ADVANCES IN GAS TURBINE TECHNOLOGY Edited by Ernesto Benini Advances in Gas Turbine Technology Edited by Ernesto Benini Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Alenka Urbancic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright Dmitry Skutin, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published October, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Advances in Gas Turbine Technology, Edited by Ernesto Benini p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-611-9 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Aero and Marine Gas Turbines 1 Chapter 1 Future Aero Engine Designs: An Evolving Vision 3 Konstantinos G. Kyprianidis Chapter 2 State-of-Art of Transonic Axial Compressors 25 Roberto Biollo and Ernesto Benini Chapter 3 Possible Efficiency Increasing of Ship Propulsion and Marine Power Plant with the System Combined of Marine Diesel Engine, Gas Turbine and Steam Turbine 45 Marek Dzida Part 2 Gas Turbine Systems 69 Chapter 4 Exergy Analysis of a Novel SOFC Hybrid System with Zero-CO 2 Emission 71 Liqiang Duan, Xiaoyuan Zhang and Yongping Yang Chapter 5 Flexible Micro Gas Turbine Rig for Tests on Advanced Energy Systems 89 Mario L. Ferrari and Matteo Pascenti Chapter 6 Biofuel and Gas Turbine Engines 115 Marco Antônio Rosa do Nascimento and Eraldo Cruz dos Santos Chapter 7 Afterburning Installation Integration into a Cogeneration Power Plant with Gas Turbine by Numerical and Experimental Analysis 139 Ene Barbu, Valeriu Vilag, Jeni Popescu, Silviu Ionescu, Adina Ionescu, Romulus Petcu, Cleopatra Cuciumita, Mihaiella Cretu, Constantin Vilcu and Tudor Prisecaru VI Contents Chapter 8 Application of Statistical Methods for Gas Turbine Plant Operation Monitoring 165 Li Pan Part 3 Heat Transfer 189 Chapter 9 Jet Impingement Cooling in Gas Turbines for Improving Thermal Efficiency and Power Density 191 Luai M. Al-Hadhrami, S.M. Shaahid and Ali A. Al-Mubarak Chapter 10 Influence of Heat Transfer on Gas Turbine Performance 211 Diango A., Périlhon C., Danho E. and Descombes G. Part 4 Combustion 237 Chapter 11 Developments of Gas Turbine Combustors for Air-Blown and Oxygen-Blown IGCC 239 Takeharu Hasegawa Chapter 12 Characterization of a Spray in the Combustion Chamber of a Low Emission Gas Turbine 267 Georges Descombes Part 5 Materials and Fabrication 291 Chapter 13 Materials for Gas Turbines – An Overview 293 Nageswara Rao Muktinutalapati Chapter 14 Titanium in the Gas Turbine Engine 315 Mark Whittaker Chapter 15 Platinum-Based Alloys and Coatings: Materials for the Future? 337 Lesley A. Cornish and Lesley H. Chown Chapter 16 Unidirectionally Solidified Eutectic Ceramic Composites for Ultra-High Efficiency Gas Turbine Systems 371 Yoshiharu Waku Chapter 17 Study of a New Type High Strength Ni-Based Superalloy DZ468 with Good Hot Corrosion Resistance 399 Enze Liu and Zhi Zheng Chapter 18 BLISK Fabrication by Linear Friction Welding 411 Antonio M. Mateo García Contents VII Chapter 19 Damageability of Gas Turbine Blades – Evaluation of Exhaust Gas Temperature in Front of the Turbine Using a Non-Linear Observer 435 Józef Błachnio and Wojciech Izydor Pawlak Chapter 20 New Non-Destructive Methods of Diagnosing Health of Gas Turbine Blades 465 Józef Błachnio, Mariusz Bogdan and Artur Kułaszka Chapter 21 Repair of Turbine Blades Using Cold Spray Technique 499 Kazuhiro Ogawa and Dowon Seo Preface World energy demand is likely to increase over the next 20 years, and it is well ascertained that fossil fuels will still be the dominant source for power generation all over the world. In this scenario, gas turbine (GT) engines will still represent a key technology, either in stand-alone applications or combined with other power generation equipment. The challenges in GT technology today deal with several issues, such as increased on/off design efficiency, reduced performance degradation over time, and decreased pollutant emissions levels. Major research efforts and investments are being bestowed for the development of new, advanced GT technologies with superior performance, thus helping in the fulfillment of the Kyoto Protocol objectives for greenhouse gases reduction, as well as of many other transnational