Ship Construction Shca01.fm Page i Tuesday, March 27, 2001 12:10 PM Shca01.fm Page ii Tuesday, March 27, 2001 12:10 PM Ship Construction Fifth edition D. J. Eyres M.Sc., F.R.I.N.A. Formerly Lecturer in Naval Architecture Department of Maritime Studies Plymouth Polytechnic (now University of Plymouth) OXFORD AUCKLAND BOSTON JOHANNESBURG MELBOURNE NEW DELHI Shca01.fm Page iii Tuesday, March 27, 2001 12:10 PM Butterworth-Heinemann Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn, MA 01801-2041 A division of Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd A member of the Reed Elsevier plc group First published 1972 Second edition 1978 Third edition 1988 Fourth edition 1994 Reprinted 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 Fifth edition 2001 © D. J. Eyres 1972, 1978, 1988, 1994, 2001 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England W1P 0LP. Applications for the copyright holder’s written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publisher British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Eyres, D. J. (David John) Ship construction – 5th ed. 1. Shipbuilding 2. Naval architecture I. Title 623.8 ′ 2 Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Eyres, David J. Ship construction/David J. Eyres. – 5th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Shipbuilding. 2. Naval architecture. I. Title. VM145.E94 2001 623.8 ′ 3–dc21 2001025515 ISBN 0 7506 4887 2 www.bh.com Typeset in India at Integra Software Services Pvt Ltd, Pondicherry, India 605005, www.integra-india.com Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall Shca01.fm Page iv Tuesday, March 27, 2001 12:10 PM Contents vii Preface ? Acknowledgments I Part 1 Introduction to Shipbuilding 1 1 Basic Design of the Ship 1 Preparation of the Design 1 Information Provided by Design 4 Purchase of a New Vessel 6 Ship Contracts 7 2 Ship Dimensions and Form 2 3 Development of Ship Types 3 Dry Cargo Ships 3 Bulk Carriers 19 Oil Tankers 21 Passenger Ships 26 Part 2 Materials and Strength of Ships 2 4 Classification Societies 4 Lloyds Register Classification Symbols 34 Structural Design Programs 35 Periodical Surveys 36 Damage Repairs 38 5 Steels 5 Manufacture of Steels 5 Heat Treatment of Steels 41 Steel Sections 42 Shipbuilding Steels 42 High Tensile Steels 43 Steel Castings 44 Steel Forgings 44 6 Aluminium Alloy 6 Production of Aluminium 47 Fire Protection 50 7 Testing of Materials 7 Classification Society Tests for Hull Materials 53 8 Stresses to which a Ship is Subject 8 Vertical Shear and Longitudinal Bending in Still Water 8 Bending Moments in a Seaway 8 Longitudinal Shear Forces 58 Bending Stresses 58 Transverse Stresses 62 Local Stresses 62 Brittle Fracture 63 Fatigue Failures 66 Part 3 Welding and Cutting 3 9 Welding and Cutting Processes used in Shipbuilding 9 Gas Welding 70 Electric Arc Welding 72 Other Welding Processes 81 Cutting Processes 84 10 Welding Practice and Testing Welds 10 Welding Practice 10 Welding Sequences 93 Testing Welds 96 Non-destructive Testing 98 Classification Society Weld Tests 102 Part 4 Shipyard Practice 4 11 Shipyard Layout 11 12 Ship Drawing Offices and Loftwork 12 Loftwork Following Drawing Office 114 13 Plate and Section Preparation and Machining 13 Plate and Section Preparation 13 Plate and Section Machining 120 Frame Bending 126 14 Prefabrication 14 Sub-assemblies 133 Unit Fabrication 133 Outfit Modules 135 Unit Erection 136 Joining Ship Sections Afloat 138 15 Launching 15 End Launches 15 Side Launches 151 Building Docks 151 Ship Lifts 152 Part 5 Ship Structure 5 16 Bottom Structure 16 Keels 16 Single Bottom Structure 157 Double Bottom Structure 157 Machinery Seats 167 17 Shell Plating