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BIOFUEL PRODUCTION – RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND PROSPECTS Edited by Marco Aurélio dos Santos Bernardes Biofuel Production – Recent Developments and Prospects Edited by Marco Aurélio dos Santos Bernardes Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Petra Zobic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright Mikael Damkier, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published September, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Biofuel Production – Recent Developments and Prospects, Edited by Marco Aurélio dos Santos Bernardes p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-478-8 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Biodiesel 1 Chapter 1 Abiotic Stress Diagnosis via Laser Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence Analysis in Plants for Biofuel 3 Artur S. Gouveia-Neto, Elias Arcanjo da Silva-Jr, Patrícia C. Cunha, Ronaldo A. Oliveira-Filho, Luciana M. H. Silva, Ernande B. da Costa, Terezinha J. R. Câmara and Lilia G. Willadino Chapter 2 Is It Possible to Use Biodiesel as a Reference Material? 23 Dalni Malta do E. Santo Filho, José Renato R. Siqueira, Renata Martins H. Borges, Claudio Roberto da C. Rodrigues, Alex Pablo F. Barbosa, José Júlio P. dos Santos Júnior and Roberto G. Pereira Chapter 3 First Generation Biodiesel 45 Guomin Xiao and Lijing Gao Part 2 Bioethanol 65 Chapter 4 Bioethanol – What Has Brazil Learned About Yeasts Inhabiting the Ethanol Production Processes from Sugar Cane? 85 Maria da Graça Stupiello Andrietta, Sílvio Roberto Andrietta and Érika Nogueira Andrade Stupiello Chapter 5 Ethanol Production in Brazil: The Industrial Process and Its Impact on Yeast Fermentation 85 Luiz Carlos Basso, Thiago Olitta Basso and Saul Nitsche Rocha Chapter 6 Ethanol Reforming in the Dynamic Plasma - Liquid Systems 101 Valeriy Ya. Chernyak, Eugen V. Martysh, Sergei V. Olszewski, Vitalij V. Yukhymenko, Sergei M. Sidoruk, Oleg A. Nedybaliuk, Iryna V. Prysiazhnevych, Anatolij I. Shchedrin and Dmitry S. Levko VI Contents Chapter 7 Developing Organisms for Consolidated Bioprocessing of Biomass to Ethanol 137 Willem H. van Zyl, Riaan den Haan and Daniel C. la Grange Chapter 8 Latest Frontiers in the Biotechnologies for Ethanol Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass 163 De Canio Paola, De Bari Isabella and Romano Patrizia Part 3 Cellulosic Biofuel 197 Chapter 9 Novel Approaches to Improve Cellulase Biosynthesis for Biofuel Production – Adjusting Signal Transduction Pathways in the Biotechnological Workhorse Trichoderma reesei 199 Doris Tisch and Monika Schmoll Chapter 10 Detoxification of Lignocellulosic Hydrolysates for Improved Bioethanol Production 225 Anuj K. Chandel, Silvio Silvério da Silva and Om V. Singh Chapter 11 Biofuel From Cellulosic Mass with Incentive for Feed Industry Employing Thermophilic Microbes 247 Javed Iqbal Qazi, Naureen Chaudhary and Saima Shahzad Mirza Chapter 12 Kinetic Modelling of Dilute Acid Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass 293 P. Lenihan, A. Orozco, E. O’Neill, M.N.M. Ahmad, D.W. Rooney, C. Mangwandi and G.M. Walker Chapter 13 Trichoderma reesei: A Fungal Enzyme Producer for Cellulosic Biofuels 309 Bernhard Seiboth, Christa Ivanova and Verena Seidl-Seiboth Part 4 Biofuels Generalities 341 Chapter 14 Application of Response Surface Methodology to Optimize Alkali Concentration, Corn Stover Particle Size, and Extruder Parameters for Maximum Sugar Recovery 343 Chinnadurai Karunanithy and Kasiviswanathan Muthukumarappan Chapter 15 Innovative Biological Solutions to Challenges in Sustainable Biofuels Production 375 Xiaohan Yang, Ting Li, David Weston, Abhijit Karve, Jessy L. Labbe, Lee E. Gunter, Poornima Sukumar, Anne Borland, Jin-Gui Chen, Stan D. Wullschleger, Timothy J. Tschaplinski and Gerald A. Tuskan Chapter 16 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Biofuels 415 Armando T. Quitain, Shunsaku Katoh and Motonobu Goto Contents VII Chapter 17 Fertilizer Potential of Biofuel Byproducts 437 Amber Moore Chapter 18 The Past, Present, and Future of Biofuels – Biobutanol as Promising Alternative 451 Köpke Michael, Noack Steffi and Dürre Peter Chapter 19 DMF - A New Biofuel Candidate 487 Guohong Tian, Ritchie Daniel and Hongming Xu Chapter 20 Biofuels: From Hopes to Reality 521 Carioca J.O.B., Friedrich, H. and Ehrenberger, S. Chapter 21 Bioproduction of Hydrogen with the Assistance of Electrochemical Technology 547 Soundarrajan Chandrasekaran and Dachamir Hotza Chapter 22 A Genetic-Fuzzy System for Modelling of Selected Processes in Diesel Engine Fuelled by Biofuels 561 Michał Kekez and Leszek Radziszewski Chapter 23 Determination of the Impact of Biogas on the Engine Oil Condition Using a Sensor Based on Corrosiveness 577 C. Schneidhofer, S. Sen and N. Dörr Preface Over the past 20 years, there has been a substantial increase in research and development in the area of biofuels. Many researchers around the world have dealt with environmental, economic, policy and technical subjects aspects relating to these studies. In a way, this book aspires to be a comprehensive summary of current biofuels issues and thereby contribute to the understanding of this important topic. Chapters include digests on: the development efforts on biofuels, their implications for the food industry, current and future biofuels crops, the successful Brazilian ethanol program, insights of the first, second, third and fourth biofuel generations, advanced biofuel production techniques, related waste treatment, emissions and environmental impacts, water consumption, produced allergens and toxins. Relating theoretical and experimental analyses with many important applied purposes of current relevance will make this book extremely useful for researchers, scientists, engineers and graduate students, who can make use of the experimental and theoretical investigations, assessment and enhancement techniques described in this multidisciplinary field. Additionally, the biofuel policy discussion is expected to be continuing in the foreseeable future and the reading of the biofuels features dealt with in this book, are recommended for anyone interested in understanding this diverse and developing theme. Dr Ing. Marco Aurélio dos Santos Bernardes Researcher Energy & Environment and LCA, CRP Henri Tudor, CRTE, Luxembourg [...]