policies on sustainability and reduced environmental impact of energy technologies. The book intends to provide an updated picture, as well as a perspective view of some of the major improvements which characterize the GT technology in different applications, from marine and aircraft propulsion to industrial and stationary power generation. Therefore, the target audience for it involves design, analyst, materials and maintenance engineers. Manufacturers, researchers and scientists will also benefit from the timely and accurate information provided. The book is organized into five main sections, which are comprised of 21 chapters: (I) Aero and Marine Gas Turbines, (II) Gas Turbine Systems, (III) Heat Transfer, (IV) Combustion, and (V) Materials and Fabrication. Starting from a general but evolving vision on GT and their components used in aircraft and marine engines in Section I, a systematic approach is used in Section II to describe the thermodynamic behavior of various GT-based technologies, including combined power, hybrid fuel cell/GT and small-scale GT plants. Then, in Sections III and IV, a total of four specific works (two articles each) are included, which present some of the latest developments in the internal heat transfer and combustion-related phenomena. Finally, a collection of nine papers in Section V. deal with the most recent advances regarding the new materials for GT component fabrication, including interesting suggestions on material damage prevention, diagnosis and repair. X Preface The editor is indebted to all the valuable contributions included in this book from the various GT experts spread worldwide, as well as to InTech Open Access Publisher for giving me the opportunity to edit this volume, and supporting me constantly during its preparation. Dr. Ernesto Benini Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Padova, Italy [...]... ratio; in some cases, a potential reduction in engine weight can more than compensate for a non-optimal thermal efficiency Increasing OPR further than current engine designs is hindered by limitations in high pressure compressor delivery temperature at take-off Increasing T4 is limited by maximum permissable high pressure turbine rotor metal temperatures at take-off and top of climb Increasing turbine. .. (2008a) Recuperated gas turbine aeroengines, part I: early development activities, Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology: An International Journal 80(2): 139–157 McDonald, C., Massardo, A., Rodgers, C & Stone, A (2008b) Recuperated gas turbine aeroengines, part II: engine design studies following early development testing, Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology: An International Journal... to be 0.8222 It is worth noting that an increase in inflation rates from 2% to 3% can increase the net present cost by as much as 17%, over a period of 30 years An increase in interest rates from 6% to 7% can increase Direct Operating Costs (DOC) by 2.5% and 4.5% for short and long range applications, respectively 16 14 Advances in Gas Turbine Technology Will-be-set-by -IN- TECH Fig 9 Evolution of aircraft... clearance in compressors • Active control of a cooled cooling air system 8 6 Advances in Gas Turbine Technology Will-be-set-by -IN- TECH Fig 3 Evolution of turbine material capability and future trend As mentioned earlier another way of improving engine thermal efficiency is to raise the cycle OPR For conventional cores, increasing OPR and T4 depends primarily on future advancements in material and cooling... Engine Core Concepts, ISABE 2007 Proceedings, ISABE-2007-1120, Beijing, China Xu, L & Grönstedt, T (2010) Design and Analysis of an Intercooled Turbofan Engine, ASME Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 132(11) doi:10.1115/1.4000857 Xu, L., Gustafsson, B & Grönstedt, T (2007) Mission Optimization of an Intercooled Turbofan Engine, ISABE 2007 Proceedings, ISABE-2007-1157, Beijing, China... Automotive Engineers Hirschkron, R & Neitzel, R (1976) Alternative concepts for advanced energy conservative transport engines, Technical Report SAE-760536, Society of Automotive Engineers Horlock, J., Watson, D & Jones, T (2001) