INFRASTRUCTURE DESIGN, SIGNALLING AND SECURITY IN RAILWAY Edited by Xavier Perpinya Infrastructure Design, Signalling and Security in Railway Edited by Xavier Perpinya Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Sasa Leporic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published March, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Infrastructure Design, Signalling and Security in Railway, Edited by Xavier Perpinya p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0448-3 Contents Preface IX Part 1 Railway Systems in the World 1 Chapter 1 The Role of Light Railway in Sugarcane Transport in Egypt 3 Hassan A. Abdel-Mawla Chapter 2 Topological Analysis of Tokyo Metropolitan Railway System 25 Takeshi Ozeki Chapter 3 Privatization Versus Public Funding on the Atacama Desert Railway – An Interpretation 51 Jose Antonio Gonzalez-Pizarro Chapter 4 Competitiveness and Sustainability of Railways 69 Dave van der Meulen and Fienie Möller Chapter 5 Structural and Kinematic Analysis of EMS Maglev Trains 95 Zhao Zhisu Chapter 6 Maglev 123 Hamid Yaghoubi, Nariman Barazi and Mohammad Reza Aoliaei Part 2 Modelling for Railway Infrastructure Design and Characterization 177 Chapter 7 Power System Modelling for Urban Massive Transportation Systems 179 Mario A. Ríos and Gustavo Ramos Chapter 8 Optimized Model Updating of a Railway Bridge for Increased Accuracy in Moving Load Simulations 203 Johan Wiberg, Raid Karoumi and Costin Pacoste VI Contents Chapter 9 Controlling and Simulation of Stray Currents in DC Railway by Considering the Effects of Collection Mats 225 Mohammad Ali Sandidzadeh and Amin Shafipour Chapter 10 Cellular Automaton Modeling of Passenger Transport Systems 255 Akiyasu Tomoeda Chapter 11 Gaming Simulations for Railways: Lessons Learned from Modeling Six Games for the Dutch Infrastructure Management 275 Sebastiaan Meijer Chapter 12 Application of 3D Simulation Methods to the Process of Induction Heating of Rail Turnouts 295 Elżbieta Szychta, Leszek Szychta, Mirosław Luft and Kamil Kiraga Chapter 13 EMC Analysis of Railway Power Substation Modeling and Measurements Aspects 333 S. Baranowski, H. Ouaddi, L. Kone and N. Idir Part 3 Signalling, Security and Infrastructure Construction in Railway 353 Chapter 14 Criteria for Improving the Embankment-Structure Transition Design in Railway Lines 355 Inmculada Gallego, Santos Sánchez-Cambronero and Ana Rivas Chapter 15 Influence of the Phreatic Level on the Stability of Earth Embankments 375 Shodolapo Oluyemi Franklin and Gbenga Matthew Ayininuola Chapter 16 Evolutionary Algorithms in Embedded Intelligent Devices Using Satellite Navigation for Railway Transport 395 Anatoly Levchenkov, Mikhail Gorobetz and Andrew Mor-Yaroslavtsev Chapter 17 Study and Design of an Electro Technical Device for Safety on Railway Network 421 Clavel Edith, Meunier Gérard, Bellon Marc and Frugier Didier Chapter 18 General Principles Regarding the Rehabilitation of Existing Railway Bridges 447 Petzek Edward and Radu Băncilă Contents VII Chapter 19 Special Tunnel Blasting Techniques for Railway Projects 479 More Ramulu Chapter 20 Susceptibility of the GSM-R Transmissions to the Railway Electromagnetic Environment 503 Stephen Dudoyer, Virginie Deniau, Nedim Ben Slimen and Ricardo Adriano Preface Railway transportation has become one of the main technological advances of our society. Since the first railway system used to carry coal from a mine in Shropshire (England, 1600), a lot of efforts have been made to improve this transportation concept. One of its milestones was the invention and development of the steam locomotive, but commercial rail travels became practical two hundred years later. Currently; electric railway traction chains have become a better solution than the traction systems with generating power on board (e.g., diesel or steam-based systems). This could not be possible without the advances experienced throughout the years in power electronics, mechanics and materials engineering. In terms of performances, ERTCs show the highest power-to-weight ratio, fastest acceleration and highest traction effort on steep gradients of the railway traction scenario. Other of their advantages includes less noise, lower maintenance requirements of the traction units, and a higher rational use of energy respecting and preserving the environment (e.g., energy harvesting systems as regenerative brakes or no greenhouse gasses’ emissions). Obviously, their main disadvantages are the capital cost of the electrification line, depending on a trade-off between the distance and traffic volume of the service line. In fact, the evolution of railway transportation could not be possible without the simultaneous growth of railway infrastructures, signalling and security. They are responsible for supporting, controlling and coordinating railway traffic. The high number of railway commercial lines around the most important cities in the world, as well as the requirements of the current business market, has made of them a key factor for the development of many commercial activities. Obviously, their design and characterization is not easy at all, becoming a much more complex procedure than those performed in the railway earlier stages. This book provides the reader an overview of railway systems from several countries, some details on modelling for railway infrastructure design and characterisation, and finally the implementation of signalling procedures, security protocols and infrastructures. Besides, it reports on research progress on these issues. During the preparation of this book, I asked the authors to add recent research findings and future works in this area and cite latest references in the chapter. For this reason, a variety of novel approaches in the covered topic are detailed in this book. Insightful and reader- friendly descriptions are presented to nourish readers of any level, from practicing and X Preface knowledgeable electrical engineers to beginning or professional researchers. All interested readers can easily find noteworthy materials in much greater detail than in previous publications and in the references cited in these chapters. This