MEDICAL COMPLICATIONS OF TYPE 2 DIABETES potx

MEDICAL COMPLICATIONS OF TYPE DIABETES Edited by Colleen Croniger                             Medical Complications of Type Diabetes Edited by Colleen Croniger Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book Publishing Process Manager Mirna Cvijic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright Robyn Mackenzie, 2010 Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published August, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Medical Complications of Type Diabetes, Edited by Colleen Croniger p cm 978-953-307-363-7 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com     Contents   Preface IX Part Insulin Resistance Chapter Insulin Secretion and Actions Sarawut Jitrapakdee and Briony E Forbes Chapter The Oral Glucose Tolerance Test: An Old but Irreplaceable Test to Evaluate Glucose Metabolism and Cardiovascular Risk 27 Gian Paolo Fra, Ettore Bartoli and Gian Piero Carnevale Schianca Chapter The Role of Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein (PTHRP) in the Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus Ioannis Legakis Chapter Part Chapter Impaired Vascular BK Channel Function in Type Diabetes Mellitus Tong Lu and Hon-Chi Lee Endothelial Cells and Type Diabetes 39 53 71 Endothelial Progenitor Cell Dysfunction in Diabetes Mellitus Type-2: Focus on Nitric Oxide System Saher Hamed Chapter Glycaemic Control and Protection of the Vasculature from Glucose Toxicity 87 Hong Ding and Chris R Triggle Chapter Endothelial Dysfunction and Therapeutic Intervention in Type Diabetes Fernando Grover Páez 111 73 VI Contents Part Genetics of Type Diabetes 143 Chapter Using Gene Expression Signatures to Dissect Insulin Resistance Subtypes 145 Brad Hayward, Nicky Konstantopoulos and Ken R Walder Chapter The Role of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of Untranslated Regions (Utrs) in Insulin Resistance Pathogenesis in Patients with Type Diabetes 165 Małgorzata Małodobra Chapter 10 Genetics of Endothelial Damage Associated to Diabetes Mellitus Type 189 Lorena García, Carlos Wolff, Verónica Araya, Gloria López, Sergio Lobos, Pilar Durruty and Daniela Seelenfreund Chapter 11 Functional Context Network of T2DM Anja Thormann and Axel Rasche Part Complications of Type Diabetes 213 231 Chapter 12 Sarcopenia, Sarcopenic Obesity and Insulin Resistance 233 John A Batsis and Silvio Buscemi Chapter 13 Type Diabetes and Pancreatic Cancer – A Possible Reason 257 Parviz M Pour Chapter 14 Pathophysiology in Type Diabetes – Type Diabetes and Sleep-Disordered Breathing/Sleep Apnea – Role of Adipocytokines Ken Kishida Part 267 Treatments and Therapy 277 Chapter 15 Can Bariatric or Metabolic Surgery Cure Type Diabetes? 279 Gustavo P S Miguel, Perseu Carvalho, João Luiz Azevedo, Murilo Hosken Júnior, Évelyn Zambrana, Otávio Azevedo and Isaac Abreu Chapter 16 Nuclear Imaging of Glucose Transport/Metabolism – An Interesting Tool to Screen Insulin Resistance, Refine Diagnosis of Type Diabetes, Understand Disease Mechanisms, and/or Evaluate New Therapies P Perret, M Henri, L Slimani, D.Fagret and C Ghezzi 291 Contents Chapter 17 Targeting PKA Signaling to Prevent Metabolic Syndrome and Delay Aging 303 Linda C Enns and Warren C Ladiges Chapter 18 Targeting AMPK for Therapeutic Intervention in Type Diabetes Mohamed Kodiha and Ursula Stochaj Chapter 19 Chapter 20 321 Design and Evaluation of a Complex Phytoceutical Formulation for Circulatory Diseases J Olalde, A Antoshechkin, O del Castillo, R Guzmán and F Améndola 349 Effectiveness of Fenugreek for Lowering Hemoglobin (HbA1c) in Patients with Self-Management of Type Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial 393 Rashid Ansari and Saiqaa Ansari VII   Preface   Obesity and type diabetes are increasing worldwide problems In this book we reviewed insulin secretion in both healthy individuals and in patients with type diabetes Because of the risk associated with progression from insulin resistance to diabetes and cardiovascular complications increases along a continuum, we included several chapters on the damage of endothelial cells in type diabetes and genetic influences on endothelial cell dysfunction Cardiovascular complications occur at a much lower glucose levels, thus a review on the oral glucose tolerance test compared to other methods was included The medical conditions associated with type diabetes such as pancreatic cancer, sarcopenia and sleep disordered breathing with diabetes were also discussed The book concludes with several chapters on the treatments for this disease offering us hope in prevention and successful alleviation of the co-morbidities associated with obesity and type diabetes   Colleen Croniger Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland,Ohio US 398 Medical Complications of Type Diabetes Sample size Authors Study Type Condition Gupta (2001) Randomized Controlled Trials (Double-blinded) Type diabetes (hyperlipidemia) N =25 Raghuram (1994) Randomized Controlled Trials (crossover study) Type diabetes N =10 Sharma (1990) Randomized Controlled Trials (crossover study Type diabetes N =25 Neeraja (1996) Case series with matched controls Type diabetes N =12 Moosa et al (2006) Randomized Controlled Trials Type diabetes (hyperlipidemia) N =30 Results Improved fasting glucose with fenugreek seeds and diet/exercise Improved peripheral glucose utilization with fenugreek seed supplementation Improvement in reported diabetic symptoms Improvement of acute glycemic response with raw fenugreek seed powder Reduced serum total cholesterol with the use of fenugreek Table Summary of Randomized Controlled Trials evaluating the use of fenugreek in diabetes Method of patient selection The patients were recruited from the diabetic medical centre in rural area of Peshawar conducting the study of management of type diabetes among the population aged 30-65 years The patients were eligible and subjected to further screening if their records were found in the clinic database as patients with diabetes and had HbA1c >= 7.0% on a laboratory blood test during the last months Patients having coexisting liver, kidney or thyroid disorder were not included in the study Also, the patients with allergy to fenugreek were excluded from the study The Word Health Organization (WHO, 2006) diabetes criteria were followed in the selection of the patients with diabetes as indicated in Table Condition Normal Impaired fasting glycaemia Impaired glucose tolerance Diabetes mellitus hour glucose mmol/l(mg/dl)