and Framing 17 Shell Plating 17 Framing 170 Tank Side Brackets 172 Local Strengthening of Shell Plating 172 Bilge Keel 178 18 Bulkheads and Pillars 18 Bulkheads 18 Watertight Doors 190 Deep Tanks 192 Topside Tanks 194 Shaft Tunnel 194 Pillars 195 19 Decks, Hatches, and Superstructures 19 Decks 19 Hatches 207 Bulwarks 210 Superstructures and Deckhouses 213 20 Fore End Structure 20 Stem 20 Bulbous Bows 219 Chain Locker 221 Hawse Pipes 222 Bow Steering Arrangements 224 Bow Thrust Units 224 21 Aft End Structure 21 Stern Construction 21 Stern Frame 228 Rudders 228 Steering Gear 232 Sterntube 234 Shaft Bossing and A Brackets 234 Propellers 236 22 Tanker Construction 22 Oil Tankers 22 Materials for Tanker Construction 244 Construction in Tank Spaces 245 Double Hull Construction 249 Bulkheads 249 Hatchways 250 Testing Tanks 251 Fore End Structure 251 After End Structure 252 Superstructures 253 Floating Production, Storage and Offloading Vessels 253 Chemical Tankers 254 23 Liquefied Gas Carriers 23 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) 23 Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) 23 The IMO International Gas Carrier Code 257 Liquefied Petroleum Gas Ships 259 Liquefied Natural Gas Ships 262 General Arrangement of Gas Carriers 264 Lloyds Classification 264 Part 6 Outfit 6 24 Derricks, Masts, and Rigging 24 Masts and Sampson Posts 24 Derrick Rigs 270 Deck Cranes 279 25 Cargo Access, Handling and Restraint 25 Stern and Bow Doors 25 Ramps 282 Side Doors and Loaders 283 Portable Decks 285 Scissors Lift 286 Cargo Restraint 286 26 Pumping and Piping Arrangements 26 Bilge and Ballast Pumping and Piping 26 General Service Pipes and Pumping 292 Air and Sounding Pipes 293 Sea Inlets 293 Cargo Pumping and Piping Arrangements in Tankers 294 27 Corrosion Control and Paint Systems 27 Nature and Forms of Corrosion 27 Corrosion Control 304 Paints 307 Protection by Means of Paints 310 28 Ventilation, Refrigeration, and Insulation 28 Ventilation 28 Refrigeration 319 Insulation 319 Refrigerated Container Ships 322 Part 7 International Regulations 7 29 International Maritime Organization 29 Organization of IMO 29 Work of IMO 29 Relationship with National Authorities 328 Relationship with Classification Societies 329 30 Tonnage 30 International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships 1969 30 Tonnages 30 Measurement 331 Compensated Tonnage 332 31 Load Line Rules 31 Freeboard Computation 31 Conditions of Assignment of Freeboard 338 32 Structural Fire Protection 32 Requirements 32 A, B and C Class Divisions 344 Openings in Fire Protection Divisions 346 Protection of Special Category Spaces 347 Fire Protection Arrangements in High Speed Craft 347 Index 534 [...]... carriers Lightships liners Tenders Container vessels Pilot craft Barge carriers Ro-Ro ships Refrigerated cargo ships Timber carriers Livestock carriers Car carriers FIGURE 3.1 Ship types Submersibles Warships Oil tankers Floating Tramps dry docks Dredgers Passenger ships Shcc03.fm Page 15 Monday, March 26, 2001 3:01 PM High speed Craft Shcc03.fm Page 16 Monday, March 26, 2001 3:01 PM 16 Ship Construction. .. Semi-submersible drill rigs Drill ships Accommodation barges Production platforms Floating storage unit (FSU) Floating production and storage unit (FPSO) Factory ships Harbour/ocean work craft Cable layers Tugs Dry cargo ships Liquid cargo ships Bulk Floating cranes carriers Liners Cross-Channel ferries Liquefied gas carriers Cruise ships Coastal ferries Emigrant and pilgrim ships (STP’s) Harbour ferries... text is primarily concerned, namely dry cargo ships, bulk carriers, tankers, and passenger ships follows Dry Cargo Ships If the development of the dry cargo ship from the time of introduction of steam propulsion is considered the pattern of change is similar to that shown in Figure 3.2 The first steam ships followed in most respects the design of the sailing ship having a flush deck with the machinery... Fisher, ‘An Owner’s Management of Ship Construction Contracts’— Newbuild 2000 and the role of the Naval Architect 1995, Royal Institution of Naval Architects Publications Gilfillan, ‘The Economic Design of Bulk Carriers’, Trans R.I.N.A., 1969 Goldrein, Ship Sale and Purchase, Law and Technique’, Lloyds of London Press Ltd., 1985 Goss, ‘Economic Criteria for Optimal Ship Designs’, Trans R.I.N.A., 1965... ‘Preliminary Design of Boats and Ships’, Cornell Maritime Press, Centreville, Md., USA, 1989 Packard, ‘Sale and Purchase’, Tramp Ship Services, Fairplay Publications, 1981 Parker, ‘Contractual and Organizational Implications of Advanced Shipbuilding Methods’, Proceedings of the Seminar on Advances in Design for Production, University of Southampton, 1984 Watson and Gilfillan, ‘Some Ship Design Methods’, The... midship section Moulded Depth: Measured from the base line to the heel of the upper deck beam at the ship s side amidships Extreme Beam: The maximum beam taken over all extremities Extreme Draft: Taken from the lowest point of keel to the summer load line Draft marks represent extreme drafts Extreme Depth: Depth of vessel at ship s side from upper deck to lowest point of keel Half Breadth: Since a ship s... dimensions of the ship are illustrated in Figure 2.1 Shcc03.fm Page 14 Monday, March 26, 2001 3:01 PM 3 Development of Ship Types A breakdown into broad working groups of the various craft which the shipbuilder might be concerned with are shown in Figure 3.1 This covers a wide range and reflects the adaptability of the shipbuilding industry It is obviously not possible to cover the construction of all... for a ‘one-off’ design but there are shipyards concentrating on this type of construction and the owner may be drawn to them for this reason A nonstandard cargo ship of any form and a number of specialist ships will also require a ‘one-off’ design Having decided on his basic requirements, i.e the vessel’s objectives, after an appropriate project analysis the larger shipowners may employ their own technical... the tender specification and submit this to shipbuilders who wish to tender for the building of the ship The final building specification and design is prepared by the successful tendering shipbuilder in co-operation with the owners technical staff The latter may oversee construction of the vessel and approve the builders drawings and calculations Other shipowners may retain a firm of Shcc01.fm Page... Andrews, ‘Creative Ship Design’, The Naval Architect, November, 1981 Buxton, ‘Engineering Economics and Ship Design’, B.S.R.A Publication, 1971 Buxton, ‘Engineering Economics Applied to Ship Design’, The Naval Architect, October, 1972 Fisher, ‘The Relative Costs of Ship Design Parameters’, Trans R.I.N.A., 1974 Shcc01.fm Page 9 Monday, March 26, 2001 3:00 PM Basic Design of the Ship 9 Fisher, ‘An Owner’s . Propulsive characteristics and hull form Preliminary general arrangement Principal structural details Each item of information may be considered in more detail, together with any restraints placed. criteria that may be derived for commercial ship designs and used to measure their profitability are net present value, discounted cash flow or required freight rate. Preliminary design refines and. in India at Integra Software Services Pvt Ltd, Pondicherry, India 60500 5, www.integra-india.com Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall Shca01.fm Page iv Tuesday,