Advanced Gas Turbine Cycles Corn bined doc

Advanced Gas Turbine Cycles Corn bined STlG Steam - Exhaust 4 1i li qL t Air Water PERGAMON ADVANCED GAS TURBINE CYCLES ADVANCED GAS TURBINE CYCLES J. H. Horlock F.R.Eng., F.R.S. Whittle Laboratory Cambridge, U.K. 2003 An imprint of Elsevier Science AMSTERDAM * BOSTON . HEIDELBERG . LONDON . NEW YORK OXFORD . PARIS * SAN DEGO * SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY . TOKYO ELSEVIER SCIENCE Ltd The Boulevard, Langford Lane Kidlington, Oxford OX5 lGB, UK 0 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. This work is protected under copyright by Elsevier Science, and the following terms and conditions apply to its use: Photocopying Single photocopies of single chapters may be made for personal use as allowed by national copyright laws. Permission of the Publisher and payment of a fee is required for all other photocopying, including multiple or systematic copying, copying for advertising or promotional purposes, resale, and all forms of document delivery. 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Notice No responsibility is assumed by the Publisher for any injury andor damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made. First edition 2003 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record from the Library of Congress has been applied for. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record from the British Library has been applied for. ISBN 0-08-044273-0 @ The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO 239.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). Printed in The Netherlands To W.R.H. Preface Notation Chapter 1 . A brief review of power generation thermodynamics 1.1. 1.2. 1.2.1. 1.2.2. 1.2.3. 1.2.4. 1.3. 1.4. 1.5. Introduction Criteria for the performance of power plants Efficiency of a closed circuit gas turbine plant Efficiency of an open circuit gas turbine plant Heatrate Energy utilisation factor Ideal (Carnot) power plant performance Limitations of other cycles Modifications of gas turbine cycles to achieve higher thermalefficiency References Chapter 2 . Reversibility and availability 2.1. 2.2. 2.2.1. 2.2.2. 2.3.1. 2.3.2. 2.3. 2.4. 2.5. 2.6. 2.7. Introduction Reversibility. availability and exergy Flow in the presence of an environment at To (not involving chemical reaction) Flow with heat transfer at temperature T Exergy flux Application of the exergy flux equation to a closed cycle The relationships between 6. (+and ZCR. ZQ The maximum work output in a chemical reaction at To The adiabatic combustion process The work output and rational efficiency of an open circuit gas turbine A final comment on the use of exergy References Chapter 3 Basic gas turbine cycles 3.1. Introduction xiii xvii 1 9 11 13 13 14 14 16 19 20 20 22 23 24 26 26 27 27 vii [...]... the gas turbine for electric power generation, when many of the aircraft engineers involved in the turbojet work moved over to heavy gas turbine design But surprisingly it was to be the late twentieth century before the gas turbine became a major force in electrical generation through the big CCGTs (combined cycle gas turbines, using bottoming steam cycles) This book describes the thermodynamics of gas. .. combined heat and power and on combined power plants respectively [10,11] They all range more widely than the basic thermodynamics of gas turbine cycles, and the recent flurry of activity in this field has encouraged me to devote this volume to cycles alone But the remaining breadth of gas turbine cycles proposed for power generation has led me to exclude from this volume the coupling of the gas turbine. .. irreversible gas turbine cycle (the irreversible Joule-Brayton (LTB) cycle of Fig 1.9), ffA > ffB (a less than unity) and 5 < 1 so that the thermal efficiency is is q = 1- 7 =1- T G (1.19) 15 Modifications of gas turbine cycles to achieve higher thermal efficiency There are several modifications to the basic gas turbine cycle that may be introduced to raise thermal efficiency Advanced gas turbine cycles. .. combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) plant Exhaust gases I Controt ;/surface z ControI 1- - -water Fig 1.2 Closed circuit gas turbine plant (after Haywood [3]) Chapter 1 A brief review o power genemtion thermodynamics f 3 Control surface Reactants {~ 1 Combustion chamber ~(products) I Exhaust gases Generator ‘ 1- Compressor IW Turbine I - - - - - - - - - - - - -1 Fig 1.3 Open circuit gas turbine plant... cyclic gas turbine power plant, with steady flow of air (or gas) through a compressor, heater, turbine, cooler within a closed circuit (Fig 1.4) The turbine drives the compressor and a generator delivering the electrical power, heat is supplied at a constant pressure and is also rejected at constant pressure The temperature-entropy diagram for this cycle is also (a 1 2 Advanced gas turbine cycles FUEL... Energy utilisation factor Artificial thermal efficiency Fuel energy saving ratio The unmatched gas turbine CHP plant Range of operation for a gas turbine CHP plant Design of gas turbines as cogeneration (CHP) plants Some practical gas turbine cogeneration plants The Beilen CHP plant The Liverpool University CHP... Joule-Brayton cycle (after Ref [I]) Advonced gas turbine cycles 4 FUEL ENERGY SUPPLIED F 1 UPPER [HIGHER] POWER PLANT t WORK OUTPUT W H HEAT LOSS BOTTOMING [LOWER] POWER I WORK OUTPUT WL HEAT RWECTED Qr, Fig 1.5 Combined power plant 1.2 Criteria for the performance of power plants 1.2.1 Eficiency of a closed circuit gas turbine plant For a cyclic gas turbine plant in which fluid is circulated continuously... M,[CVlo Fig 1.7 Determination of calorific value [CV], (after Ref [2]) Po -To 6 Advanced gas turbine cycles where Qo is equal to Mf[CVl0 = [-AH0] = HR0- Hpo, the change in enthalpy from reactants to products, at the temperature of the environment The overall efficiency of the entire gas turbine plant, including the cyclic gas turbine power plant (within Y) and the heating device (within Z), is given by... recuperation using flue gases (fluegas/TCR) Combustion with recycled flue gas as a carrier Descriptions of cycles Cycles A with additional removal equipment for carbon dioxide sequestration Direct removal of COz from an existing plant Modifications of the cycles of conventional plants using the semi-closed gas turbine cycle... I first became interested in the subject of cycles when I went on sabbatical leave to M T from Cambridge England to Cambridge M s There I was asked by the Director of I, as the Gas Turbine Laboratory, Professor E.S.Taylor, to take over his class on gas turbine cycles for the year The established text for this course consisted of a beautiful set of notes on cycles by Professor (Sir) William Hawthorne, . Advanced Gas Turbine Cycles Corn bined STlG Steam - Exhaust 4 1i li qL t Air Water PERGAMON ADVANCED GAS TURBINE CYCLES ADVANCED GAS TURBINE CYCLES J. H the gas turbine became a major force in electrical generation through the big CCGTs (combined cycle gas turbines, using bottoming steam cycles) . This book describes the thermodynamics of gas. on real gas effects 82 Other studies of gas turbine plants with turbine cooling 82 Exergy calculations 82 Conclusions 84 References 84 Chapter 6 . ‘Wet’ gas turbine