.5 billion (an increase of 20.3% in volume and 60.5% in value compared to the same period in 2021), and imported over 7.1 million tons of petroleum products valued at $7.34 billion (an increase of 22.8% in volume and 123.8% in value compared to the same period in 2021) At this time, domestic fuel supply only meets about 70 - 80% of demand The increase in global fuel prices translates to an increase in domestic fuel prices, affecting business operations, production costs, and living expenses for the people
Furthermore, the challenges left behind by the pandemic continue to impact the growth of businesses Not only has revenue decreased, but the return on equity of companies in the VNR500 ranking for 2022 has also significantly declined compared to 2021 (falling from 16.4% to 11.2%), leading to considerable economic differentiation in various sectors Additionally, the stagnation in the real estate sector and sluggish steel consumption have also affected businesses in the industry The heaviest loss-making steel enterprise in 2022 - Pomina Steel Corporation - has released its audited financial statements for 2022, recording a revenue of 13.017 trillion VND, a 7% decrease compared to the same period in 2021 Particularly, the total revenue of the industrial-construction sector decreased by 807.7 trillion VND (from 5,551.9 trillion VND to 4,744.2 trillion VND)
Alongside the achievements, there are also significant challenges To integrate into the global economy, the number of businesses is increasing rapidly, intensifying competition To ensure long-term survival and sustainable development in the current economy, enterprises constantly seek ways to retain customers and ensure profitability Mr Dinh Quang Tri - Deputy General Director of Vietnam Electricity Group - once mentioned that cost optimization is also a focus for many enterprises to maintain profit and enhance production efficiency in sustainable, long-term business by efficiently utilizing all resources and capital Therefore, enterprises must consistently ensure the quality of their products and services to serve customers best
At the same time, they need to establish a complete, professional organizational structure; organize management systems and accounting departments rationally; and propose solutions to improve the efficiency of accounting work regarding revenue, expenses, and business results Analyzing business operations is crucial for every enterprise It serves as a measure to determine the efficiency of capital and the effectiveness of business strategies, helping businesses grasp the situation, identify shortcomings in the process of purchasing, selling, and storing goods The state can monitor the business and financial situation of enterprises, and business partners can also obtain information about the trading capabilities, supply of goods, and the operation and development of enterprises Thus, they can make investment decisions, provide capital, and engage in business cooperation with enterprises
Based on the urgency of integrating into the current economy, along with the importance of determining business performance reports during the operation of enterprises, the author has chosen the research topic "Accounting for revenue, expenses, and business result analysis at Logistics Wingo Joint Stock Company".
Purpose of the study
- Investigate information about the management structure, accounting system, and current accounting regime at Wingo Logistics Joint Stock Company
- Present the theoretical foundations of revenue accounting, cost accounting, and business performance analysis
- Analyze the business performance of Wingo Logistics Joint Stock Company based on criteria such as revenue, expenses, and profits to provide an overall assessment of the company's business situation
- Evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of accounting practices while proposing solutions to enhance business performance in the future, refine revenue and cost accounting practices, and analyze business outcomes at the enterprise.
Research methodology
- Data research methods, and data from relevant accounting records related to business operations at Wingo Logistics Joint Stock Company such as reporting systems and company records
- The method of collecting relevant documents with signatures and seals from the enterprise to ensure the legal validity of the data in the thesis
- Observation method, working with and learning from accountants at the enterprise.
Object and Scope of the study
- Research subject: Accounting for business results analysis at Wingo Logistics Joint Stock Company in 2022
- Research period: From May 2023 to October 2023
- Research scope: Investigating revenue and cost accounting practices, as well as business performance analysis, at Logistics Wingo Joint Stock Company.
The structure
Aside from the introduction, conclude, reference list, and appendices, the main content of the paper consists of 4 chapters:
Chapter 1: Introduction to Wingo Logistics Joint Stock Company
Chapter 2: The theoretical basis of revenue accounting, cost accounting, and business performance analysis at Logistics Wingo Joint Stock Company
Chapter 3: Current status of revenue accounting, cost accounting, and business performance analysis at Wingo Logistics Joint Stock Company
Introduction to the company
- Company name: Wingo Logistics Joint Stock Company
- Representative - Director: Do Van Thu
- Address: 61/31 Binh Gia Street, Ward 13, Tan Binh District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Type of enterprise: Non-state enterprise
Field of operation: International express delivery services
Business sectors: Other support services related to transportation such as road freight transport, sea and air freight transport, inland waterway freight transport, warehousing and storage of goods, direct support services for maritime transport, cargo handling,
- Logo of Wingo Logistics Joint Stock Company:
Figure 1.1: The logo of Wingo Logistics Joint Stock Company
Wingo Logistics Joint Stock Company was established on August 29, 2019, under business registration certificate number 0315873897 issued by the Department of Planning and Investment It was subsequently re-registered on June 8, 2021, and re-registered again on December 9, 2021 (Appendix 01) Initially, the company operated as a small office, providing road and sea transportation services on a small scale with certain vehicles to serve its business activities Over the course of more than a year in operation, the company gradually developed, accumulating experience and gaining credibility with customers
Over the years, the company has continuously strived for improvement and development, expanding its transportation methods As of now, it is one of the reputable providers of international transportation, delivery, customs clearance, and domestic transportation services in Vietnam
With the motto "Conquer customers with love and kindness", and the desire to attract more trusted customers, the company has gradually provided customers with the best services, and built a stable and professional working environment
- Being a provider of international transportation services, delivering cargo to customers in countries around the world
- Seeking, signing, and implementing partnerships with partners both domestically and internationally
- Specializing in providing freight forwarding services, customs clearance, and domestic transportation
- Providing international transportation services with various transportation methods and accompanying logistics services to ensure timely and safe delivery of goods
- Fulfilling the company's business purposes and complying with legal regulations
Vision: Our vision is to become one of the leading transportation companies in Vietnam and Asia Wingo Logistics provides transportation services to countries worldwide, committed to ensuring customer satisfaction by delivering high-quality transportation services at reasonable costs
Mission: Our mission is to simplify the transportation process and provide high- quality transportation services at reasonable prices to meet customer needs Wingo Logistics prioritizes customers and is committed to delivering absolute satisfaction in service quality.
Management system
The management system of the company has a simple structure suitable for the current scale The person directly responsible is the director
Diagram 1.1: The organizational chart of Logistics Wingo Joint Stock Company
1.2.2 Functions and Responsibilities of Departments
- Being the highest decision-making body of the company, it decides on budgets or total remuneration, bonuses, amendments to the charter, etc
- Approves company restructuring, legal form conversions, dissolution of the company, etc
- Approves the development direction and annual financial reports of the company
- Endorses operational regulations, internal management regulations, and operational guidelines to improve the company
- The Director is the person in charge of directly managing the company's operations, bearing legal responsibility before the law and government regulatory agencies
- They are responsible for monitoring, evaluating, and strategizing, making recommendations, and proposing organizational structure adjustments, internal management regulations
- They make decisions on daily business matters, implement plans and goals for business development
- They directly oversee the operations of departments, directly receive and manage capital, and assigned assets
- Search, contact, and provide quotations to new customers with needs for export and import services; maintain and nurture relationships with existing customers
- Collect and manage customer information, negotiate contracts, monitor orders, and provide regular reports to the director and documentation department
- Advise and make proposals regarding the distribution of goods and services for maximum efficiency
- Prepare periodic reports reflecting business activities such as orders, new customers, etc
- Provide counsel to the director
- Handle accounting entries, collect, analyze, process, record, issue invoices, documents, manage financial income and expenses, and ensure compliance with current accounting regulations
- Verify the accuracy and legality of invoices, documents, periodically prepare financial reports as required
- Manage and allocate capital reasonably, forecast finances, create budgets, and ensure appropriate expenses for company operations
- Prepare documentation, customs declarations, import-export documents, and create shipping orders for the freight transportation department (pick-up department)
- Search for and expand partnerships with overseas partners to obtain the best prices
- Liaise with airlines, shipping companies for cargo shipments
- Monitor the progress of cargo delivery through the tracking system, supervise the transportation process of the cargo to promptly address any arising issues
- Ensure the accuracy of documents regarding goods clearance, ensuring that the goods comply with legal procedures
- Support the sales team, customs declaration, manage cargo loading, distribution, and transportation
- Develop business plans, build sales strategies, and specific steps in negotiating, signing contracts
- Market research, build relationships with customers, establish annual plans for the company
- Arrange cargo loading, unloading cargo onto transport vehicles, deliver goods, implement monitoring of established plans, and evaluate according to standards.
Accounting System
1.3.1 Organization of the Accounting System
Diagram 1.2: Organization of the accounting system of Logistics Wingo Joint Stock
1.3.2 Functions and Responsibilities of Accounting Departments
- Responsible for overall supervision and management of all financial and accounting activities, as well as economic transactions within the enterprise
- Execute the accounting transactions, prepare monthly, quarterly, and annual financial statements for the company
- Maintain and store records, ledgers, and documents, providing documentation to relevant departments
- Compile incurred costs during the period, monitor financial receipts and expenditures, analyze the business results of the company's operations, and propose solutions when issues arise
- At the end of the month or accounting period, consolidate data from internal accounting, reconcile detailed ledgers with general ledgers
- Prepare and submit tax reports, invoice usage reports, and directly liaise with tax authorities when issues arise
- Collect invoices, documents, check the legality, validity, and accuracy of accounting documents, monitor and record daily activities in the enterprise's ledger
- Summarize, analyze, and process data related to the company's business operations
- Provide opinions and solutions to address issues as they arise
- Manage and securely store internal documents
- Prepare regular reports weekly, monthly, quarterly, or ad-hoc reports as required by the general accountant or superiors
- Coordinate with other accounting departments, assist in preparing financial reports as required by regulations
1.3.3 Accounting Regime Currently Applied at the Company
- Accounting Regime: The company follows the Enterprise Accounting Regime issued under Circular No 200/2014/TT-BTC dated December 22, 2014
- Currency Unit Used in Accounting: Vietnamese Dong (VND)
- Accounting Period: Follows the Gregorian calendar year, from January 01 to December 31
- Value-added Tax Declaration: VAT is declared using the input-output method
- Depreciation of fixed assets is calculated using the straight-line method
Inventory is accounted for using the periodic inventory system
Cost of goods sold is calculated using the weighted average method at the end of the period
The company utilizes computerized accounting and organizes its books using the General Ledger form
Print ledger and reports at the end of the month and year
Diagram 1.3: Procedure for Recording Accounting Entries in Computerized
Source: Accounting Department The sequence of ledger recording:
- On a daily basis, accounting is based on verified accounting documents used as a basis for recording entries The appropriate debit and credit accounts are determined, and data is input into the computer using pre-designed modules in the accounting software
- According to the software process, information is automatically entered into the general ledger and related subsidiary ledgers
- At the end of the month, accounting performs closing entries and prepares financial reports The accounting department must verify and reconcile the data between the ledger and the financial reports after printing them out
- At the end of the fiscal year, financial reports are printed as required, including the balance sheet, income statement, general ledger, subsidiary ledgers, which are then bound into books and stored according to manual accounting regulations.
Accounting software
To simplify and streamline the accounting process, Logistics Wingo Joint Stock Company is currently using MISA accounting software, which offers various functions such as cash fund transactions, bank deposits, purchases, sales, accounts receivable, accounts payable, invoice management, inventory management, tools and equipment management, fixed assets, payroll, taxes, various types of ledgers, and other related transactions
The MISA software offers several outstanding features, convenience, and ease of use for businesses:
- User-friendly interface, fully operated in Vietnamese
- The software's homepage automatically updates with state regulations, decrees, and circulars, enabling businesses to stay informed and apply relevant information in their operations
- Allows for the creation of multiple databases simultaneously, allowing each department or multi-branch enterprise to work independently with their own database
- The software has an automatic error detection mechanism, saving time and minimizing accounting errors during data entry and management
- Features automated invoice reception and ledger posting, ensuring high accuracy
- Fully compliant with Circular 133 and Circular 200 issued by the Ministry of Finance
However, despite its notable advantages, the MISA software still has some drawbacks that need improvement, such as:
- Requires relatively high computer configuration for installation; running on low-configured machines may result in slow performance
- Users may face difficulties typing Vietnamese with diacritics on Windows 8 and Windows 10 operating systems
- The product cost calculation module is not fully developed, and there are challenges in printing detailed ledgers
Overall, MISA SME.NET 2021 is suitable for various types of businesses, meeting their accounting needs efficiently It saves time compared to manual methods, optimizes financial reporting, and enables users to easily reconcile and retrieve information effectively As a result, businesses can promptly adjust their financial situation to ensure compliance
Figure 1.2: Accounting Software Login Interface
Figure 1.3: Accounting Software User Interface
In Chapter 1, the author provides an overview of the company Wingo Logistics Joint Stock Company, including its history, scale, fields of operation, and industry Additionally, it covers the organizational structure, vision, and current policies and
14 practices applied by the company The subsequent chapter delves into the theoretical foundation of accounting for determining business performance results
General issues of revenue, costs, and analysis of business performance
Based on Article 78 of Circular 200/2014/TT-BTC: "Revenue is the economic benefit obtained that increases the owner's equity of the enterprise, excluding additional contributions from shareholders Revenue is recognized at the time the transaction occurs, when economic benefits are certain, and is determined at a reasonable value of the rights received, regardless of whether the money has been collected or will be collected"
Revenue from third parties does not increase the owner's equity of the enterprise and does not constitute economic benefits; therefore, it is not considered revenue Examples include contributions from shareholders or stakeholders, money collected by agents on behalf of a store, and various taxes (such as export tax, VAT, excise tax, environmental protection tax) b) Principles of Revenue Recognition
According to Article 78 of Circular 200/2014/TT-BTC:
- Revenue and related costs should be recognized simultaneously in accordance with appropriate principles
- A single economic contract may include multiple transactions Hence, it's essential to identify these transactions to recognize revenue appropriately
- Revenue should be recognized based on substance rather than the form of the transaction and should be allocated according to obligations
- Revenue should be allocated at a reasonable value for each obligation, recognized when obligations are fulfilled for transactions involving the seller at both present and future times
- Revenue recorded in the accounting ledger for financial statements should adhere to accounting principles, with taxes excluded from gross revenue indicators
- The timing and basis for revenue recognition for tax purposes may differ from accounting revenue, depending on specific circumstances c) Classification of Revenue
- Internal Sales Revenue: Economic benefits obtained from selling goods, products, or providing services within the enterprise and between its affiliated units
- Business Revenue: Revenue related to enterprise transactions, net of discounts, and returns
- Financial Activity Revenue: Amounts received or expected to be received from joint ventures, dividends, profit sharing, interest on deposits, interest on loans, securities trading, etc
- Revenue can be further classified by product, location, sales volume, etc., depending on the specific enterprise
According to Article 82 of Circular 200/2014/TT-BTC: "Costs are expenses that reduce economic benefits, recorded at the time the transaction occurs or when there is a relatively certain probability of occurrence in the future regardless of whether money has been spent or not" b) Principles of cost recognition
Based on the regulations in Clause 2 of Article 82 of Circular 200/2014/TT- BTC: "Costs should be recognized even if the payment deadline has not been reached but there is a certain probability of occurrence to ensure the principles of caution and preservation of capital Costs and the revenues they generate must be recognized simultaneously in accordance with appropriate principles."
However, in some cases, the principle of appropriateness may conflict with the principle of caution in accounting, then accounting must rely on the nature and accounting standards to reflect transactions truthfully and reasonably c) Classification of costs
- Classified based on the relationship between costs and the cost pool: Direct costs, indirect costs
- Classified based on the cost items: Direct material costs, direct labor costs, overhead costs
- Classified based on the relationship between costs and service volume: Fixed costs, variable costs, and mixed costs
According to Article 96 of Circular 200/2014/TT-BTC: "Business results are the final outcome of production and business activities, financial investment activities, and other activities within a certain period The expression of business results is the amount of profit (or loss)." b) Principles of recognition
As per the regulations in Article 96 of Circular 200/2014/TT-BTC: "This account is used to determine and reflect the results of business operations and other activities of the enterprise within an accounting year The business results of the enterprise include: results of production and business activities, financial activities, and other activities."
- The business results of the accounting period must be accounted for according to the regulations of the financial management regime
- This account must reflect fully and accurately the business results of the accounting period The business results must be accounted for in detail according to each type of activity such as production, commercial business, services, etc
- The revenues and income transferred to this account are net revenues and net income.
Sales accounting
2.2.1 Accounting for selling goods and provisions of service
According to the provisions of Article 79 of Circular 200/2014/TT-BTC:
"Revenue from sales of goods and provision of services is used to reflect the revenue earned by the enterprise in an accounting period, including the sale of products, goods, and provision of services by both the parent company and subsidiary companies within a group."
According to Article 79 of Circular 200/2014/TT-BTC, a business only recognizes revenue from sales of goods and provision of services when:
- The revenue is reasonably certain, and the enterprise has or will derive economic benefits from the sale of goods or provision of services
- When recognizing revenue, it is necessary to determine the amount of discounts granted to customers and the costs related to the sales transaction, provision of services
- The enterprise no longer has control or managerial authority over the goods as an owner
- Revenue is recognized only when the enterprise has transferred the significant risks and benefits associated with ownership of the products and goods to the buyer
- Sales contracts for goods and services
- Bank account statements and reconciliations
Account 511 - Turnovers from selling goods and provisions of service, used to reflect the sales revenue and service revenue of the enterprise in an accounting period This account has 4 sub-accounts and does not have an ending balance
Diagram 2.1: Selling and Service Revenue Accounting Chart
(Source: Compiled by the author according to Circular 200/2014/TT-BTC)
Based on Article 81 of Circular 200/2014/TT-BTC, the definition of revenue deductions is as follows: "Revenue deductions consist of the total amount of money adjusted to subtract from sales revenue, service provision revenue arising in the period."
Revenue deductions include three types: Trade discounts, sales discounts, and sales returns
- Trade discounts: These are discounts that the enterprise offers to customers when they purchase goods in large quantities Trade discounts are seen as a tool to encourage customers to buy in bulk, thereby helping the enterprise increase revenue and improve cash flow efficiency
- Sales discounts: This is the deduction made due to products or goods being damaged, expired, or not meeting quality standards as promised The purpose of sales discounts is to sell inventory items, minimizing losses for the enterprise
- Sales returns: This is the refund given to customers when they return purchased goods for reasons such as dissatisfaction, product defects, contract violations, etc
The enterprise needs to have a reasonable return policy to ensure customer rights and maintain the brand's reputation
Account 521 - Revenue Deductions: This account is used to reflect adjustments deducted from sales revenue and services provided during the period It consists of three sub-accounts at level 2 and does not have an end-of-period balance
Diagram 2.2: Chart of Accounts for Revenue Deductions
(Source: Compiled by the author according to Circular 200/2014/TT-BTC)
2.2.3 Accounting for cost of goods sold
According to Circular No 200/2014/TT-BTC: "Cost of goods sold is an account used to reflect the cost of products, goods, services, and investment real estate; the production cost of construction products sold during the period."
2.2.3.2 Methods of determining cost of goods sold
According to Article 23 of Circular 200/TT-BTC, the cost of goods sold will be determined by the following methods:
- Specific identification method: applied based on the actual value of each item purchased or produced
- Weighted average method: unit price is calculated based on the average value of each type of beginning inventory and the value of each type of inventory purchased or produced during the period
- First-in, first-out method (FIFO): applied based on the assumption that the value of inventory purchased or produced first is sold first, and the remaining inventory value at the end of the period is the value of inventory purchased or produced near the end of the period
- Inventory receipt and issue vouchers
- Delivery notes, internal transport and shipment documents
Account 632 - Cost of Goods Sold reflects the cost of goods, products, and services sold during the period, including related business operating expenses This account does not have an ending balance
Diagram 2.3: Diagram of Cost of Goods Sold Accounting by the Periodic Inventory
(Source: Compiled by the author according to Circular 200/2014/TT-BTC)
According to Article 91 of Circular No 200/2014/TT-BTC: "Selling expenses reflect the actual costs incurred in the process of selling products, goods, and providing services, including costs of promotion, product introduction, product advertising, sales commissions, product warranty costs (except for construction activities), storage costs, packaging costs, transportation costs, etc."
- Accounting documents, interim payment settlement sheets
Account 641 - Selling expenses is used to record all expenses associated with the sales process This account consists of 7 sub-accounts and does not have an ending balance
Diagram 2.4: Diagram of Sales Costs Accounting
(Source: Compiled by the author according to Circular 200/2014/TT-BTC)
2.2.5 Accounting for General & administration expenses
According to Article 92 of Circular No 200/2014/TT-BTC: "Administration expenses refer to the general management expenses of the enterprise, including costs related to the salaries of management staff (wages, salaries, allowances, etc.); social insurance, health insurance, trade union fees, and unemployment insurance of management staff; office supplies, labor tools, depreciation of fixed assets used for enterprise management; land rent, business taxes; provision for doubtful Dr; outsourcing services, and other cash-based expenses."
Account 642 - General & administration expenses is used to record all management expenses of the enterprise This account consists of 8 sub-accounts and does not have an ending balance
Diagram 2.5: Chart of Accounts for Business Management Expenses
(Source: Compiled by the author according to Circular 200/2014/TT-BTC)
Accounting for Financial Activities
2.3.1 Accounting for Financial Activities Revenue
According to Article 80 of Circular No 200/2014/TT-BTC: "Revenue from financial activities is an account used to reflect revenue from interest, royalties, dividends, distributed profits, and other financial activity revenue of the enterprise." Recognition of revenue from financial activities includes:
- Revenue from the sale of investments, trading securities, where revenue is recognized as the difference between the selling price and the cost
- Revenue from foreign exchange trading activities, where revenue is recognized as the difference between the selling and buying prices of foreign currency by the enterprise
Account 515 - Revenue from financial activities represents income generated from financial investment activities or equity-based business operations This account comprises 2 level-2 accounts and 4 level-3 accounts, with no ending balance at the end of the period
Diagram 2.6: Financial Revenue Accounting Diagram
(Source: Compiled by the author according to Circular 200/2014/TT-BTC)
According to Article 1 of Clause 90 of Circular No 200/2014/TT-BTC:
"Financial expenses reflect the expenses related to financial activities, including expenses or losses related to financial investment activities, borrowing and lending costs, equity investment costs in joint ventures, associates, short-term securities trading losses, securities selling transaction costs; provisions for reducing trading
26 securities prices, provisions for losses on investments in other entities, losses incurred from foreign currency sales, exchange rate losses "
Account 635 - Financial expenses reflect the expenses related to financial activities This account has 2 second-level accounts and does not have an ending balance
Diagram 2.7: Accounting chart for financial expenses
(Source: Compiled by the author according to Circular 200/2014/TT-BTC)
Accounting for other activities
Based on the provisions of Clause 1, Article 93 of Circular No 200/2014/TT-BTC: "Other Income Account is used to reflect other income apart from production and business activities of the enterprise, including income from the sale, liquidation
27 of fixed assets; the difference between the reasonable value of assets distributed from a joint business cooperation contract higher than the investment cost in construction of jointly controlled assets; difference in profit from revaluation of materials, goods, fixed assets contributed to joint ventures, investments in associated companies, other long-term investments; income from selling and leasing back assets; taxes payable upon sale of goods, provision of services but subsequently reduced, refunded; penalties received from customers for breach of contract; compensation received from third parties to offset losses of assets; collection of bad Dr that have been written off; collection of Dr where the creditor is unknown; bonuses received from customers related to consumption of goods, products, services not included in revenue, "
Account 711 - Other Income reflects other income apart from production and business activities This account does not have an end-of-period balance
Diagram 2.8: Other Income Accounting Diagram
(Source: Compiled by the author according to Circular 200/2014/TT-BTC)
The provision in Article 94 of Circular No 200/2014/TT-BTC states that:
"Other expenses account reflects expenses arising from events or transactions separate from the normal operations of enterprises, including expenses for liquidation, disposal of fixed assets; amounts received from selling bid documents for liquidation activities, disposal of fixed assets are deducted from the expenses for liquidation, disposal of fixed assets; residual value of fixed assets demolished; loss difference from revaluation of materials, goods, fixed assets contributed as capital to subsidiaries, associates, investments in affiliated companies, other long-term investments; fines for violations of economic contracts, administrative fines."
- Minutes of fixed asset liquidation and disposal
Account 811 - Other expenses: Reflects expenses arising outside of the normal operating expenses of the enterprise This account does not have an ending balance
Diagram 2.9: Accounting Chart for Other Expenses
(Source: Compiled by the author according to Circular 200/2014/TT-BTC)
Accounting for corporate income tax
According to Circular 200/2014/TT-BTC: "Corporate income tax is a direct tax imposed on enterprises and economic organizations with taxable income derived from business activities, production, goods transportation, services, and other income of the enterprise as prescribed."
Based on Article 1 of Clause 95 of Circular 200/2014/TT-BTC, "Corporate income tax expenses are used to reflect the corporate income tax expenses of the enterprise, including current corporate income tax expenses and deferred corporate income tax expenses arising in the current fiscal year as the basis for determining the after-tax business results of the enterprise in the current fiscal year."
