a study on english noun phrases in forewords of english novels with reference to vietnamese equivalents

A STUDY ON ENGLISH NOUN PHRASES IN FOREWORDS OF ENGLISH NOVELS WITH REFERENCE TO VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS Nghiên cứu về cụm danh từ tiếng Anh trong lời nói đầu của tiểu thuyết tiếng Anh

Rationale for the study

Researching noun phrases in equivalent English and Vietnamese novel forewords is an interesting and meaningful research field These studies can help us better understand the languages, cultures and societies of these two countries

Noun Phrase is an important and flexible sentence element that can play many different roles in a sentence Understanding the role of noun phrases will help us use language more accurately and effectively

Forewords are usually written by the author themselves, giving a unique perspective on the novel They introduce themes, characters, and the author's purpose Examining noun phrases in this context reveals how writers construct meaning and foreshadowing elements in the novel

In comparison with Vietnamese equivalents, comparing English noun phrases with Vietnamese noun phrases shows the complexity of translating between languages It shows differences in Syntax, Vocabulary Choices, Idioms and Cultural References

In summary, studying English noun phrases in forewords of English novels with reference to Vietnamese equivalents offers valuable insights into the intersection of language, culture, and translation It provides a nuanced understanding of how meaning is conveyed across languages and cultures.

Aims and objectives of the study

The overall aim of this study is to gain a deeper understanding of how noun phrases function in English novel forewords and how they are used in Vietnamese equivalents

This study pursues the following objectives:

On the one hand, the study aims to analyze the syntactic and semantic functions of noun phrases used in forewords of English novels with reference to Vietnamese equivalents

On the other hand, the study also compares and contrasts the use of noun phrases in English and Vietnamese forewords This analysis may reveal differences in sentence structure, information emphasis, and cultural references

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University

Research questions

“What are the syntactic and semantic functions of noun phrases in forewords of English and Vietnamese novels?”

“What are the similarities and differences between noun phrases of foreword in English and Vietnamese in terms of structure and function?”

This question is an investigation into the structural and semantic differences and similarities between noun phrases in two languages, especially in the context of forewords in English novels This study helps explore aspects such as word order, syntactic structure, vocabulary choice and cultural nuances in expressing similar ideas through noun phrases in English and Vietnamese.

Scope of the study

Noun phrases play an important role in our daily lives because they help us express our intentions and communicate more effectively In addition, noun phrases are also a necessary component of a well-structured sentence They act as a subject, object, complement, etc There are many scientific research articles on the topic of noun phrases in many different fields around the world However, almost no one has researched noun phrases in the forewords of novels and how they are used in translation And I believe that the foreword also has its own functions with its own language structures Therefore, this study will analyze some of the most common syntactic and semantic features in English noun phrases and compare them with Vietnamese noun phrases This study will focus mainly on the forewords of five English novels and their equivalent Vietnamese translations The data analyzed will include typical written examples extracted from collected documents and excerpts from novels such as:

• Ghost in the Wires: My Adventures as the World's Most Wanted Hacker by Kevin Mitnick (2011)

(Bóng ma trên mạng: cuộc phiêu lưu của hacker bị truy nã gắt gao nhất thế giới) - Tran Thanh Huong và LeVN (2018)

• Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring by J.R.R Tolkien (2012)

(Chúa tể những chiếc nhẫn: đoàn hộ nhẫn (quyển 1)) - Nguyen Thi Thu Yen

• The 3 Mistakes of My Life by Chetan Bhagat (2014)

(Ba Sai Lầm Của Đời Tôi) - KAY (2014)

• Three Men in a Boat by Jerome K Jerome (2004)

(Ba Gã Cùng Thuyền) - Petal Le (05-2010)

• Murder in Mesopotamia by Agatha Christie (1987)

(Vụ Án Mạng Ở Vùng Mesopotamie) - Duong Linh (2001)

Significance of the study

Studying English noun phrases and their equivalents in Vietnamese brings many important meanings for learning and using language effectively Studying the structure and function of noun phrases helps learners understand how to organize and use components in noun phrases correctly Therefore, learners can use grammatically correct noun phrases and convey information clearly Besides, it also helps learners identify equivalent elements in the two languages, thus translating noun phrases accurately and naturally In addition, studying noun phrases helps learners expand their vocabulary, improve grammar and develop the ability to use language flexibly and creatively

In short, studying English noun phrases and their equivalents in Vietnamese brings many practical benefits for learning and using the language This research helps learners clearly understand the structure and function of noun phrases, improve translation abilities, develop language skills and apply knowledge effectively in practice.

Research method

Descriptive method: This method involves a detailed description of noun phrases, including their structure, composition and function in the sentence The syntactic and semantic features of noun phrases in both languages can be compared and contrasted to identify similarities and differences

Analysis-Synthesis Technique: This method involves dividing noun phrases into constituent parts and analyzing their syntactic and semantic functions The parts can then be synthesized to better understand the function of noun phrases in sentences

Compare and contrast method: This method involves comparing and contrasting noun phrases in both languages to identify similarities and differences in structure and meaning By doing so, it sheds light on the variations in the utilization of noun phrases between the two languages.

Design of the study

The study includes three main sections:

In the first part - INTRODUCTION, the author provides the rationale, aim and objectives, questions, scope, significance, method, and design of the study

In the second part, it covers three chapters:

• CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW, this provided the definitions of noun phrases, structures of noun phrases, and syntactic and semantic functions of the study

• CHAPTER 2: The author analyzes the syntactic functions of noun phrases in the forewords of the novels selected above and equivalent noun phrases in the Vietnamese translation Then, the similarities and differences in their syntactic functions are presented

• CHAPTER 3: The author analyzes the semantic functions of noun phrases in the forewords of the novels selected above and equivalent noun phrases in the Vietnamese translation Then, the similarities and differences in their semantic functions are presented

In the last part CONCLUSION, the study presents recapitulation and implications for teaching and learning noun phrases

LITERATURE REVIEW

Noun phrases in English

1.1.1 Definitions of English noun phrases

There are numerous variations of noun phrase definitions According to The Cambridge Dictionary (2023) [1], noun phrase is a group of words in a sentence that together behave as a noun For instance, in the sentence "Do you know the man sitting in the chair?" which "the man sitting in the chair" is noun phrase

In The Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries (2023) [2], noun phrase is a word or group of words in a sentence that behaves in the same way as a noun, that is as a subject, an object, a complement, or as the object of a preposition As an example, in the sentence “I spoke to the waiter of the restaurant” which “the waiter of the restaurant” is a noun phrase

Besides, in the book “Analyzing English: An introduction to descriptive linguistics" by Howard Jackson (1982) [3], the noun phrase in English is composed potentially of three parts The central part of the noun phrase, the head, is obligatory: it is the minimal requirement for the occurrence of a noun phrase The other two parts are optionally occurring The head may be preceded by some pre- modifications, and it may be followed by some post-modifications For example, in the noun phrase “that old car in the drive”, “car” constitutes the head; “that old” is the pre-modification, and “in the drive” is the post-modification

In summary, there are many different views about noun phrases, including their functions, roles and constituent components However, all definitions include some common features, which include the constituents of noun phrases and their relational dynamics

1.1.2 Structures of English noun phrases

According to the book “The Oxford English Grammar” by Sidney Greenbaun (1996) [4], a noun phrase has as its head a noun, a pronoun, a nominal adjective, or a numeral We can represent the structure of the typical noun phrase (NP) that has a noun as its head

Diagram 1.1 Structure of English noun phrase

Open-class by Adjectives by Verbs (-ed, -ing) by Noun Noun head

Post-modification by Adverbs /Prepositional phrases by Non-finite clauses by Relative clauses

The head noun plays an important role and is an indispensable element in English noun phrase The head of a noun phrase may be a noun or a pronoun:

My brother bought a book yesterday

( noun as head of noun phrase)

She was a friend of Nam’s

( pronoun as head of noun phrase)

In English grammar, it defines pre-modification as the placement of words before the head noun in a phrase This can involve both closed-class words (pre- determiners, determiners, and post-determiners) and open-class words (adjectives, verbs, and nouns) a Closed-class

Pre-determiners (words preceeding determiners) include:

Inclusives: all, both, half…(e.g all the students…)

Multipliers: double, twice, three times…

Fractions: one-third, two-third…(e.g one-third of the books…)

Determiners: there are six subclasses

Article: a, an, the (e.g an old car, the student,…)

Possessive: my, your, his, her, their, our (e.g my book, your car, his pen,…)

Demonstrative: that, this, these, those…(e.g this bag, these books,…) Interrogative: whose, which, what, why, where, how…(which color…) Indefinite: some, any, every, each, another, few, little…( some milk, every student…)

Quantifier: much, many, a lot, plenty, enough…( much money, many students,…)

Quantifiers: closed-system (many, few, little…) and opened-class (a lot of,…)

Numerals: Cardinal: one, two, three,

Ordinal: first, second, third,… b Open-class

Adjectives are the most common type of word used for pre-modification

By placing adjectives before nouns, we create a noun phrase that provides a clearer picture of the person, place or thing about various aspects such as opinion, size, age, shape, color, origin, material, purpose

[determiner-quantity]+[opinion, size, age, shape, color, origin, material, purpose]+[noun]

Table 1.1: Pre-modification by adjectives

Adjectives Opinion Bad, good, beautiful…

Purpose Washing machine, hound dog…

Pre-modification by Verbs (-ing participles, -ed participles)

The pre-modification of noun phrases by verb participles can provide more information and insight into the nature of the noun Two verb participles commonly used for pre-modification are the “-ing” and “-ed” participles

When “-ing” participles are used, these describe a temporary or permanent state of action related to the noun For example, "The cooking chef" indicates that the chef is cooking

When “-ed” participles are used, these describe completed actions or resulting states For example, "the painted house" shows the house has been painted

Therefore, pre-modification by verb participles can be a powerful tool for providing specific information about the noun being described concisely and meaningfully

There are three types of noun pre-modification by nouns such as the genitive noun, the common-case noun, and the series of nouns

The genitive noun involves using the possessive form of a noun (ending in “ 's” or “s' “) to modify another noun It expresses possession, origin, or relationship For instance, “The student’s pen”, means that the pen belongs to the student

The common-case noun describes a noun that is not modified or modified by another common-case noun, like “the coffee shop”, “the art museum” and “the library book”

Meanwhile, a series of nouns describes a string of connected or dependent nouns that convey a more complex idea For examples, “the new product launch marketing strategy” and “the birthday cake”

According to Howard Jackson, the post-modification position in a noun phrase is mostly commonly filled not by specific word classes or subclasses, but by phrases or clauses There are three kinds of phrasal/clausal post-modification occur such as adverbs phrase/ prepositional phrases, non-finite clauses and relative clauses a Post-modification by adverbs phrase/ prepositional phrase

Noun phrases can be modified with additional information through adverbs and prepositional phrases This type of modification known as post- modification, can provide more information about the time, manner, degree and place of the noun

• Manner: How something is done

• Degree: The extent or intensity of something

For example, we can use this technique to indicate the time of a scheduled event, like “The performance scheduled for next Monday”

Alternatively, post-modification can also be used to describe how a noun behaves or what it possesses, such as “A woman of two children” or “A biologist with extraordinary talent and skill.”

Additionally, we can use this technique to identify the location of a noun, like “The car on the corner by the park.” b Post-modification by non-finite clause

Non-finite clauses are clauses usually without subjects, introduced by a non-finite form of the verb There are three main types of non-finite clauses used for post-modification such as:

Example: This is a novel to read again and again

Example: The man walking down the street

Example: The movie filmed in England was a huge success

By employing non-finite clauses to modify noun phrases, the writer can provide more information and add specificity to their message, allowing them to communicate their thoughts more clearly and accurately c Post-modification by the relative clause

Relative clauses are groups of words that provide additional information about a noun or pronoun (the head noun) They function as post-modifiers, appearing after the head noun and providing specific details that further define or describe it

They can be classified as either restrictive (essential) or non- restrictive (non-essential)

Noun phrases in Vietnamese

1.2.1 Definitions of Vietnamese noun phrases

As Nguyen Tai Can [6], when nouns are used to hold a particular position or function within a sentence, they are often accompanied by additional elements that together form a noun phrase The noun acts as the head of the phrase, while the modifications exist in pre-modification and post-modification

Example: Một nhóm học sinh trung học

Một cuốn sách hữu ích

Pre-modification(1) (2) head Post-modification

According to “Giáo trình ngữ pháp tiếng Việt” by Diep Quang Ban [7], a noun phrase is a free combination of words without a leading conjunction, with a main-subordinate relationship between the main component and the subordinate component, and the main component is the noun The general structure of a noun phrase includes three parts: the head (central part), the pre-modification, and the post-modification The central part is usually a noun or a noun phrase The pre- modification tends to feature numerical elements and progressively increases generality towards the head of the phrase The post-modification, on the other hand, is comprised of additional components that gradually add specificity and specificity to the central part of the phrase

Tất cả những cái con mèo trắng ấy

In noun phrases, as we can see, the distribution of the preceding and following subordinate elements is quite strict These are subclasses of words that differ quite clearly in terms of word type (subtype) and syntactic function However, in the organization and operation of phrases, there also exist some phenomena that are not simple

In summary, a noun phrase in Vietnamese consists of a central part which is a noun, and supporting elements These elements are divided into two parts: some components come before the central noun (the pre-modification); other components come after the central noun (the post-modification) A complete noun phrase includes three parts: the pre-modification, the head (the central part), and the post-modification Besides, an incomplete noun phrase could have only two parts, the pre-modification and the head, or the head and the post-modification

1.2.2 Structure of Vietnamese noun phrases

The structure of noun phrases in Vietnamese is similar to noun phrases in English It is related to the three main components, the head noun, and two minor components, pre-modification and post-modification

Diagram 1.2: Structure of Vietnamese noun phrases

The head (central part) The main noun

When discussing the central part of a noun phrase, we need to pay attention to distinguishing the following cases:

The central part in a noun phrase contains both pre-modifier and post- modifier

Pre-modifier + The head + Post-modifier

Tất cả những cậu học sinh đó

The central part in a noun phrase does not contain pre-modifier

The central part in a noun phrase has pre-modifier

1.2.2.2 The pre-modification (Pre-modifier)

Many modifiers can appear simultaneously in the prehead of a noun phrase These modifiers can be distributed in specific positions In the pre-modification of noun phrases in Vietnamese, there are various types of modification: Classifiers, articles, numerals, the particle "cái" quantifiers, and measure phrases

Classifiers are an essential feature of Vietnamese noun phrases, acting as function words placed before nouns to classify them and provide additional information You can add a classifier to a noun phrase, which is an optional element that goes right before the noun, such as “cuốn sách” (book) or "cái ghế"

(chair) However, classifiers cannot be alone; they have to be with a noun There are various classifiers in Vietnamese, including "con”, “cuốn”, “quyển”, “cái”,

“cây”, “tòa", “quả”, “chiếc”, “lá”, “việc”, and “chuyện"

Vietnamese nouns are unique in that they don't show singular or plural forms However, when a classifier precedes a noun, it implies a singular meaning, words like "các" or "những" need to be added before the noun This contrasts with English, where the number is often marked on the noun itself or through plural markers like "s" or "es"

In Vietnamese, articles are obligatory components that precede the classifiers and the head nouns The common articles include "một" (a, an), "những" (some), and "các"

Quantifiers usually occupy the foremost positions within noun phrases, preceding plural articles and cardinal numbers Some quantifiers can stand independently, usually when the context provides clarity In addition to quantifiers, Vietnamese employs measure phrases to convey quantity, connecting terms such as "tất cả" or "toàn bộ", which signify "all" or "the whole." For instance, "tất cả học sinh" means "all students" and "toàn bộ gia đình" means “the whole family”

These measure phrases can be used with countable and uncountable nouns to show the entirety of something

Additional measure phrases in Vietnamese encompass "một phần" (a part),

“một ít” (a little), "nửa" (half), and “một chút” (a bit) These phrases serve to specify a particular quantity of something, whether it is a partial amount or a small amount

1.2.2.3 The post-modification (Post-modifier)

In Vietnamese, noun phrases usually have post-modifiers The post- modification in Vietnamese refers to adding other elements (such as adjectives, adjective phrases, clauses, possessives, demonstrations, ) after the head noun These added components provide more detail or description about the noun in the word

Vietnamese noun phrases can have various post-modifiers, including:

Post-modifier by an Adjective and Adjective Phrase (A)

When using adjectives and adjective phrases to postmodify noun phrases in Vietnamese, their major function is to provide more detail or information about the noun, usually showing its characteristics For example, "cái ghế to" means "the big chair" with “to” (big) modifying and describing the "ghế" (chair) Another example, "cái váy đẹp" means "the nice dress" with "đẹp" (nice) modifying and describing the "váy" (dress)

Another method of modifying a noun phrase in Vietnamese is using a possessive construction An example of using possessives as a post-modifier is the phrase "sách của tôi” (my book), where “của tôi” (my) is the possessive postmodifying "sách" (book)

Another way to modify a Vietnamese noun phrase is by using relative clauses By employing relative clauses, Vietnamese speakers can easily and effectively convey specific attributes or characteristics related to the noun phrase This method enhances the clarity and comprehensiveness of the noun phrase, allowing speakers to offer additional detailed and correct descriptions

Example: “người phụ nữ mà tôi đã gặp" (the woman whom I met), where

"mà tôi đã gặp" (whom I met) is the relative clause postmodifying "người phụ nữ”

Post-modifier by ordinal number

Noun phrases can be postmodified by ordinal numbers in Vietnamese These numbers are positioned after the noun to indicate the object's placement within a sequence or order

Example: "Cuộc họp đầu tiên" (the first meeting), “bài hát thứ hai" (the second song) In these examples, "the first" and "the second" are the ordinal numbers

In Vietnamese, noun phrases can be postmodified by demonstratives, indicating the proximity of the object to either the speaker or the listener There are four major demonstratives in Vietnamese: "này", "ấy", "nọ" and "kia"

Example: “quyển sách này" (this book) and “một ngày nọ" (one day) In both cases, the demonstrative (này) and (nọ) are positioned after the noun phrases

"sách” and “ngày” to indicate that the "book" or "day"

1.2.3 Syntactic functions of Vietnamese noun phrases

Noun phrases in Vietnamese have various syntactic roles similar to nouns, encompassing subject, predicate, adverbial phrase, and complement functions

When functioning as the subject (S) of a sentence, noun phrases in Vietnamese indicate the performer of an action or the subject matter of the sentence For instance, in the sentence "Những đứa trẻ đang học Tiếng anh" (The children are learning English), "Những đứa trẻ" (the children) serves as the subject noun phrase

Summary

To sum up, the chapter provides a comprehensive overview of noun phrases, including definition, structure, constituent elements, significance, and the theories to analyze noun phrases both in Vietnamese and English This chapter provides a solid foundation for the following discussions on noun phrases in subsequent chapters

SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF NOUN PHRASES IN

An overview of five English novels

a Ghost in the Wires: My Adventures as the World's Most Wanted Hacker by Kevin Mitnick (2011)

This novel tells the story of Kevin Mitnick, once considered the most notorious hacker in the world Mitnick takes readers through his journey from a young hacker breaking into computer systems to evading capture by law enforcement agencies The story explores hacking, cybersecurity, and Mitnick's thrilling chase with the authorities b Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring by J.R.R Tolkien (2012)

In J.R.R Tolkien's fantasy series, "The Fellowship of the Ring" tells the story of Frodo Baggins Frodo inherits a magical ring and with his friends embarks on a dangerous quest to destroy it and defeat the evil Sauron The novel explores themes of friendship, bravery, and the struggle between good and evil in the world of Middle-earth c The 3 Mistakes of My Life by Chetan Bhagat (2014)

Chetan Bhagat's novel tells about three friends - Govind, Ishaan, and Omi in Ahmedabad, India, who embark on entrepreneurial ventures against a backdrop of real-world events The story explores their dreams, aspirations, and the mistakes they make in pursuit of success, love, and identity d Three Men in a Boat by Jerome K Jerome (2004)

This novel tells the misadventures of three friends - George, Harris, and the narrator, on a boating trip down the River Thames Filled with funny stories, accidents, and reflections on life, the novel provides a satirical glimpse into Victorian society while celebrating the joys of a leisurely adventure e.Murder in Mesopotamia by Agatha Christie (1987)

This novel follows a famous detective, Hercule Poirot, investigating a murder at an archaeological excavation site in Mesopotamia As Poirot undoes the

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University motives and alibis of the suspects, including the victim's colleagues and family members, he discovers hidden secrets and deceitful schemes, leading to a surprising resolution to the murder mystery.

The translated version

a “Bóng ma trên mạng: cuộc phiêu lưu của hacker bị truy nã gắt gao nhất thế giới”- Tran Thanh Huong and LeVN (2018)

The novel tells the thrilling adventure journey of Kevin Mitnick, the world's most notorious hacker Mitnick shares complex hacking techniques, daring missions and his spectacular escape from the FBI The book provides a unique perspective on the underground world of hackers and the potential risks in network security b “Chúa tể những chiếc nhẫn: đoàn hộ nhẫn” (quyển 1) - Nguyen Thi Thu Yen - Dang Tran Viet (2019)

The classic fantasy work revolves around the journey of Frodo Baggins and the Fellowship to destroy the dark Ring of Power Their adventure takes them through magnificent lands, facing lurking dangers and testing their loyalties The story praises bravery, friendship and sacrifice, while promoting the importance of fighting evil c “Ba sai lầm của đời tôi” - KAY (2014)

A humorous romantic novel about three friends Govind, Ishaan and Omi on their journey to start a business and find love They blunder and make mistakes but are always optimistic and effort to pursue their dreams The book brings a positive message about youth, friendship and the will to overcome hardship d “Ba gã cùng thuyền” - Petal Le (05-2010)

Humor and wit are the characteristics of the book about a cruise along the Thames River of three friends George, Harris and Jerome They meet interesting people, experience funny situations, and discover the beauty of England The book brings refreshing laughter and relaxing moments to readers

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University e “Vụ Án Mạng Ở Vùng Mesopotamie” - Duong Linh (2001)

Talented detective Hercule Poirot investigates a mysterious murder that occurred at an archaeological dig in Mesopotamia With few clues and complex suspects, Poirot must use his intelligence and extensive experience to find the criminal The book brings a suspenseful, thrilling atmosphere and a convincing surprise ending.

Syntactic functions of noun phrases in forewords of five English novels with

When analyzing the noun phrases in the forewords of five English novels including [8], [10], [12], [14], [16] and translation [9], [11], [13], [15], [17], we identified many noun phrases (excluding repeated phrases) and their corresponding sentences for analysis Based on the structure and function of noun phrases, noun phrases in English and their Vietnamese equivalents are compared to find out the similarities and differences in syntactic functions

2.3.1.1 Pre-modification of noun phrases in forewords of five English novels with reference to Vietnamese equivalents

Determiner + The head noun a) Article: A, an, the…+ The head noun

This table will help us better understand how the articles "a", "an" and "the" are used to designate specific nouns in the forewords of five English novels and their Vietnamese equivalents

Table 2.1 “The” + The head noun

The novel Source language text Target language text

“Ghost in the Wires: My

“Bóng ma trên mạng: cuộc phiêu lưu của hacker bị truy nã gắt gao nhất thế giới” [9]

“Lord of the Rings - The

Fellowship of the Ring” by

“Chúa tể những chiếc nhẫn: đoàn hộ nhẫn”

