briefly summarize the content and the importance of learning and memory module explain the influence of technology e g social media smartphone computer on learning and memory

Then, propose some solutions to enhance learning and memory to promote positive personal behavior in study and social environment... Reason for choosing the Topic: - Recognizing Basic

UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMIC HO CHI MINH CITY

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ESSAY

SUBJECT: PSYCHOLOGY

Topic 3: Briefly summarize the content and the importance of learning and

memory module Explain the influence of technology (e.g., social media,

smartphone, computer ) on learning and memory Then, propose some

solutions to enhance learning and memory to promote positive personal

behavior in study and social environment

Lecturer: Hoàng Văn Việt

Term ID: 24D1BUS50327214

Student: Vũ Tuấn Anh 31231027876 -

Ho Chi Minh City, June 15th, 2024

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TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 3

A Reason for choosing the Topic: 3

B Research subjects and scopes: 3

D Researching methods: 3

CHAPTER II: LEARNING & MEMORY MODULES 4

A Learning Modules: 4

I Module 6.1: Behaviorism and Classical Conditioning 4

II Module 6.2: Operant Conditioning 4

III Module 6.3: Observational Learning and Cognitive Processes 5

B Memory Modules: 5

I Module 7.1: Types of Memory: 5

II Module 7.2: Encoding, Storage and Retrieval: 6

III Module 7.3: Improving Memory: 6

-C Importance of Learning and Memory Modules: - 7 -

CHAPTER III: INFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGY ON LEARNING AND MEMORY - 8 -

A Positive Influences: - 8 -

I Access to Information and Resources: 8

II Interactive and Engaging Learning Tools: 8

III Personalized Learning: 8

IV Enhanced Collaboration and Communication: 8

V Multimedia Learning: 9

-B Negative Influences: - 9 -

I Distractions and Reduced Focus: 9

II Information Overload: 9

III Reduced Critical Thinking: 10

IV Negative Emotional and Mental Health Impacts: 10

V Impaired Memory Retention: 10

-CHAPTER IV: SOLUTIONS TO ENHANCE LEARNING AND MEMORY - 11 -

I Mindful Use of Technology: - 11 -

II Active Learning Techniques: - 11 -

III Healthy Study Habits: - 11 -

IV Physical and Mental Well-being: - 11 -

V Enhanced Study Environment: - 11 -

REFERENCES - 12 -

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CHAPTER I:

INTRODUCTION

A Reason for choosing the Topic:

- Recognizing Basic Cognitive Functions Understanding learning and memory modules is :

crucial for therapeutic and educational purposes, enabling the creation of plans to enhance

memory retention and learning effectiveness

- The impact of modern technology on learning and memory is twofold: The widespread use of

technology has significantly impacted our learning and memory processes, necessitating a deeper

understanding of its effects to adapt educational practices and personal habits in the digital age

- Encouraging Positive Personal Conduct: Efficient learning methods can enhance memory and

learning, promote positive study habits, and enhance overall well-being, personal growth, and

academic achievement

B Research subjects and scopes:

I Research subject: Psychology for University Students

II Research scopes:

1 Contents: Content and Importance of Learning and Memory Module;

Influence of Technology on Learning and Memory;

Solutions to Enhance Learning and Memory

2 Time and Location: June 24 , 2024 in VietNam th

C Research tasks:

1 Recognizing basic cognitive functions;

2 Finding the impact of modern technology on learning and memory;

3 Finding solutions to enhance Learning and Memory

D Researching methods:

The theoretical research methods used in this study include gathering and synthesizing

relevant information from books, newspapers, websites, and other research publications

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Following an analysis of the data, research was done on the theoretical underpinnings and

potential remedies

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CHAPTER II:

LEARNING & MEMORY MODULES

A Learning Modules:

I Module 6.1: Behaviorism and Classical Conditioning

- Module 6.1 illustrates how to learn associatively and purveys the foundation and examples

before moving on to more complicated information

- For Behaviorism, we’ll get to know about observable behavior, which is what a person or an

animal does in a specific situation When speaking about this point, Jacob Loeb – an early

advocate of behaviorism – said that animals’ movements aren’t expressions of either will or

purpose but are controlled by their natural environment

- For Classical Conditioning, after seeing Ivan Pavlov’s research and other examples, we can

summarize there are 2 kinds of Conditioning, which lead to 2 types of responses:

• Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) => Unconditioned Response (UCR)

• Conditioned Stimulus (CS) => Conditioned Response (CR)

II Module 6.2: Operant Conditioning

- Module 6.2 points out the impact of consequences in changing behavior and offers useful

applications for training and behavior control

- Operant Conditioning or Instrumental Condition (introduced by B.F Skinner) is the process of

changing behavior by providing a reinforcer or a punishment after a response This refers how

behaviors are influenced by their consequences

- Reinforcement is the process of increasing the future probability of a response that is followed

by a positive consequence It increases the likelihood of a response

• Positive Reinforcement: Adding a desirable stimulus

• Negative Reinforcement: Removing an undesirable stimulus

- Punishment can be either presenting something such as pain, or omitting something such as

food or privileges It decreases the probability of a response

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• Positive Punishment: Adding an undesirable stimulus

• Negative Punishment: Removing a desirable stimulus

- Schedules of Reinforcement:

• A ratio schedule (such as fixed-ratio schedule or variable-ratio schedule) provides

reinforcements depending on the number of responses

• An interval schedule (such as fixed-interval schedule or variable-interval schedule)

provides reinforcements depending on the timing of responses

III Module 6.3: Observational Learning and Cognitive Processes

- Module 6.3 highlights show social factors and cognitive processes play a part in learning It

describes how people may pick up new behaviors just by observing others, even in the absence of

personal experience

- Observational Learning (Social learning, proposed by Albert Bandura): involves learning by

observing the behaviors of others and the consequences of those behaviors

- The Key Processes are:

• Attention

• Retention

• Reproduction

• Motivation

B Memory Modules:

I Module 7.1: Types of Memory:

- Memory is the retention of information

- Explicit (Direct) Memory: State an answer regards it as a product of memory

• Free Recall: A simple method for the researcher, though not for the person tested, to produce

a response, as you do on essay tests or short-answer tests;

• Cued Recall: Receive significant hints about the material;

• Recognition: Choose the correct item among several options;

• Savings (Relearning): Detects weak memories by comparing the speed of original learning to

the speed of relearning

- Implicit (Indirect) Memory: An experience influences what you say or do even though you might

not be aware of the influence

- The Information-Processing View of Memory:

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• Sensory store: maintains an image - an

iconic image - that lasts for only a

fraction of a second;

• Short–term Memory: temporary storage

of recent events;

• Long–term Memory: a more permanent

store;

• Semantic memory: a memory of

principles and facts;

• Episodic memory: memory for specific

events in your life

- Working Memory Model: Introduced by Baddeley and Hitch, explaining how short-term memory

works with different components like the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad

- Chunking: Grouping information into larger, meaningful units to enhance memory capacity

II Module 7.2: Encoding, Storage and Retrieval:

- Encoding: The process of transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory

- Method of study: studying is most effective with spaced sessions, varied procedures, and periodic

testing

- Mnemonics: A specialized technique for using systematic retrieval cues to help people remember

lists of items

- Storage and consolidation: Whereas some memories are lost, others gradually strengthen over

time as we consolidate an episodic memory, we lose some of the details but remember the gist of

the event

- Retrieval: The process of recalling information from memory storage

- Hindsight bias: People often revise their memories, saying that how an event turned out was what

they expected all along

III Module 7.3: Improving Memory:

- Interference: Much of forgetting is due to interference from similar memories

- 7 -

- Traumatic memories: contrary to the concept of repression, research finds that people seldom

forget traumatic memories, except for the forgetting that occurs for almost all memories of early

childhood

- Amnesia after damage to the hippocampus: damage to the hippocampus impairs episodic memory

and the ability to form new long-term memories, but it spares short-term memory and procedural

memory

- Role of the hippocampus: the hippocampus indexes and links long-term memory traces stored in

the cerebral cortex

C Importance of Learning and Memory Modules:

I Foundation of Cognitive Processes:

- Learning and memory are essential for understanding how individuals acquire, store, and retrieve

information

- These modules provide insights into the mechanisms behind skill acquisition, knowledge retention,

and cognitive development

II Applications in Education and Therapy:

- Knowledge from these modules aids in developing effective teaching methods and learning

strategies

- It is crucial for creating interventions for memory-related disorders and cognitive impairments,

improving quality of life

III Enhancing Personal and Professional Development:

- Understanding learning and memory processes can help individuals optimize their study habits and

work performance

- These insights can lead to better personal time management and more efficient learning techniques,

fostering continuous growth

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CHAPTER III :

INFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGY ON LEARNING AND MEMORY

A Positive Influences:

Technology improves learning and memory by giving users access to a multitude of

materials, creating individualized and engaging learning experiences, and promoting teamwork and

communication It also helps with productivity enhancement, study material organization, and

efficient memory retention strategies Using these technology tools, students can improve their

memory retention and learning results

I Access to Information and Resources:

- Online Databases and Libraries:

• Students have access to vast amounts of information through online databases, academic

journals, and digital libraries Example: Google Classroom

- E-books and Online Textbooks:

• Digital textbooks and e-books provide convenient and portable access to learning materials

Example: UEH Library, Wattpad

II Interactive and Engaging Learning Tools:

- Educational Apps and Games: Apps and games designed for education can make learning more

engaging and fun, reinforcing knowledge through interactive content Example: Duolingo

- Simulations and Virtual Labs: Virtual labs and simulations offer hands-on experience in a safe and

controlled digital environment

III Personalized Learning:

- Adaptive Learning Platforms:

• These platforms use algorithms to adjust the learning material based on the student's

performance and learning pace

- AI Tutors:

• Artificial intelligence tutors provide personalized feedback and assistance to students,

helping them understand concepts better Example: Chat GPT

IV Enhanced Collaboration and Communication:

- Online Discussion Forums and Study Groups:

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• Students can collaborate and discuss topics with peers and experts worldwide through

forums and study groups Example: Reddit’s r/AskAcademia, QandA, Google Docs

- Video Conferencing and Virtual Classrooms:

• Platforms like Zoom and Google Meet allow real-time interaction between students and

teachers, facilitating distance learning Example: Zoom, Microsoft Teams

V Multimedia Learning:

- Videos and Podcasts: Educational videos and podcasts provide alternative ways to understand and

retain information Example: Youtube, Spotify

- Infographics and Visual Aids: Visual aids such as infographics help simplify complex information,

making it easier to remember Example: Canva for creating infographics

B Negative Influences:

While there are many advantages to technology for learning, there are also drawbacks These

include information overload, distractions, diminished critical thinking, negative emotional effects,

and memory loss As such, it is important to use digital tools in educational settings with awareness

and balance Students may maximize the benefits of technology while reducing its negative impacts

by being aware of and taking steps to mitigate these negative consequences

I Distractions and Reduced Focus:

- Social Media and Notifications:

• Constant notifications from social media, messaging apps, and emails interrupt study

sessions, reducing focus and productivity Example: A study by Rosen et al (2013) found

that students who used Facebook during study sessions had lower grades

- Multitasking:

• Trying to multitask with multiple devices leads to divided attention and poorer performance

on tasks Example: Ophir, Nass, and Wagner (2009) showed that heavy media multitaskers

had weaker cognitive control and were more easily distracted

II Information Overload:

- Cognitive Overload:

• The sheer volume of information available online can overwhelm students, making it hard to

filter and process essential details Example: Sparrow, Liu, and Wegner (2011) found that

reliance on search engines reduces the ability to recall information

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- Shallow Processing:

• Quick access to information can lead to superficial processing rather than deep

understanding and long-term retention Example: Carr (2010) in "The Shallows" argued that

the internet encourages skimming rather than deep reading

III Reduced Critical Thinking:

- Overreliance on Search Engines:

• Dependence on quick searches for answers can discourage critical thinking and

problem-solving skills Example: A study by Betsy Sparrow (2011) indicated that people are more

likely to forget information that they can easily look up

- Decreased Analytical Skills:

• Lack of engagement in deep analytical thinking due to the ease of finding answers online

Example: A survey by the American Psychological Association (2017) showed that students

felt technology hindered their ability to think critically

IV Negative Emotional and Mental Health Impacts:

- Anxiety and Stress:

• The pressure to constantly check updates and notifications can lead to anxiety and stress,

affecting learning and memory Example: Primack et al (2017) linked social media use to

higher levels of depression and anxiety among young adults

- Sleep Disruption:

• Excessive screen time, especially before bed, disrupts sleep patterns, impairing memory

consolidation and cognitive performance Example: A study by Czeisler et al (2014) found

that screen exposure before bedtime delayed sleep onset and reduced sleep quality

V Impaired Memory Retention:

- Digital Amnesia:

• Overreliance on digital devices for storing information leads to poorer memory retention,

known as digital amnesia Example: Research by Kaspersky Lab (2015) revealed that many

people do not remember important information because they know it is stored on their

devices

- Reduced Active Recall:

• Reliance on technology reduces the practice of active recall, which is crucial for

strengthening memory Example: Studies show that active recall and spaced repetition are