- Current corporate income tax expenses are the amount of income tax that the enterprise must pay calculated on the taxable income for the year and the current corporate income tax rate
- Deferred corporate income tax expenses are the corporate income tax payable in the future arising from the recognition of deferred income tax liabilities and the
30 reversal of deferred income tax assets recognized in the current year and the reversal of deferred income tax liabilities recognized from previous years
- Deferred corporate income tax income is the amount of reduction in deferred corporate income tax expenses arising from the recognition of deferred income tax assets in the year and the reversal of deferred income tax liabilities that have been recognized from previous years
- Determining the current CIT amount
CIT payable = (Taxable income - Portion for scientific and technological development fund (if Taxable income = Taxable income - (exempt income + Losses carried forward as prescribed))
Taxable income = (Revenue – Deductible expenses) + Other income sources
- The dossier for settling CIT for the year includes the following documents and records:
Corporate income tax finalization statement
The set of financial statements as required: Balance sheet, Income statement,
Cash flow statement, Financial statement notes
Attached appendices such as Appendix 03-1A, Appendix 03-2A, Appendix on production and business operation results, Loss carry-forward appendix, and other relevant documents depending on the actual circumstances of the enterprise
Diagram 2.10: Accounting entries diagram for current corporate income tax expenses
(Source: Compiled by the author according to Circular 200/2014/TT-BTC)
Accounting for business performance
According to Article 96 of Circular 200/2014/TT-BTC: "Determination of business results is an account used to determine and reflect the business results and other activities of the enterprise in a fiscal year The business results of the enterprise include: results of production and business activities, financial activities, and other activities."
The accounting for determining business results is typically performed at the end of the accounting period Therefore, the accounting process involves transferring revenue and expenses to determine business results
- Transfer deductions from revenue to Account 911 - Income Summary
- Transfer revenue from sales of goods and provision of services to Account 911
- Transfer the cost of goods sold or services provided during the period to Account 911 - Income Summary
- Transfer selling expenses and business management expenses for the period to Account 911 - Income Summary
- Transfer revenue from financial activities and other expenses to Account 911 - Income Summary
- Transfer the business operation results and post-tax profit (if any) from business activities during the period to Account 911 - Income Summary
- If total revenue - total expenses > 0, transfer corporate income tax expenses to be paid to Account 911 - Income Summary
- If total revenue - total expenses < 0, transfer the business operation results and losses from business activities during the period to Account 911 - Income Summary
Diagram 2.11: Accounting diagram for determining business operation results
(Source: Compiled by the author according to Circular 200/2014/TT-BTC)
Analyzing Overall Business Performance
- The ROS is a metric that indicates how much profit after tax is generated for each unit of net sales revenue
- The ROS metric reflects the efficiency of cost management within a business, particularly in evaluating the balance between generating maximum revenue and minimizing costs (such as sales and overhead expenses) A higher ROS indicates better operational performance and higher profit potential Conversely, an increase in ROS also demonstrates effective cost utilization by the business
The return on assets (ROA)
- The ROA ratio measures the efficiency of a company's asset utilization
- ROA indicates how effectively a company manages its assets Specifically, it quantifies the amount of after-tax profit generated for each unit of initial investment in assets A consistently high and stable ROA over time is a positive sign, indicating that the company is increasingly efficient in utilizing its assets and optimizing available resources
The return on equity (ROE)
- The ROE ratio measures the profitability of an investment per unit of equity capital invested It also reflects the efficiency of a company's use of equity capital
- A higher ROE indicates that a company is effectively utilizing shareholder equity, and it depends on the average ROE within the industry
In Chapter 2, the author researched and presented an overview of the fundamental theoretical foundations of revenue accounting, cost accounting, and determining business operation results, such as concepts, recognition criteria, accounting entries diagrams, and content according to Vietnamese accounting standards This serves as a basis for analyzing, evaluating, and proposing solutions to improve the accounting of revenue, costs, and analysis of business operation results for the enterprise The next chapter will investigate the current situation of revenue accounting, cost accounting, and determining business operation results at Wingo Logistics Joint Stock Company
Characteristics of Revenue, Costs, and Business Results at Wingo Logistics
The term "logistics" has also been officially used in the Commercial Law of Vietnam Logistics services are commercial activities in which merchants organize the performance of one or more tasks such as receiving goods, transporting, warehousing, customs procedures, and other paperwork a) Revenue
The sales and service provision revenue of Wingo Logistics Joint Stock Company primarily consists of revenue from services such as road transportation, railway transportation, maritime transportation, inland waterway transportation, air transportation, as well as warehouse services, distribution, freight forwarding, customs services, etc
Additionally, there is revenue from the amounts collected or to be collected from activities such as interest income, securities trading, and other infrequent activities outside of the defined business and financial income of the company Revenue is recognized based on the matching principle, according to the fiscal year, and is tracked separately for each type of revenue b) Cost
As a transportation service provider, the cost of goods sold is primarily the total cost of purchasing goods from suppliers
Additionally, the operating costs of the company include all expenses related to human labor and physical resources that the company has incurred related to its business operations during a specific period c) Business Results
Business results include regular business results and other results
The business results for the accounting period are recorded in accordance with financial management regulations
The accounting for the company's business activities is detailed according to each type of activity.