Life” by Chetan Bhagat [12] and “Ba Sai Lầm Của Đời

“Three Men in a Boat” by

“Murder in Mesopotamia by Agatha Christie” [16] and “Vụ Án Mạng Ở Vùng

When examining the above examples in the forewords of five English novels and their equivalent Vietnamese translations, we can notice that in many cases the definite article is omitted when translating from the source language to the target language Moreover, the definite article "the" is commonly left out In English, the definite article "the" is conventionally used before a definite noun that has already been introduced or is understood by both the speaker and listener However, when translating this into Vietnamese, the article is often omitted entirely without changing the sentence’s meaning This makes translations simpler and removes unnecessary extra words for conveying the intended meaning

Table 2.2 “A/an” + The head noun

Unlike the definite article, the indefinite article is usually remains unchanged in both order and meaning during translation They are used to introduce a noun that is not specific or has not been mentioned before In most cases, the equivalent word for "a" in Vietnamese is “một” Some examples above are "a history" and "an account", which the author translated variably based on the context such as " bộ sử" and " câu chuyện" b) A, an, the …+ Adjective + The head noun

This table will help us better understand how the articles "A", "An" and

"The" affect meaning and sentence structure when accompanied by descriptive adjectives

Table 2.3 “A, an, the” …+ Adjective + The head noun

…(…) một “người bạn” hacker mới… [13, p.10]

…(…) một thiết bị điện tử mới… [20, p.10]

…(…) kẻ dịch chuyển khắp năm châu… [15, p.11]

…(…) bối cảnh “lịch sử” cần thiết … [11, p.12]

…(…) những phần cũ kỹ nhất… [15, p.14]

…(…) một quyết định cảm tính… [17, p.6]

…(…) thuật lại một cách trung thực… [2, p.6]

As well as the structure "the + the head noun", in this structure the definite article "the" is also omitted while translating into Vietnamese without affecting the semantics of the sentence Besides, as previously indicated, the article "a" is frequently translated as "một” in Vietnamese However, the indefinite article "a" might not be translated directly when combined with an adjective For example (46), (52), "a final note" and "a professional character" adding adjectives can make a noun phrase more descriptive The adjective emphasizes the major noun, making the noun phrase more clearly and effectively c) Adjective + The head noun

This table will help us better understand how adjectives increase the descriptiveness and precision of a sentence when accompanied by nouns We will see that the correct use of adjectives appropriate to each situation is not only a matter of grammar but also an important factor in creating more accurate expressions and sharper descriptions in English

Table 2.4 Adjective + The head noun

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University nhẫn: đoàn hộ nhẫn”

…(…) các độc giả chu tường… [17, p.16]

…(…) sự chân thực đơn giản… [3, p.5]

…(…) những hình mẫu thơ ca… [6, p.5]

In the above examples, some examples make the meaning clearer when combining the adjective and the main noun such as "simple truthfulness" and

"ancient history", translated into Vietnamese as "sự chân thực đơn giản" and "lịch sử cổ đại" However, in some cases, the meaning loses its original nuance such as

"obvious reasons" into "tốt nhất là"

When translating English noun phrases containing multiple adjectives into Vietnamese, deciding the sequence of adjectives following Vietnamese grammar rules is a significant challenge Unlike English, Vietnamese allows for greater flexibility in word order and lacks a fixed arrangement for adjectives

In some cases, the order of adjectives in Vietnamese might differ from that in English, and the translator may need to swap the order of the adjectives to convey the same meaning in the target language This demanding task requires a deep comprehension of both languages' nuances

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University d) Possessive pronoun + The head noun

This table will help us better understand how possessive pronouns "my",

"your", "his/her/its", "our", and "their" are used to show possession and relationships between speakers and objects

Table 2.5 Possessive pronoun + The head noun

…(…) lịch sử hacking của mình… [5, p.10]

…(…) các câu chuyện về anh… [6, p.11]

…(69) I changed my house, my chair, and my college…

…(…) thỏa mãn ý thích cá nhân… [8, p.11]

…(…) tôi có nhiệm vụ điều hành… [4, p.13]

…(…) tôi đã thay nhà, thay ngành dạy, thay cả trường dạy… [9, p.13]

…(70) you sit in front of your computer…[1, p.9]

…(…) bạn ngồi trước máy tính… [1, p6]

…(…) các cuốn sách của anh… [10, p.6]

As we can see in the above examples, most possessive pronouns that make up noun phrases in English are translated as "của" to show possessiveness in Vietnamese This is the most common way possessive pronouns contribute to noun phrases The pronoun shows ownership, and the noun specifies what's being possessed For example (76) and (66), " her literary style" and "my passport" are translated into "văn phong của mình" and "hộ chiếu của mình" e) Demonstrative + The head noun

This table will help us better understand how words like "this", "that",

"these" and "those" are used to indicate and distinguish objects in space and time

Table 2.6 Demonstrative + The head noun

…(…) còn buổi tối hôm đó… [6, p.11]

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University nhẫn: đoàn hộ nhẫn”

…(84) this book… [1, p.4] …(…) cuốn sách này… [1, p.5]

The examples show that the demonstratives in English noun phrases may change their order when translated into Vietnamese, but the overall meaning remain unchanged In English, the demonstratives usually come before an adjective and the head noun But in Vietnamese, the demonstrative usually come after the head noun f) Numerals + The head noun

We will see that the correct use of numbers is important to convey meaning accurately and clearly in English communication

Table 2.7 Numerals + The head noun

Adventures as the World's Most

Mitnick” [8] and “Bóng ma trên mạng: cuộc phiêu lưu của hacker bị truy nã gắt gao nhất thế giới” [9]

J.R.R Tolkien [10] and “Chúa tể những chiếc nhẫn: đoàn hộ nhẫn” (quyển 1) [11]

“The 3 Mistakes of My Life” by

Chetan Bhagat [12] and “Ba Sai

…(…) đã năm dấu chấm câu… [15, p.6]

Agatha Christie” [16] and “Vụ Án Mạng Ở Vùng

As we can see in the above examples, the meaning of the numeral "one",

"two", "three", and "four" remains unchanged after translation, which shows that both languages follow the same structure, where the main noun usually comes after the word "number" g) Inclusive + +The head noun

This table will help us better understand how words like "all," "every,"

"each," and other inclusive adjectives are applied to describe and include objects or events within a specific context

Table 2.8 Inclusive + +The head noun

Adventures as the World's Most

…(…) tất cả những câu chuyện… [21, p.11]

J.R.R Tolkien [10] and “Chúa tể những chiếc nhẫn: đoàn hộ nhẫn” (quyển 1) [11]

…(98) all their comments and enquiries … [16, p.20]

…(…) mọi nhận xét và các câu hỏi của độc giả… [17, p.16]

“The 3 Mistakes of My Life” by

Chetan Bhagat [12] and “Ba Sai

…(…) tất cả những điểm duyên dáng khác của nó… [13, p.5]

Agatha Christie” [16] and “Vụ Án Mạng Ở Vùng

…(…) rất hay, hàm chứa ý nghĩa… [21, p.6]

Furthermore, noun phrases in English can start with an inclusive structure preceding the head noun When translated into Vietnamese, these phrases remain in their order and meaning For example, the English phrase "all" can be translated into Vietnamese as “tất cả” or “toàn bộ" which remains the same meaning

2.3.1.2 Post-modification of noun phrases in forewords of five English novels with reference to Vietnamese equivalents

This table will help us better understand how subordinate clauses, additional phrases, and other word patterns can be used to add information, describe, or limit the meaning of nouns

Table 2.9 Post-modification of noun phrases

…(101) a new electronic device that was just then coming onto the consumer market [24, p.5]

…(102) a bank that had had a computer break-in [11, p.6]

…(103) the agent who books his speeches [14, p.6]

…(…) một thiết bị điện tử mới xuất hiện trên thị trường tiêu dùng dạo đó [20, p.10]

…(…) một ngân hàng đã bị xâm nhập máy tính [11, p.11]

…(…) một đại diện chuyên đặt lịch cho các buổi diễn thuyết của anh [13, p.11]

…(104) ancient history that preceded it [2, p.17]

…(105) many duties that I did not neglect… [24, p.17]

…(106) a war which it was my task to conduct, … [7, p.18]

…(…) lịch sử cổ đại hơn vốn có từ trước [2, p.11]

…(…) nhiều bổn phận không thể lơ là… [19, p.18]

…(…) cuộc chiến mà tôi có nhiệm vụ điều hành, … [4, p.13]

…(107) tell anyone what I am doing to myself… [11, p.9]

…(…) kể cho ai khác điều tôi đang tự làm với mình… [12, p.6]

…(…) những sự kiện thật sự đã xảy ra [4, p.5]

…(109) the lesson that the story teaches [11, p.4]

…(…) bài học mà câu chuyện này dạy cho chúng ta [15, p.5]

…(110) a frontispiece- that is, it gives a rough sketch of the narrator [28, p.5]

…(…) thư này sẽ giúp bạn đọc có một ý niệm về tính cách của tác giả thiên truyện này [2, p.6]

When translating between languages, variations in sentence structure and the omission of relative pronouns in the target language can lead to a translation that distorts the original text's intended meaning Therefore, it's critical to analyze examples in their entirety

In the above examples, the relative clauses give additional or essential information about the head nouns in both languages In most cases, the relative clauses modify and provide additional details about the associated nouns Sometimes, translators use the demonstrative word "mà" as an equivalent for relative pronouns in English to clarify the meaning of noun phrases that act as post- modifications

This table will help us better understand how noun phrases, including main nouns and complements, can serve as the subject of a sentence and serve as the basis for description, action, and relationships between sentence components

Table 2.10 Noun phrases as subject (S)

“Bóng ma trên mạng: cuộc phiêu lưu của hacker bị

…(111) My life (S) has been changed by Kevin [7, p.6]

…(…) Kevin đã làm thay đổi cuộc sống của tôi (Od) [8, p.11]

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University truy nã gắt gao nhất thế giới” [9]

…(112) This tale (S) grew in the telling… [1, p.17]

…(113) But the story (S) was drawn irresistibly towards the older world,…

(S) was the desire of a taleteller to… [20, p.18]

…(…) Câu chuyện này (S) càng kể càng lớn thêm… [1, p.11]

…(…) Song câu chuyện (S), một cách không cưỡng nổi, cứ ngả về thế giới xưa cũ hơn… [6, p.12]

…(…) Động cơ nguyên thủy (S) chính là khát vọng của một người kể chuyện,… [18, p.13]

…(115) This email (S) is a combined suicide note and a confession letter [8, p.9]

…(116) My suicide (S) is not a sentimental decision

…(…) Email này (S) vừa là thư tuyệt mệnh vừa là thư thú nhận [8, p.6]

…(…) Tôi tự tử (S) không phải vì một quyết định cảm tính [16, p.6]

…(117) The chief beauty of this book (S) lies not so much in its literary style,…

…(118) other books (S) may rival it in originality and size;… [7, p.4]

…(…) Phần lớn vẻ đẹp của cuốn sách này (S) không nằm ở phong cách văn chương… [1, p.5]

…(…) một số cuốn khác (S) có thể trội về mức độ độc đáo và độ dài;… [10, p.5]

…(119) The events (S) chronicled in this narrative took place some four years ago [1, p.5]

…(…) Những sự việc (S) kể trong chuyện này xẩy ra cách đây đã bốn năm [1, p.6]

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University appeared more especially in the American Press [4, p.5]

…(…) báo chí Mỹ hồi ấy cũng tung ra nhiều thông tin sai lạc (Od) [4, p.6]

The similarities and differences between the syntactic functions of English

Regarding similarity in the structure of noun phrases, both languages use indefinite articles, numerals, and inclusive in the same way, placing them before the noun For example, the indefinite article "a" and the number of words "one" is

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University translated as "một"; the inclusive "all" is translated as "tất cả, toàn bộ"; possessive pronouns are usually translated as "của" in Vietnamese In addition, about the function, English and Vietnamese noun phrasescan act as subjects and adverbs in sentences For example in [12], the sentence "This email (S) is a combined suicide note and a confession letter" and the translation “Email này (S) vừa là thư tuyệt mệnh vừa là thư thú nhận" [13], "This email” and “Email này” have functioned as a subject Another example is the sentence "that night (A) he interviewed me about " [8] and the translation "còn buổi tối hôm đó (A), anh là người phỏng vấn tôi…" [9], which "that night" and "buổi tối hôm đó" have functioned as an adverbial phrase

In terms of the difference in structure of noun phrases in English and Vietnamese, demonstrative "this, that, these, those" have different positions For example, "this book" is translated as "cuốn sách này", demonstrative "this" before the head in English but in Vietnamese noun phrases, "này" after the head Next, the definite articles "the" are omitted during the translation from English into Vietnamese Besides, the adjectives have different positions between English and Vietnamese For example (48), "a sentimental decision" is translated as “một quyết định cảm tính”, in English the adjective "sentimental" before the head but in Vietnamese noun phrases, “cảm tính" after the head In addition, about the function, English noun phrases can function as objects (direct or indirect), but in Vietnamese, they are complements Moreover, English noun phrases are subject/object complements, but in Vietnam, this function is the predicate.

Summary

This chapter shows all syntactic functions of English noun phrases in novels foreword and their Vietnamese equivalents The similarities and differences are also mentioned.While both English and Vietnamese use noun phrases for subjects, complements, and adverbial phrases, there are some key differences In English noun phrases, they can function as objects; but Vietnamese uses complements for this purpose In addition, English noun phrases can act as a subject complement, but in Vietnamese, a role is expressed through the predicate

SEMANTIC FUNCTIONS OF NOUN PHRASES IN

Semantic functions of noun phrases in forewords of five English novels with

3.1.1 Semantic functions of noun phrases as subject

This table will help us explore and better understand the tasks and functions that noun phrases perform when they are placed in an important role as the center of action or description in a sentence

Table 3.1 Semantic functions of noun phrases as subject

…(141) My life (Theme) has been changed by Kevin [7, p.6]

…(…) Kevin đã làm thay đổi cuộc sống của tôi (Patient)

…(142) This tale (Theme) grew in the telling… [1, p.17]

(Theme) was drawn irresistibly towards the older

(Theme) càng kể càng lớn thêm… [1, p.11]

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University world,… [12, p.17]

(Patient) was the desire of a taleteller to… [20, p.18] cưỡng nổi, cứ ngả về thế giới xưa cũ hơn… [6, p.12]

…(…) Động cơ nguyên thủy (Patient) chính là khát vọng của một người kể chuyện,… [18, p.13]

…(145) This email (Theme) is a combined suicide note and a confession letter [8, p.9]

(Theme) is not a sentimental decision [16, p.9]

…(…) Email này (Theme) vừa là thư tuyệt mệnh vừa là thư thú nhận [8, p.6]

…(…) Tôi tự tử (Theme) không phải vì một quyết định cảm tính [16, p.6]

(Agent) may rival it in originality and size;… [7, p.4]

(Agent) có thể trội về mức độ độc đáo và độ dài;… [10, p.5]

…(148) The events (Theme) chronicled in this narrative took place some four years ago [1, p.5]

(Theme) kể trong chuyện này xẩy ra cách đây đã bốn năm [1, p.6]

In both English and Vietnamese, when the noun phrase acts as a subject, they can all have the semantic role of agent, theme, and patient as in the above examples

For example (148), "The events" functions as the subject, and in terms of semantic roles, "The events" would be considered the theme The subject "The events" in this sentence introduces the main topic being discussed, which is the events chronicled in the narrative Therefore, "The events" can be seen as the theme in this context Another example (144), "The prime motive" is a semantic of the patient It is the entity being acted upon by the desire

3.1.2 Semantic functions of noun phrases as adverbial phrases

This table will help us explore and better understand the tasks and functions that noun phrases perform when they play an important role as modifiers, describing time, location, cause, purpose or method of the action in the sentence

Table 3.2 Semantic functions of noun phrases as adverbial phrases

(Temporal), I flew to Pittsburgh to introduce him for… [4, p.5]

…(150) that night (Temporal) he interviewed me about… [5, p.6]

…(…) còn buổi tối hôm đó

(Temporal) , anh là người phỏng vấn tôi…[6, p.11]

Fellowship of the Ring” by J.R.R Tolkien [10] and “Chúa tể những chiếc nhẫn: đoàn hộ nhẫn” (quyển 1) [11]

…(151) which had then been taking shape for some years

…(…) vốn bấy giờ đã dần lên hình thành vóc được vài năm (Temporal) [7, p.11]

(Temporal) you sit in front of your computer on a Saturday morning (Temporal) …[1, p.9]

…(…) Không phải là chuyện thường ngày (Temporal) khi bạn ngồi trước máy tính vào một sáng thứ Bảy

“Three Men in a Boat” by Jerome K Jerome

…(153) The events chronicled in this narrative took place some

…(…) Những sự việc kể trong chuyện này xẩy ra cách

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University Án Mạng Ở Vùng

Mesopotamie” [17] four years ago (Temporal) [1, p.5]

…(154) Those misconstructions have appeared more especially in the American Press

(Location) [6, p.5] đây đã bốn năm (Temporal) [1, p.6]

(Location) hồi ấy cũng tung ra nhiều thông tin sai lạc [3, p.6]

Both English and Vietnamese can use noun phrases to act like adverbs in sentences, especially for describing time and location This means they can use groups of words around a noun to tell us when or where something happens This similar way of using noun phrases helps sentences in both languages be clearer and more specific about timing and place

3.1.3 Semantic functions of English noun phrases as the complement, Vietnamese noun phrases as the predicate

Table 3.3 Semantic functions of English noun phrases as the complement, Vietnamese noun phrases as the predicate

…(155) So thanks to Kevin, I’ve become an international traveler (Agent) like him [16, p.6]

…(156) Kevin has become one of my best friends (Agent) [18, p.6]

…(…) Vậy là nhờ Kevin, tôi đã trở thành kẻ dịch chuyển khắp năm châu (Agent) như anh [15, p.11]

…(…) Kevin trở thành một trong những người bạn tốt nhất của tôi (Agent) [17, p.11]

“The Shadow of the Past”, is one of the oldest parts of the tale (Patient) [4, p.19]

“Bóng ma từ quá khứ”, là một trong những phần cũ kỹ nhất cả câu chuyện (Patient) [14, p.14]

…(158) This email is a combined suicide note and a confession letter (Goal)

…(…) Email này vừa là thư tuyệt mệnh vừa là thư thú nhận (Goal) [8, p.6]

…(159) George and Harris and Montmorency are not poetic ideals (Theme),… [4, p.4]

…(…) George, Harris và Montmorency đều không phải là những hình mẫu thơ ca (Theme) [6, p.5]

…(160) The only thing I have done is to take the liberty of writing a first chapter (Goal)… [26, p.5]

…(…) Tôi chỉ tự cho phép mình một điều duy nhất, là viết chương mở đầu (Goal),… [1, p.7]

Regarding the similarity of the position of the English noun phrase with the complement function and the Vietnamese equivalent as the predicate, we consider examples of the noun phrase in the foreword of five English novels and their equivalent Vietnamese translations and then find semantic roles

In English, noun phrases act as complements and their translation in Vietnamese acts as the predicate They can all have a semantic translation in Vietnamese

For example (155), the sentence "So thanks to Kevin, I’ve become an international traveler like him" has the semantic role of the agent within the predicate nominative function which can also be argued that "international traveler" identifies the doer of the implied action of traveling internationally.

The similarities and differences between the semantic functions of English

Both English and Vietnamese noun phrases take on various semantic roles depending on their position within a sentence

In terms of similarity in semantic functions in noun phrases, noun subjects, adverbs, and complements, these roles can include theme, agent, patient, location, purpose and temporal in sentences Both languages of noun phrases can be used as

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University adverbial phrases to specify the time or location of an action For example in (152), a noun phrase as an adverb like "a Saturday morning" is translated as “một sáng thứ Bảy" an adverb of time in Vietnamese They are similar in terms of their temporal role This shared ability to express time and place with noun phrases helps us identify exactly when or where something happens in either language

In terms of difference, when a noun phrase plays the role of a subject, the subject may have a semantic role of theme in English, but in Vietnamese, it can be patient For example in (141), the noun phrase "My life" in the sentence "My life has been changed by Kevin" has semantic roles as the theme But in the translation,

"cuộc sống của tôi" in the sentence "Kevin đã làm thay đổi cuộc sống của tôi" has semantic roles as patient

Thus, it can be seen that depending on the context, the semantic functions of noun phrases in English and Vietnamese are translated differently or swapped positions to make the translated text most understandable.

Summary

This chapter outlines the semantic functions of noun phrases in English and Vietnamese, highlighting their similarities and differences In English and Vietnamese, noun phrases can have various semantic roles depending on their functions in a sentence such as subjects, adverbs, or complements Some common semantic roles include theme, agent, patient, goal, location, and temporal Moreover, it explores how noun phrases function as characters or contextual elements in novels, including semantic roles like agent, location, and temporal aspects This analysis aims to provide readers and translators with a comprehensive understanding of semantics and its significance in literary work

This chapter reviews the study's results and draws conclusions based on our findings We will show recapitulation and implications for teaching and learning noun phrases from the results

On the one hand, compared with the previous research on noun phrases in the printed novel "The Last Leaf" by O'Henry and their Vietnamese equivalents by Nguyen Thi Ngoc [18], this study also analyzes noun phrases throughout the novel and clarifies syntactic and semantic functions Therefore, the similarities and differences in noun phrases in both languages are concluded Regarding similarity, in addition to noun phrases function as subjects, adverbs and complements, they also depend on factors about characters and context in the plot to convey the story's message In terms of difference, when a noun phrase plays the role of a subject, the subject may have a semantic role of experience in the source language, but in Vietnamese, it can be an agent It can be seen that depending on the context, they are translated differently or swapped positions to make the translated text most understandable

On the other hand, our study of noun phrases in forewords of five English novels and their equivalent Vietnamese translations has known several syntactic and semantic functions of them The study has shown the differences in syntax and usage between the two languages Noun phrases in English and Vietnamese are often constructed differently The study might reveal how translators deal with these differences, such as changes in word order or the addition/omission of articles and determiners

Besides, the study found 160 noun phrases and identified similarities and differences by comparing the syntactic and semantic functions of noun phrases in forewords of both languages This analysis provides valuable insights for both language learners and translators It can become a reference tool, helping them

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University navigate the complexities of translating English noun phrases with their complex syntactic and semantic features to Vietnamese

Hopefully, the research's analysis give readers a clear understanding of noun phrases, improve their English quickly and accelerate their learning journey with this understanding

In conclusion, this study of noun phrases in English novel forewords and their Vietnamese translations offers valuable insights for educators and learners It can improve learners' understanding of noun phrases, foster a sense of cultural and linguistic differences, and strengthen their writing abilities

This study could contribute to a deeper understanding of the challenges and strategies involved in literary translation, specifically focusing on noun phrases and their role in shaping the meaning and tone of forewords Regarding the research results, we provides some implications for learning and teaching

For beginners learning English, starting with simple noun phrases (head noun + modifiers) and gradually progressing to more complex ones with pre- modification and post-modification This allows learners to build a strong foundation and improve their knowledge and understanding of noun phrases When starting with simple noun phrases, learners should pay attention to structure and articles for correct formation When learners are better, they can enhance more complex noun phrases with pre-modification and post-modification They can add more details about a noun either before pre-modification or after post- modification These modifications help learners provide additional detailed and specific information about the noun

For translators, it is essential to use online resources like dictionaries or translation tools It helps find idioms in English noun phrases and translate the whole phrase for better understanding When translated word by word may not provide the intended meaning, especially noun phrases use idioms or contain

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University culturally nuanced expressions However, translators should use caution with online resources They can better translate and understand English noun phrases in different contexts by using online resources and considering idiomatic expressions

For students who are learning English, they should combine learning and practicing noun phrases to improve vocabulary and communication As students become better, they can pay attention to dealing with complex noun phrases and indicate major components These strategies can enhance their vocabulary, fluency, and language proficiency in English

For English teachers, it is essential to teach students about noun phrases with clear explanations, memory tricks, plenty of practice, and real-life examples

It helps students understand the structure and usage of noun phrases more effectively Overall, these strategies allow English teachers to effectively teach noun phrases and help students use them accurately in language

Teachers can make noun phrases come alive by placing them in real-world situations Imagine students working with activities that use noun phrases in everyday contexts! By this way, students can actively explore how noun phrases are used in different contexts and how they affect a sentence’s meaning

To improve their learning, teachers can get students to actively use noun phrases For example, in-class activities like role-playing or group discussions provide opportunities to practice noun phrases in spoken communication

[1] The Cambridge Dictionary (2023) (online) https://dictionary.cambridge.org/vi/dictionary/english/noun-phrase

[2] The Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries (2023) (online) https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/noun- phrase?q=noun+phrase

[3] Howard Jackson, “Analyzing English: An introduction to descriptive linguistics", second edition, Pergamon Press, 1982, p.66-67

[4] Sidney Greenbaun, “The Oxford English Grammar”, Oxford University Press, 1996, p.208-246

[5] S Greenbaum and G Nelson, An introduction to English Grammar second edition,

[6] Nguyen Tai Can, Ngữ Pháp Tiếng Việt, Published House, 2008, p.203-246

[7] Diep Quang Ban, “Giáo trình ngữ pháp tiếng Việt”, Publishing House, 1998, p.50-62 [8] Kevin Mitnick, Ghost in the Wires: My Adventures as the World's Most Wanted Hacker, Back Bay Books, 2011, p.5-6

[9] Tran Thanh Huong và LeVN, Bóng ma trên mạng: cuộc phiêu lưu của hacker bị truy nã gắt gao nhất thế giới, Alpha Books, 2018, p.10-11

[10] J.R.R Tolkien, Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring, William Morrow Paperbacks, 2012, p.17-20

[11] Nguyen Thi Thu Yen - Dang Tran Viet, Chúa tể những chiếc nhẫn: đoàn hộ nhẫn (quyển

[12] Chetan Bhagat, The 3 Mistakes of My Life, Rupa Publications India, 2014, p.9-10 [13] KAY, Ba Sai Lầm Của Đời Tôi, Literary Publishing House, 2014, p.6-7

[14] Jerome K Jerome, Three Men in a Boat, Penguin, 2004, p.4

[15] Petal Le, Ba Gã Cùng Thuyền, Literary Publishing House, 2010, p.5

[16] Agatha Christie, Murder in Mesopotamia, Berkley, 1987, p.5

[17] Duong Linh, Vụ Án Mạng Ở Vùng Mesopotamie, Literary Publishing House, 2001, p.6-

[18] Nguyen Thi Ngoc, A study on noun phrases in "The Last Leaf" by O'Henry and their

SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF NOUN PHRASES IN FOREWORDS OF FIVE

ENGLISH NOVELS WITH REFERENCE TO VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS

…(…) một “người bạn” hacker mới… [13, p.10]

…(…) một thiết bị điện tử mới… [20, p.10]

…(…) kẻ dịch chuyển khắp năm châu… [15, p.11]

…(…) bối cảnh “lịch sử” cần thiết … [11, p.12]

…(…) những phần cũ kỹ nhất… [15, p.14]

…(…) một quyết định cảm tính… [17, p.6]

…(50) the chief beauty … [1, p.4] …(…) phần lớn vẻ đẹp… [1, p.5]

…(…) thuật lại một cách trung thực… [2, p.6]

…(…) các độc giả chu tường… [17, p.16]

…(…) sự chân thực đơn giản…[3, p.5]

…(…) những hình mẫu thơ ca… [6, p.5]

…(60) incurable veracity… [8, p.4] …(…) không thể cứu chữa… [11, p.5]

…(…) lịch sử hacking của mình… [5, p.10]

…(…) các câu chuyện về anh… [6, p.11]

…(69) I changed my house, my chair, and my college… [12, p.18]

…(…) thỏa mãn ý thích cá nhân… [8, p.11]

…(…) tôi có nhiệm vụ điều hành… [4, p.13]

…(…) tôi đã thay nhà, thay ngành dạy, thay cả trường dạy… [9, p.13]

…(70) you sit in front of your computer … [1, p.9]

…(…) bạn ngồi trước máy tính … [1, p6]

…(…) các cuốn sách của anh… [10, p.6]

…(…) còn buổi tối hôm đó… [6, p.11]

…(84) this book… [1, p.4] …(…) cuốn sách này… [1, p.5]

…(89) the next five years… [28, p.17] …(…) năm tiếp đó … [23, p.12]

…(…) đã năm dấu chấm câu… [15, p.6]

…(93) twelve stone… [6, p.4] …(…) bảy chục ký lô… [8, p.5]

…(94) four years ago… [1, p.5] …(…) cách đây bốn năm… [1, p.6]

…(95) all these stories… [22, p.6] …(…) tất cả những câu chuyện…

…(98) all their comments and enquiries … [16, p.20]

…(…) mọi nhận xét và các câu hỏi của độc giả… [17, p.16]

…(99) all its other charms … [9, p.4] …(…) tất cả những điểm duyên dáng khác của nó… [13, p.5]

…(…) rất hay, hàm chứa ý nghĩa… [21, p.6]

…(101) a new electronic device that was just then coming onto the consumer market [24, p.5]

…(102) a bank that had had a computer break-in [11, p.6]

…(103) the agent who books his speeches [14, p.6]

…(…) một thiết bị điện tử mới xuất hiện trên thị trường tiêu dùng dạo đó [20, p.10]

…(…) một ngân hàng đã bị xâm nhập máy tính [11, p.11]

…(…) một đại diện chuyên đặt lịch cho các buổi diễn thuyết của anh [13, p.11]

…(104) ancient history that preceded it [2, p.17]

…(105) many duties that I did not neglect… [24, p.17]

…(…) lịch sử cổ đại hơn vốn có từ trước [2, p.11]

…(…) nhiều bổn phận không thể lơ là… [19, p.18]

…(106) a war which it was my task to conduct, … [7, p.18]

…(…) cuộc chiến mà tôi có nhiệm vụ điều hành, … [4, p.13]

…(107) tell anyone what I am doing to myself… [11, p.9]

…(…) kể cho ai khác điều tôi đang tự làm với mình… [12, p.6]

…(109) the lesson that the story teaches [11, p.4]

…(…) những sự kiện thật sự đã xảy ra [4, p.5]

…(…) bài học mà câu chuyện này dạy cho chúng ta [15, p.5]

…(110) a frontispiece- that is, it gives a rough sketch of the narrator [28, p.5]

…(…) thư này sẽ giúp bạn đọc có một ý niệm về tính cách của tác giả thiên truyện này [2, p.6]

…(111) My life (S) has been changed by Kevin [7, p.6]

…(…) Kevin đã làm thay đổi cuộc sống của tôi (Od) [8, p.11]

…(112) This tale (S) grew in the telling… [1, p.17]

…(113) But the story (S) was drawn irresistibly towards the older world,…

…(114) The prime motive (S) was the desire of a taleteller to… [20, p.18]

…(…) Câu chuyện này (S) càng kể càng lớn thêm… [1, p.11]

…(…) Song câu chuyện (S), một cách không cưỡng nổi, cứ ngả về thế giới xưa cũ hơn… [6, p.12]

…(…) Động cơ nguyên thủy (S) chính là khát vọng của một người kể chuyện,… [18, p.13]

…(115) This email (S) is a combined suicide note and a confession letter [8, p.9]

…(116) My suicide (S) is not a sentimental decision [16, p.9]

…(…) Email này (S) vừa là thư tuyệt mệnh vừa là thư thú nhận [8, p.6]

…(…) Tôi tự tử (S) không phải vì một quyết định cảm tính [16, p.6]

…(117) The chief beauty of this book (S) lies not so much in its literary style,… [1, p.4]

…(118) other books (S) may rival it in originality and size;… [7, p.4]

…(…) Phần lớn vẻ đẹp của cuốn sách này (S) không nằm ở phong cách văn chương… [1, p.5]

…(…) một số cuốn khác (S) có thể trội về mức độ độc đáo và độ dài;… [10, p.5]

…(119) The events (S) chronicled in this narrative took place some four years ago [1, p.5]

…(120) Those misconstructions (S) have appeared more especially in the

…(…) Những sự việc (S) kể trong chuyện này xẩy ra cách đây đã bốn năm [1, p.6]

…(…) báo chí Mỹ hồi ấy cũng tung ra nhiều thông tin sai lạc (Od) [4, p.6]

…(121) He was hacking just for the fun (Oi) of it, just for the challenge

…(122) In his speech, Kevin spelled out in detail the incredible story of

…(…) Anh hack cho vui (Co), và vì tính thử thách (Co) trong đó [8, p.10]

…(…) Trong buổi diễn thuyết, Kevin kể chi tiết câu chuyện khó tin về

…(123) until it became a history (Od) of the Great War of the Ring… [1, p.17]

…(124) I desired to do this for my own satisfaction (Oi),… [6, p.17]

…(…) cho đến khi trở thành bộ sử

(Cs) về cả cuộc Đại Nhẫn Chiến… [1, p.11]

…(…) Tôi muốn làm việc đó chỉ nhằm thỏa mãn ý thích cá nhân (Co),… [7, p.11]

…(125) I’m an ordinary boy (Od) in

…(…) Tôi là một kẻ bình thường

…(126) I kept my coffee cup (Od) down and counted [14, p.9]

…(…) Tôi bỏ ly cà phê (Co) xuống và đếm [15, p.6]

Montmorency are not poetic ideals

…(…) George, Harris và Montmorency đều không phải là những hình mẫu thơ ca (Cs)… [6, p.5]

…(128) Her other objection was extreme modesty about her literary style (Oi) [18, p.5]

…(…) Mặt khác,cô rất khiêm tốn khi nói về văn phong của mình (Co) [16, p.6]

…(129) Two years later (A), I flew to

Pittsburgh to introduce him for… [4, p.5]

…(130) that night (A) he interviewed me about… [5, p.6]

…(…) Hai năm sau (A), tôi bay tới Pittsburgh để gặp anh… [3, p.10]

…(…) còn buổi tối hôm đó (A) , anh là người phỏng vấn tôi…[6, p.11]

…(131) which had then been taking shape for some years (A) [5, p.17]

…(…) vốn bấy giờ đã dần lên hình thành vóc được vài năm (A) [7, p.11]

…(132) It is not everyday (A) you sit in front of your computer on a

…(…) Không phải là chuyện thường ngày (A) khi bạn ngồi trước máy tính vào một sáng thứ Bảy (A)… [1, p.6]

…(133) but things of flesh and blood- especially George, who weighs about twelve stone (A)… [5, p.4]

…(…) những tạo vật bằng xương bằng thịt - nhất là George, nhân vật có trọng lượng khoảng hơn bảy chục ký lô (A) [7, p.5]

…(134) The events chronicled in this narrative took place some four years ago (A) [1, p.5]

…(…) Những sự việc kể trong chuyện này xẩy ra cách đây đã bốn năm (A) [1, p.6]

…(135) So thanks to Kevin, I’ve become an international traveler

…(136) Kevin has become one of my best friends (Cs) [18, p.6]

…(…) Vậy là nhờ Kevin, tôi đã trở thành kẻ dịch chuyển khắp năm châu (P) như anh [15, p.11]

Kevin trở thành một trong những người bạn tốt nhất của tôi (P) [17, p.11]

Shadow of the Past', is one of the oldest parts of the tale (Cs) [4, p.19]

…(…) Chương chủ chốt, “Bóng ma từ quá khứ”, là một trong những phần cũ kỹ nhất cả câu chuyện (P)

…(138) This email is a combined suicide note and a confession letter

…(…) Email này vừa là thư tuyệt mệnh vừa là thư thú nhận (P) [8, p.6]

Montmorency are not poetic ideals

…(…) George, Harris và Montmorency đều không phải là những hình mẫu thơ ca (P) [6, p.5]

…(140) The only thing I have done is to take the liberty of writing a first chapter—aided (Cs)… [26, p.5]

…(…) Tôi chỉ tự cho phép mình một điều duy nhất, là viết chương mở đầu (P),… [1, p.7]

SEMANTIC FEATURES OF NOUN PHRASES IN FOREWORDS OF FIVE ENGLISH NOVELS WITH REFERENCE TO VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS

…(141) My life (Theme) has been changed by Kevin [7, p.6]

…(…) Kevin đã làm thay đổi cuộc sống của tôi (Patient) [8, p.11]

…(142) This tale (Theme) grew in the telling… [1, p.17]

…(143) But the story (Theme) was drawn irresistibly towards the older world,… [12, p.17]

…(144) The prime motive (Patient) was the desire of a taleteller to… [20, p.18]

…(…) Câu chuyện này (Theme) càng kể càng lớn thêm… [1, p.11]

…(…) Song câu chuyện (Theme), một cách không cưỡng nổi, cứ ngả về thế giới xưa cũ hơn… [6, p.12]

(Patient) chính là khát vọng của một người kể chuyện,… [18, p.13]

…(145) This email (Theme) is a combined suicide note and a confession letter [8, p.9]

…(146) My suicide (Theme) is not a sentimental decision [16, p.9]

…(…) Email này (Theme) vừa là thư tuyệt mệnh vừa là thư thú nhận [8, p.6]

…(…) Tôi tự tử (Theme) không phải vì một quyết định cảm tính [16, p.6]

…(147) other books (Agent) may rival it in originality and size;… [7, p.4]

…(…) một số cuốn khác (Agent) có thể trội về mức độ độc đáo và độ dài;… [10, p.5]

…(148) The events (Theme) chronicled in this narrative took place some four years ago [1, p.5]

…(…) Những sự việc (Theme) kể trong chuyện này xẩy ra cách đây đã bốn năm [1, p.6]

I flew to Pittsburgh to introduce him for… [4, p.5]

…(…) Hai năm sau (Temporal), tôi bay tới Pittsburgh để gặp anh… [3, p.10]

…(150) that night (Temporal) he interviewed me about… [5, p.6]

…(…) còn buổi tối hôm đó

(Temporal) , anh là người phỏng vấn tôi…[6, p.11]

…(151) which had then been taking shape for some years (Temporal) [5, p.17]

…(…) vốn bấy giờ đã dần lên hình thành vóc được vài năm (Temporal) [7, p.11]

(Temporal) you sit in front of your computer on a Saturday morning

…(…) Không phải là chuyện thường ngày (Temporal) khi bạn ngồi trước máy tính vào một sáng thứ Bảy

…(153) The events chronicled in this narrative took place some four years ago (Temporal) [1, p.5]

…(154) Those misconstructions have appeared more especially in the

…(…) Những sự việc kể trong chuyện này xẩy ra cách đây đã bốn năm (Temporal) [1, p.6]

…(…) báo chí Mỹ (Location) hồi ấy cũng tung ra nhiều thông tin sai lạc [3, p.6]

…(155) So thanks to Kevin, I’ve become an international traveler

…(156) Kevin has become one of my best friends (Agent) [18, p.6]

…(…) Vậy là nhờ Kevin, tôi đã trở thành kẻ dịch chuyển khắp năm châu (Agent) như anh [15, p.11]

…(…) Kevin trở thành một trong những người bạn tốt nhất của tôi (Agent) [17, p.11]

Shadow of the Past”, is one of the oldest parts of the tale (Patient) [4, p.19]

…(…) Chương chủ chốt, “Bóng ma từ quá khứ”, là một trong những phần cũ kỹ nhất cả câu chuyện (Patient) [14, p.14]

Tiêu đề	A Study On English Noun Phrases In Forewords Of English Novels With Reference To Vietnamese Equivalents
Tác giả	Nguyen Thi Tra My
Người hướng dẫn	M.A Vu Anh Thu
Trường học	Phenikaa University
Chuyên ngành	English Language
Thể loại	Graduation Paper
Năm xuất bản	2024
Thành phố	Ha Noi

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