book includes twenty chapters that were authored by world-wide well-known researchers. Each chapter was written in an introductory style beginning with the fundamentals, describing approaches to the hottest issues and concluding with a comprehensive discussion. The content in each chapter is taken from many publications in prestigious journals and conferences and followed by fruitful insights. The chapters in this book also provide many recent references for relevant topics, and interested readers will find these references helpful when exploring these topics in further detail. This book is divided into three parts. Part 1 consists of six chapters devoted to describe how the railway systems have been developed in several countries and their socio- economical impact. Part 2 consists of seven chapters devoted to providing some ideas on safety and reliability issues. Finally, part 3 consists of seven chapters devoted to parameters monitoring in railway scenario for safety and reliability purposes. We hope that this book will fulfill the need for publication on infrastructure design, signalling, and security in railway, as well as being useful for engineers and scientists interested in learning about or developing any system related to this topic. Furthermore, this can be used as a text book for engineering advanced undergraduate and graduate students interested in learning about the topics raised in this book. Xavier Perpinya Institut de Microelectronica de Barcelona, Campus Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain [...]... drainage channel may cross several bridges and may cross the main railway line of Upper Egypt Double light railway lines may be expanded on the main roads to maintain easy motion of cane trains travel to or coming from several infield lines connected to the main lines by unions The sub branches of the narrow railways may be double lines that include a main rail line on which the loaded train move and. .. train is loaded with cane and ready for pull Fig 11 Train loaded with on the way back to the mill 13 14 Infrastructure Design, Signalling and Security in Railway 4 Light railway wagons loading and unloading 4.1 Loading The cane transport administration of the mill distributes the empty light railway wagons according to the schedule The driver of the locomotive leaves the wagons in the transloading... operated trains and the overnight operated trains Androw and Ian (2005) reported that several mill regions within the Australian sugar industry are currently exploring long-term scenarios to reduce costs in the harvesting and rail transport of sugarcane These efficiencies can be achieved through extending the time window of harvesting, reducing the number of harvesters, and investing in new or 12 Infrastructure. .. Mechanical loading of light railway wagons using a tractor mounted loader (developed by the author) 16 Infrastructure Design, Signalling and Security in Railway Fig 14 Light railway system handle cane transported cross Nile Fig 15 Unloading light rail wagons The Role of Light Railway in Sugarcane Transport in Egypt 17 5 Light railway problems 5.1 Problems related to rail track wear out According to Abdel-Mawla... side and 24 cm from the wheel trade side The light railway wagon flat load surface may be 6 to 7 m in length and 1.5 to 1.8 m in width and the side columns are 1.4 to 1.6 m in height Wheel base from the center of the rear wheel of the rear bogie to the centre of front wheel of the front bogie ranged from 5 to 5.7 m 10 Infrastructure Design, Signalling and Security in Railway The loading volume inside... 12 Infrastructure Design, Signalling and Security in Railway upgraded infrastructures As part of a series of integrated models to conduct the analysis, we developed a capacity planning model for transport to estimate the (1) number of locomotives and shifts required; (2) the number of bins required; and (3) the delays to harvesting operations resulting from harvesters waiting for bin deliveries The... where intensive losses may be occurred Whenever such accedents repeated, the farmers abstain from transporting by the light railway and go for road transport even though it is more costly Fig 16 Balastless narrow rail track showing intensive ruste of sleepers buried in the clay soil 18 Infrastructure Design, Signalling and Security in Railway 5.2 Problems related to system operation The light railway. .. Light Railway in Sugarcane Transport in Egypt Fig 21 Replacing the corroded steel sleepers of the rail track Fig 22 Balancing the level of the rail track 21 22 Infrastructure Design, Signalling and Security in Railway 7 Light railways future As previously discussed, each narrow railway network constructed and started operation simultaneously with the sugar factory initiation The light railway networks... that intensive herbs may grow on the auxiliary patrs of the railroad Figure 19 Intinsive herbs may cause wagon wheels climb off the track Fig 18 The narrow railroad constructed on the middle of an infield road with parts covered with dirt Fig 19 Herbs intensively grow and harm the auxiliary railroad 20 Infrastructure Design, Signalling and Security in Railway 6 Light railways transport system maintenance... train move and an auxiliary line for the travel of empty train coming from the mill This arraignment of auxiliary rail line for the travel of empty train may be limited to certain locations to maintain smooth motion on the light railway lines Infield railway lines are single lines on which a train moves either empty or loaded Figure 3 shows a map of the second oldest narrow railway network (1896) that . INFRASTRUCTURE DESIGN, SIGNALLING AND SECURITY IN RAILWAY Edited by Xavier Perpinya Infrastructure Design, Signalling and Security in Railway Edited. for publication on infrastructure design, signalling, and security in railway, as well as being useful for engineers and scientists interested in learning about or developing any system related. and N. Idir Part 3 Signalling, Security and Infrastructure Construction in Railway 353 Chapter 14 Criteria for Improving the Embankment-Structure Transition Design in Railway Lines 355 Inmculada