Sales Accounting
Diagram 3.1: Sales Process Flowchart of Wingo Logistics Joint Stock Company
The sales process of Wingo Logistics Joint Stock Company is as follows:
The company will initiate customer search, market research, and assess the customer demand for its services
The sales team evaluates whether these customer segments have the ability to pay for the services provided by the company
The sales team plans and develops their sales strategy, targeting the specific needs of each customer
Sales staff directly engage with customers at this stage, while also accessing the market and collecting relevant data on buying and selling activities
Approaching customers through suitable channels available to the company (Facebook, Google, telesales, mobile app, phone calls, emails, scheduling direct meetings)
Presenting pricing, highlighting the benefits for customers
Listening to feedback, addressing customer requirements throughout the purchasing process
- Negotiation and agreement between parties
After successfully quoting to the customer, the sales department needs to articulate persuasive arguments to fulfill customer needs, resolve concerns, and foster long-term collaboration
This process requires careful wording and actions to build trust and increase customer satisfaction with the company
- Contract finalization: After quoting and negotiation, the parties proceed to sign a purchase agreement
- Post-sales customer care: After completing the delivery to customers, a plan should be put in place to monitor and care for them, thereby building relationships and new marketing strategies for future orders
- Purchase and sale contract for goods and services
- Debit note and bank account reconciliation
Transaction 1: Based on Sales contract No 68 dated 16/01/2022 (Appendix
02), selling CPN service lot 226004930340 to Ngu Phuc Duong Pharmaceutical Joint Stock Company Accounting issues VAT invoice No 30 dated 19/01/2022 (Appendix 03) with an amount of 13,380,000 VND, VAT 10%, customer not yet paid
Transaction 2: Based on Sales contract No 73 dated 28/02/2022 and VAT
Invoice No 104 dated 04/03/2022 (Appendix 04), selling AWB (Airway bill - air freight) 5219507 handling fee to Minh Dat Manufacturing-Trading-Service Limited Company with an amount of 3,854,630 VND, VAT 8%, customer paid in cash Journal entry:
Transaction 3: Based on Sales contract No 102 dated 18/04/2022 and VAT
Invoice No 165 dated 31/05/2022 (Appendix 05), selling transportation services to Austin Labs Joint Stock Company with a total amount of 7,608,000 VND, VAT 8% The company has received the bank's credit note and reconciliation statement regarding the transaction amount (Appendix 06)
Transaction 4: Based on VAT Invoice No 216 issued on 14/09/2022, accompanied by Receipt No BH00176 (Appendix 07), selling transportation fees for bill of lading 3383838850 to customer Ngo Khac Duy with an amount of 3,407,407 VND, VAT 8%, customer paid in cash
Transaction 5: Based on VAT Invoice No 231 dated 28/10/2022 (Appendix
08), selling express delivery fee for waybill 2022101100 to Linkluck Logistics Limited Liability Company with an amount of 14,070,000 VND, VAT 8%, customer not yet paid
The company did not have any revenue deductions during the period
3.2.3 Accounting for cost of goods sold
Transaction 1: Based on VAT Invoice No 30 dated 19/01/2022 (Appendix 03) and VAT Invoice No 00000019 dated 19/01/2022 (Appendix 09), purchasing CPN International service lot 226004930340 from An Pha Express Transportation and Courier Joint Stock Company, the accounting records recognize the cost of goods sold at 12,163,406 VND, VAT 10%
Transaction 2: Based on VAT Invoice No 104 for AWB 5219507 handling fee dated 04/03/2022 (Appendix 04) and VAT Invoice No 00000589 dated 04/03/2022 (Appendix 10), purchasing AWB 5219507 handling fee from Viet An International Delivery Service Limited Liability Company, the accounting records recognize the cost of goods sold with an amount of 2,498,649 VND, VAT 8% Journal entry:
Transaction 3: Based on VAT Invoice No 165 dated 31/05/2022 (Appendix
05) and VAT Invoice No 00000047 dated 31/05/2022 (Appendix 11), purchasing
39 transportation services from Cavi Express Limited Liability Company, the accounting records recognize the cost of goods sold at 4,098,148 VND, VAT 8% Journal entry:
Transaction 4: Based on VAT Invoice No 216 for waybill 3383838850 dated
14/09/2022 (Appendix 07) and VAT Invoice No 216 dated 29/11/2022 (Appendix 12), purchasing transportation fee from International Transport Delivery Service Limited Liability Company, the accounting records recognize the cost of goods sold at 2,853,218 VND, VAT 8%
Transaction 5: Based on VAT Invoice No 231 with waybill 2022101100 dated
28/10/2022 (Appendix 08) and VAT Invoice No 00000044 dated 27/10/2022 (Appendix 13), purchasing CPN fee from Gia Phu International Transportation Limited Liability Company, the accounting records recognize the cost of goods sold at 9,560,000 VND, VAT 8%
Transaction 1: Based on VAT Invoice No 00000002 dated 26/01/2022
(Appendix 14), accounting records recognize the purchase of office supplies from Huu Phat Electronics and Machinery Co., Ltd., and issue cash payment voucher No PC00046 dated 26/01/2022 (Appendix 15) with an amount of 14,445,000 VND, VAT 10%
Transaction 2: Based on VAT Invoice No 1222 dated 21/03/2022 (Appendix
16), accounting records recognize the purchase of goods from Viet Phuc Ngan Manufacturing and Trading Limited Liability Company with an amount of 1,695,000 VND, VAT 10%, paid in cash
Transaction 3: Based on VAT Invoice No 4038 dated 23/06/2022 (Appendix
17), purchasing consulting and marketing services from Business Connections Asia Limited Liability Company with an amount of 11,000,000 VND, VAT 8%, paid in cash
Transaction 4: Based on Sales and Purchase Contract No 103 dated
19/10/2022 and VAT Invoice No 00001645 attached to accounting document No MDV00111 dated 29/10/2022 (Appendix 18), purchasing transportation fees from HPLux Air Cargo Joint Stock Company with an amount of 7,672,917 VND, VAT 8%, not yet paid to the supplier
Transaction 5: Based on VAT Invoice No 00012814 dated 13/12/2022
(Appendix 19), accounting records recognize the purchase of fuel from Truong Phat Import-Export Service Trading Joint Stock Company with an amount of 1,454,648 VND, VAT 10%, paid in cash
3.2.5 Accounting for General & administration expenses
- Bank statement and bank account reconciliation
Transaction 1: Based on VAT Invoice No 0001783 dated 19/01/2022 from
Nha Phuc Manufacturing and Trading Limited Liability Company attached to cash payment voucher PC00043 (Appendix 20) regarding the purchase of ION LIFE water bottles for 590,909 VND, VAT 10%, paid in cash
Transaction 2: Based on VAT Invoice No 0008304 dated 25/02/2022
(Appendix 21), purchasing office supplies from Huy Hoang Information Technology
42 and Telecommunications Services Trading Limited Liability Company with an amount of 4,703,636 VND, VAT 10%, not yet paid to the supplier
Transaction 3: Based on the bank statement and reconciliation from
Techcombank - Vietnam Technological and Commercial Joint Stock Bank dated 09/05/2022 (Appendix 22), the company pays regular bank fees totaling 50,000 VND, VAT 10%
Transaction 4: Based on VAT Invoice No 40768 dated 13/07/2022 attached to accounting document No MDV00084 from the Ho Chi Minh City Power Corporation Limited Liability Company - Tan Binh Power Company (Appendix 23), recording electricity expenses amounting to 2,068,092 VND, VAT 8%
Transaction 5: Based on the payroll and attendance sheets for October 2022
(Appendix 24), accounting deducts salary and related deductions for the business management department on 31/10/2022
Accounting for Financial Activities
3.3.1 Accounting for Financial Activities Revenue
The financial operating revenue of Logistics Wingo Joint Stock Company mainly consists of periodic interest income
Transaction 1: Based on the credit note and bank statement from Techcombank dated January 29, 2022 (Appendix 25), the company received interest income for January 2022 amounting to 8,763 VND
Transaction 2: Based on the credit note and bank statement from Techcombank dated October 1, 2022 (Appendix 26), the company received interest income for September 2022 amounting to 5,924 VND
In 2022, the company did not incur any financial expenses.
Accounting for other activities
Transaction 1: Based on VAT invoice number 37 dated January 25, 2022
(Appendix 27), selling service fees for hotline number 19003137 to VTC Telecommunications Limited Liability Company for 133,042 VND, with 10% VAT Journal entry:
Transaction 2: Based on VAT invoice number 74 dated February 14, 2022
(Appendix 28), selling service fees for hotline number 19003137 to VTC Telecommunications Limited Liability Company for 141,414 VND, with 10% VAT Journal entry:
Transaction 3: Based on VAT invoice number 126 dated March 16, 2022
(Appendix 29), selling service fees for hotline number 19003137 to VTC Telecommunications Limited Liability Company for 123,942 VND, with 10% VAT Journal entry:
In 2022, the company did not incur any other expenses.
Accounting for corporate income tax
Based on the business operation results report and the corporate income tax finalization declaration for the year 2022 (Appendix 30), we have:
Total accounting profit before tax: (997.452.176)
If the enterprise has a total accounting profit before tax that is negative, it is not required to pay corporate income tax, and this loss can be carried forward for up to five years Therefore, the current corporate income tax payable is 0 VND.
Accounting for business performance
To determine the business result, we need to transfer the relevant accounts for the year 2022
Transfer of revenue from sales of goods and rendering of services:
Transfer of cost of goods sold:
Transfer of revenue from financial operating activities:
After transferring revenue and expenses, based on the business operation results report, the enterprise transfers profit:
Analysis and evaluation of overall business performance of the company
Evaluating the operational business results of the company for the years 2021 and 2022
Table 3.1: Business Performance of Logistics Wingo Corporation for the Period
(Source: Compiled by the author based on the financial reports of Logistics Wingo
Corporation) Based on the analysis of the business performance of Logistics Wingo Joint Stock Company, we observe a significant decrease in total revenue during the period of 2021-2022, declining from 5,713,187,573 VND to 1,503,725,411 VND, representing a decrease of 4,209,462,162 VND, equivalent to 73.68% The aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine conflict also contributed to the company’s revenue decline During this period, the consumer market had a significant impact on the product sales revenue, as many of the company’s goods and services could not be transported or circulated due to the inactivity of road, waterway, and air routes
Moreover, the business management costs also experienced a considerable increase during the period of 2021-2022, rising from 340,556,647 VND to 503,616,557 VND, indicating an increase of 163,059,910 VND, equivalent to 47.88% During this period, as the revenue earned was not enough to offset the expenses incurred to operate the business, the costs still increased considerably The net profit for the period of 2021-2022 witnessed a sharp decline, decreasing by 329,943,059 VND, equivalent to 49.43% These results indicate that the company did not achieve high profitability during this period of business operation
Table 3.2: Analysis of the overall business situation and performance of Logistics
Wingo Corporation for the period 2021-2022
(Source: Compiled by the author based on the financial reports of Logistics Wingo
Figure 3.1: Profitability chart of Wingo Logistics Joint Stock Company
Based on the chart, we can observe a significant decrease in the profit margin on sales during the period of 2021-2022, declining by 54.65% Specifically, in 2021, the profit margin on sales was -11.68%, indicating that for every 100 VND of net revenue from sales and services, the company incurred a loss of 11.68 VND after tax
By 2022, the profit margin on sales further decreased to -66.33%, signifying a loss of 66.33 VND for every 100 VND of net revenue from sales and services This indicates a substantial deterioration in the company's profitability, with losses increasing over the two-year period
Based on the analysis of the profit margin on sales of Logistics Wingo Joint Stock Company, we can observe that the company is operating at a loss, indicating poor performance and a lack of profitability This suggests that the company is unable to control costs effectively for its business operations To improve this ratio, the company needs to develop more effective business plans in the near future
Return on total Assets (ROA)
From the data provided, we can see that the ROA ratio decreased by 13.4% during the period from 2021 to 2022 Specifically, in 2021, the ROA ratio was - 15.33%, indicating that for every 100 VND of net revenue from sales and services, the company incurred a loss of 15.33 VND after tax By 2022, the ROA ratio further declined to -28.74%, meaning that for every 100 VND of net revenue from sales and services, the company incurred a loss of 28.74 VND after tax
Through the analysis of the net profit margin on assets of Logistics Wingo Joint Stock Company, we can observe that the efficiency in managing assets and utilizing them is not satisfactory The company has not optimized the available resources effectively
Return on total Equity (ROE)
From the data, we can see that the ROE ratio decreased during the period from
2021 to 2022, dropping by 13.28% Specifically, in 2021, the ROE ratio was -15.55%, indicating that for every 100 VND of net revenue from sales and service activities, the company incurred a loss of 15.55 VND after tax By 2022, the ROE ratio further
49 declined to -28.83%, indicating that for every 100 VND of net revenue from sales and service activities, the company incurred a loss of 28.83 VND after tax
Based on the analysis of the ROE ratio of Logistics Wingo Corporation, we can see that the efficiency of the company's capital utilization is poor The company has been operating at a loss due to heavy investment for its development, impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, and investing to attract customers and rapidly expand to capture market share Additionally, the main reason for the negative return on equity ratio is the company's continuous recording of business losses over a prolonged period
Based on the data table, we can observe that during the period of 2021-2022, the operational performance of the company experienced a decline Key indicators such as revenue, profit, and business efficiency ratios all decreased, indicating a decrease in the company's operational effectiveness
In this chapter, the author has presented the current situation of accounting for revenue, expenses, and determining business performance at Logistics Wingo Corporation Based on theoretical foundations, accounting principles, generated documents, and utilized accounts, the author has described some practical economic transactions at the company, aiding readers in better understanding and visualizing the process of determining business performance
Basis of Comments
- Based on direct observation and hands-on experience with accounting tasks during the internship at Logistics Wingo Corporation
- Referring to the Accounting Regulations issued in accordance with Circular No 200/2014/TT-BTC dated December 22, 2014 by the Ministry of Finance
- Considering factors directly related to determining the company's profits, such as revenue, expenses, and income.