... stress of maize and wheat canopies by means of spectral resolved laser induced fluorescence Advances in Remote Sensing, Vol 1, pp 12-19, 1017-4613 Francis, G., Edinger, R., Becker, A (2005) A concept for simultaneous wasteland reclamation, fuel production, and socioeconomic development in degraded areas in 20 Biofuel Production – Recent Developments and Prospects India Need, potential, and perspective... commercialized, it is of worth to evaluate all parameters regarding production and the possibility of certification of the reference material 26 Biofuel Production – Recent Developments and Prospects National Metrology Institute Primary Standard Primary Method Certified Reference Material Key comparison Participation (BIPM) SI Traceability Secondary Standard Certified Reference Material Final Users Fig 2 Example... Júnior¹ and Roberto G Pereira² 1 Inmetro, Brazil 2 UFF/TEM/PGMEC/MSG, Brazil * 24 Biofuel Production – Recent Developments and Prospects definition of the material candidate, planning the steps for the preparation of the material, the fulfillment of reference material characterization, homogeneity and stability tests, and, as consequence, the emission of a certificate for the reference material with... substrate The analysis of chlorophyll a and b content in the leaves was effectuated according to Arnon’s methodology (Arnon, 1949) We have performed our experiment in a completely 10 Biofuel Production – Recent Developments and Prospects randomized design, with five replicates per treatment, producing a total of 35 experimental units during the period of 32 days A randomized design experiment was also... as demonstrated by Agati (Agati, 1998), and Louis and co-workers Chl Fluorescence(a.u.) 1.0 0.8 (5) 0.6 Excitation 385 nm(1) 405 nm(2) 470 nm(3) 590 nm(4) 627 nm(5) (4) (3) (2) (1) 0.4 0.2 0.0 650 700 750 Wavelength(nm) 800 850 Fig 5 Emission spectrum of Saccharum officinarum at different excitation wavelengths 8 Biofuel Production – Recent Developments and Prospects (Louis et al, 2006) for bean leaves... Manoj, K., Sushana, C (.2010) Evaluation and genetic polymorphism studies of jatropha (Jatropha curcas) for water stress tolerance Journal of Stress Physiology & Biochemistry, Vol 6, pp 11-18, 1997-0838 22 Biofuel Production – Recent Developments and Prospects Ventrella, A., Catucci, L., Piletska, E., Piletsky, S., Agostiano, A (2009) Interactions between heavy metals and photosynthetic materials studied... exhibit a fluorescence emission spectrum in PHOTONS Chlox Fig 2 Energy transfer (top) and light energy funneled to the reaction center (bottom) 6 Biofuel Production – Recent Developments and Prospects Fig 3 Absorption spectrum of pigments antenna of green leaves two distinct spectral regions blue-green (400-550 nm) and red-far-red (650-800 nm) However, in our case the fluorescence intensity of the blue-green... evolution for a 32 days period of time and several stress intensities (NaCl concentration) was studied and the results are depicted in Fig 10 Jatropha curcas Fr/FFr ratio 3.0 2.5 B control C 25 mM D 50 mM E 75 mM F 100 mM G 150 mM H 200 mM 2.0 0 1 2 3 4 Time(x5days) 5 Fig 10 Chlorophyll fluorescence ratio as a function of time 6 14 Biofuel Production – Recent Developments and Prospects The results clearly show... 0.04% Mn-EDTA) and 840 mg L-1 nitrate Calcium (Viking Ship ® - 15.5% 19.0% N and Ca) This procedure was carried out throughout the whole investigation After five days of germination, seedlings were selected based upon health and similarity in height and leaf number, and then were transferred to pots made of polyethylene with 10 kg maximum capacity, and containing washed sand substrate The sand was covered... and will not provoke economical losses Our aim here, is to exploit laserinduced fluorescence signatures from plants to evaluate the effect of abiotic stresses (water * Elias Arcanjo da Silva-Jr, Patrícia C Cunha, Ronaldo A Oliveira-Filho, Luciana M H Silva, Ernande B da Costa, Terezinha J R Câmara and Lilia G Willadino Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Brazil 4 Biofuel Production – Recent Developments . BIOFUEL PRODUCTION – RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND PROSPECTS Edited by Marco Aurélio dos Santos Bernardes Biofuel Production – Recent Developments and Prospects. Ernande B. da Costa, Terezinha J. R. Câmara and Lilia G. Willadino Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Brazil Biofuel Production – Recent Developments and Prospects 4 deficit and. orders@intechweb.org Biofuel Production – Recent Developments and Prospects, Edited by Marco Aurélio dos Santos Bernardes p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-478-8 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals