NEW TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN BIOMETRICS pot

NEW TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN BIOMETRICS Edited by Jucheng Yang, Shan Juan Xie New Trends and Developments in Biometrics http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/3420 Edited by Jucheng Yang, Shan Juan Xie Contributors Miroslav Bača, Petra Grd, Tomislav Fotak, Mohamad El-Abed, Christophe Charrier, Christophe Rosenberger, Homayoon Beigi, Joshua Abraham, Paul Kwan, Claude Roux, Chris Lennard, Christophe Champod, Aniesha Alford, Joseph Shelton, Joshua Adams, Derrick LeFlore, Michael Payne, Jonathan Turner, Vincent McLean, Robert Benson, Gerry Dozier, Kelvin Bryant, John Kelly, Francesco Beritelli, Andrea Spadaccini, Christian Rathgeb, Martin Drahansky, Stepan Mracek, Radim Dvorak, Jan Vana, Svetlana Yanushkevich, Vladimir Balakirsky, Jinfeng Yang, Jucheng Yang, Bon K. Sy, Arun P. Kumara Krishnan, Michal Dolezel, Jaroslav Urbanek, Tai-Hoon Kim, Eva Brezinova, Fen Miao, Ye LI, Cunzhang Cao, Shu-di Bao Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Iva Lipovic Technical Editor InTech DTP team Cover InTech Design team First published November, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com New Trends and Developments in Biometrics, Edited by Jucheng Yang, Shan Juan Xie p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0859-7 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface VII Section 1 Theory and Method 1 Chapter 1 Speaker Recognition: Advancements and Challenges 3 Homayoon Beigi Chapter 2 3D and Thermo-Face Fusion 31 Štěpán Mráček, Jan Váňa, Radim Dvořák, Martin Drahanský and Svetlana Yanushkevich Chapter 3 Finger-Vein Image Restoration Based on a Biological Optical Model 59 Jinfeng Yang, Yihua Shi and Jucheng Yang Chapter 4 Basic Principles and Trends in Hand Geometry and Hand Shape Biometrics 77 Miroslav Bača, Petra Grd and Tomislav Fotak Chapter 5 Genetic & Evolutionary Biometrics 101 Aniesha Alford, Joseph Shelton, Joshua Adams, Derrick LeFlore, Michael Payne, Jonathan Turner, Vincent McLean, Robert Benson, Gerry Dozier, Kelvin Bryant and John Kelly Section 2 Performance Evaluation 127 Chapter 6 Performance Evaluation of Automatic Speaker Recognition Techniques for Forensic Applications 129 Francesco Beritelli and Andrea Spadaccini Chapter 7 Evaluation of Biometric Systems 149 Mohamad El-Abed, Christophe Charrier and Christophe Rosenberger Section 3 Security and Template Protection 171 Chapter 8 Multi-Biometric Template Protection: Issues and Challenges 173 Christian Rathgeb and Christoph Busch Chapter 9 Generation of Cryptographic Keys from Personal Biometrics: An Illustration Based on Fingerprints 191 Bon K. Sy and Arun P. Kumara Krishnan Section 4 Others 219 Chapter 10 An AFIS Candidate List Centric Fingerprint Likelihood Ratio Model Based on Morphometric and Spatial Analyses (MSA) 221 Joshua Abraham, Paul Kwan, Christophe Champod, Chris Lennard and Claude Roux Chapter 11 Physiological Signal Based Biometrics for Securing Body Sensor Network 251 Fen Miao, Shu-Di Bao and Ye Li Chapter 12 Influence of Skin Diseases on Fingerprint Quality and Recognition 275 Michal Dolezel, Martin Drahansky, Jaroslav Urbanek, Eva Brezinova and Tai-hoon Kim Chapter 13 Algorithms for Processing Biometric Data Oriented to Privacy Protection and Preservation of Significant Parameters 305 Vladimir B. Balakirsky and A. J. Han Vinck ContentsVI Preface In recent years, biometrics has developed rapidly with its worldwide applications for daily life. New trends and novel developments have been proposed to acquire and process many different biometric traits. The ignored challenges in the past and potential problems need to be thought together and deeply integrated. The key objective of the book is to keep up with the new technologies on some recent theoretical development as well as new trends of applications in biometrics. The topics covered in this book reflect well both aspects of development. They include the new development in forensic speaker recognition, 3D and thermo face recognition, finger vein recognition, contact-less biometric system, hand geometry recognition, biometric performance evaluation, multi-biometric template protection, and novel subfields in the new challenge fields. The book consists of 13 chapters. It is divided into four sections, namely, theory and method, performance evaluation, security and template protection, and other applications. Chapter 1 explores the latest techniques which are being deployed in the various branches of speaker recognition, and highlights the technical challenges that need to be overcome. Chapter 2 presents a novel biometric system based on 3D and thermo face recognition, including specify data acquisition, image processing and recognition algorithms. In Chapter 3, the author proposes a scattering removal method for finger-vein image restoration, which is based on a biological optical model which reasonably described the effects of skin scattering. Chapter 4 gives an overarching survey of existing principles of contact-based hand geometry systems and mentions trends in the contact-less systems. Chapter 5 introduces a new subfield, namely, Genetic and Evolutionary Biometrics (GECs), which shows how GECs can be hybridized with a well-known feature extraction technique needed for recognition, recognition accuracy, and computational complexity. Section 2 is a collection of two chapters on performance evaluation. Chapter 6 analyzes the efficiently and reliably whether the state-of-the-art speaker recognition techniques can be employed in this context, as well as the limitations and their strengths to be improved to migrate from old-school manual or semi-automatic techniques to new, reliable and objective automatic methods. Chapter 7 presents the performance evaluation of biometric systems related to three aspects: data quality, usability, and security. Security as respect to the privacy of an individual is focused on emerging trends in this research fields. Section 3 groups two methods for security and template protection. Chapter 8 gives an overarching analysis of existing problems that affect forensic speaker recognition. Chapter 9 provides a solution for the template security protection by multi-biometric fusion. Finally, Section 4 groups a number of novel other biometric approaches or applications. In chapter 10, the author proposes a Likelihood Ratio model using morphometric and spatial analysis based on Support Vector Machine for matching both genuine and close imposter populations typically recovered from AFIS candidate lists. Chapter 11 describes the procedures of biometric solutions for securing body sensor network, including the entity identifiers generation scheme and relevant key distribution solution. Chapter 12 introduces a new, interesting and important research and development works in the skin diseased fingerprint recognition, especially the process of quality estimation of various diseased fingerprint images and the process of fingerprint enhancement. Chapter 13 proposes the algorithms for processing biometric data oriented to privacy protection and preservation of significant parameters. The book was reviewed by editors Dr. Jucheng Yang and Dr. Shanjuan Xie. We deeply appreciate the efforts of our guest editors: Dr. Norman Poh, Dr. Loris Nanni, Dr. Dongsun Park and Dr. Sook Yoon, Dr. Qing Li, Ms. Congcong Xiong as well as a number of anonymous reviewers. Dr. Jucheng Yang Professor Special Professor of Haihe Scholar College of Computer Science and Information Engineering Tianjin University of Science and Technology Tianjin, China Dr. Shanjuan Xie Post-doc Division of Electronics & Information engineering Chonbuk National University Jeonju, Jeonbuk Republic of Korea PrefaceVIII Section 1 Theory and Method [...]... (NAP), and principal component 16 New Trends and Developments in Biometrics 14 New Trends and Developments in Biometrics analysis (PCA) techniques such as the i-vector implementation.[1] In the next few sections, we will briefly look at some recent developments in these and other techniques 5.1 The i-vector model (total variability space) Dehak, et al [54] recombined the channel variability space in the... [19] report developments in classifying the genre of audio, as stemming from different video sources, containing movies, cartoons, news, etc Beigi [77] uses a text and language 20 New Trends and Developments in Biometrics 18 New Trends and Developments in Biometrics independent speaker recognition engine to achieve these goals by performing audio classification The classification problem is posed by Beigi... for gender classification, as seen in [77] 22 New Trends and Developments in Biometrics 20 New Trends and Developments in Biometrics 6.3.2 Music Modeling Beigi [77] classifies musical instruments along with noise and gender of speakers Much in the same spirit as described in Section 6.3.1, [77] has made an effort to choose a variety of different instruments or sets of instruments to be able to cover most... and T Nagarajan Speaker identification using utterances correspond to speaker-specific-text In Students’ Technology Symposium (TechSym), 2011 IEEE, pages 171–174, Jan 2011 28 New Trends and Developments in Biometrics 26 New Trends and Developments in Biometrics [71] Wei Cai, Qiang Li, and Xin Guan Automatic singer identification based on auditory features In Natural Computation (ICNC), 2011 Seventh International... Yang Shao, and DeLiang Wang Robust speaker identification using a casa front-end In Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), 2011 IEEE International Conference on, pages 5468–5471, May 2011 26 New Trends and Developments in Biometrics 24 New Trends and Developments in Biometrics [44] Albert S Bergman Auditory Scene Analysis: The Perceptual Organization of Sound Bradford, 1994 [45] A Vizinho, P... speaker verification Also, we reviewed several developments regarding the i-vector 18 New Trends and Developments in Biometrics 16 New Trends and Developments in Biometrics formulation in Section 5.1 The i-vector has basically been used for speaker verification Many recent papers have dealt with aspects such as LDA, PLDA, and other discriminative aspects of the training Salman, et al [68] use a neural network... section, we will discuss several new features, some of which are variations of cepstral coefficients with a different frequency scaling, such as CFCC, LFCC, EFCC, and GFCC In Section 6.2 we will also see the RMFCC which was used to handle speaker identification for gaming applications Other features 12 New Trends and Developments in Biometrics 10 New Trends and Developments in Biometrics are also discussed,... volume 1, pages 57–62, 2004 [14] Robbie Vogt and Sridha Sridharan Explicit modelling of session variability for speaker verification Computer Speech and Language, 22(1):17–38, Jan 2008 24 New Trends and Developments in Biometrics 22 New Trends and Developments in Biometrics [15] Sahar E Bou-Ghazale and John H L Hansen A comparative study of traditional and newly proposed features for recognition of speech... support vector machines (SVM), and neural networks [1] In Section 6 we will see some other modeling techniques such as non-negative matrix factorization Also, in Section 4, new modeling implementations were used in applying the new features presented in the section Generally, most new modeling techniques use some transformation of the features in order to handle mismatch conditions, such as joint factor analysis... ) γ 2 (9) 6 4 New Trends and Developments in Biometrics New Trends and Developments in Biometrics where x, µ γ ∈ R D and Σ γ : R D �→ R D In Equation 9, µ γ is the mean vector for cluster γ computed from the vectors in that cluster, where, ∆ ∆ µ γ = E {x} = ˆ ∞ x p(x)dx (10) −∞ The sample mean approximation for Equation 10 is, µγ ≈ 1 N xi N i∑ =1 (11) where N is the number of samples and xi are the . NEW TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN BIOMETRICS Edited by Jucheng Yang, Shan Juan Xie New Trends and Developments in Biometrics http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/3420 Edited. 59 Jinfeng Yang, Yihua Shi and Jucheng Yang Chapter 4 Basic Principles and Trends in Hand Geometry and Hand Shape Biometrics 77 Miroslav Bača, Petra Grd and