Comments
In the current competitive global economy, Logistics Wingo Corporation is constantly striving to improve its accounting system in general and financial accounting practices in particular to meet the demands of innovation and future development
Through practical observation and workplace exploration, it is noted that the company has correctly applied the current accounting regulations regarding record- keeping, document usage, and financial reporting, with several outstanding merits However, there are still some limitations that need to be addressed and rectified promptly to enhance business effectiveness
- The company's achievements are partly attributed to its enthusiastic and energetic workforce, with many motivational slogans fostering a positive work environment, boosting productivity, and ensuring reliability in business operations Clear assignment of tasks within departments fosters close collaboration and mutual support, promoting long-term commitment and stability
- The accounting team dynamism and enthusiasm Financial accounting practices adhere closely to Vietnamese accounting standards, to some extent meeting superiors' requirements for accurate and timely business information provision
- Adequate provision of equipment and facilities for both accounting staff and the entire workforce, along with innovative workspace arrangements, contributes to a comfortable and conducive working environment
- Careful printing and storage of accounting books and documents in both hard and soft copies ensure safety, ease of verification, and accessibility when needed
- Accountants dedication to their craft, and appropriate task allocation based on skills and expertise, supporting each other in handling arising accounting issues for continuous improvement
- Tax settlement submissions are handled appropriately and submitted ahead of deadlines to mitigate potential risks and respond promptly to contingencies
Alongside the strengths, there are also several limitations
- The accounting department has not fully implemented the principle of segregation of duties General accounting staff also perform the duties of the treasury department and the human resources department, while internal accountants also handle order tracking for the documentation department Lack of transparency may lead to errors and fraud in business operations
- During work processes, the accounting department still has shortcomings in confirming documents during the delivery and receipt of goods or services It is only during compilation of the comprehensive ledger for storage that it is discovered that payment from customers was made without proper confirmation
- Some accounting transactions have been recorded by the accounting department not in accordance with the accounting principles of Circular 200/2014/TT-BTC.
Recommendations
Based on the internship experience at Logistics Wingo Corporation, the following recommendations are proposed:
- The accounting department should establish a more reasonable working policy, supplementing additional evidence, documents, and delivery receipts for confirmation at the time of delivery, shipment, and payment to avoid future shortcomings
It is recommended to draft a "Delivery Receipt" document for both the delivering and receiving parties to sign upon delivery and receipt of goods, helping to avoid errors and closely monitor the delivery process This document should be
52 based on prior agreements between the parties, specifically outlined in sales contracts, purchase orders, verbal agreements, etc
Diagram 4.1: Process flowchart for signing goods delivery receipt
Characteristics of the delivery receipt for the buyer and the seller:
The receipt must be prepared immediately after the delivery of goods, not waiting for the issuance of an invoice or the conclusion of a contract
When the delivering party provides the agreed-upon quantity of goods, the buyer will inspect and sign the receipt
The delivery receipt should contain complete information about both the buyer and the seller, such as company name, address, phone number, email, representative…) and details related to the goods (item code, type, quantity…), and the delivery date
The delivery receipt is often accompanied by an outbound delivery note (at the seller's end) or an inbound delivery note (at the buyer's end)
Preparation of Goods Delivery Note
How to prepare a delivery receipt:
At the top left-hand side is the company name, while the national emblem or motto is on the right
The title of the document is "DELIVERY RECEIPT."
Based on the purchase order, sales contract of the goods
Date of issuance of the delivery receipt
Information of both the delivering and receiving parties
Details of the goods being purchased and delivered: name, type, unit, quantity, remarks
Signatures of confirmation from both parties
Content of the delivery receipt:
Information of the seller and the buyer: company name, address, representative, position, phone number
Information of the delivery person (if applicable)
Delivery date: day, month, current year
Details of the delivered goods: name of the item, unit of measurement, quantity, unit price, specifications, etc
Signatures and official stamps of both parties to confirm mutual agreement and legal validity
Template of the delivery receipt
This record is usually prepared immediately after the sales contract is signed, with two copies made for both parties, each holding equal legal validity When the company delivers the full quantity of goods to the customer, the customer should inspect and sign the record
After completing the order, the accounting department should print an additional copy to be attached to the internal records and documents The remaining copy should be attached to the tax declaration invoice
- The accounting department should review and reclassify the salary expenses payable to the management department of the enterprise
Referring to Article 91 of Circular No 200/2014/TT-BTC, which stipulates:
"Account 6411 - Employee Expenses: Reflects expenses payable to sales staff, packaging staff, transportation staff, product preservation, goods handlers, including salaries, mid-shift meal allowances, wages, and deductions for social insurance, health insurance, union fees, unemployment insurance "
Based on Article 92 of Circular No 200/2014/TT-BTC, which states: "Account
6421 - Management Staff Expenses: Reflects expenses payable to management staff of the enterprise, such as salaries, allowances, social insurance, health insurance, union fees, unemployment insurance of the Board of Directors, management staff in departments, and units of the enterprise."
Based on the general ledger account 344 - Liabilities to Employees (Appendix 38) Currently, the company is recording the expenses for office staff (accounting department) in account 6411 - Employee Expenses, which is a sub-account of account
641 - Sales Expenses However, account 6421 - Management Staff Expenses should be used for recording the salaries of the office department staff in accordance with the accounting principles of Circular No 200/2014/TT-BTC
In the process of production and business operations, every enterprise possesses its own strengths to survive and thrive However, alongside these strengths, there also exist concurrent weaknesses that need to be addressed promptly Therefore, in this chapter, the author identifies the strengths and weaknesses, while also providing recommendations aimed at helping Logistics Wingo Joint Stock Company overcome its current limitations and foster stronger development in the future
In today's business environment, determining business results plays a crucial role in ensuring the sustainability and development of enterprises With increasing competition, understanding and accurately analyzing business results not only help managers make strategic decisions but also enable businesses to adapt and respond to constant changes
After a period of study at Logistics Wingo Joint Stock Company, the author has assessed, in a general way, its history, development, operational fields, organizational structure, management practices, and accounting procedures, as well as its business performance and results Based on these foundations, the author recognizes the importance of accounting in determining business results for the enterprise
Through the internship at Logistics Wingo Joint Stock Company, the author had the opportunity to apply acquired knowledge in determining the company's business results Consequently, the author has completed the internship report on the topic of
"Accounting for Determining Business Performance." With the solutions and contributions provided by the author, it is hoped that they will contribute to opening up new directions for accounting practices, as well as enhancing the effectiveness of the company's business operations
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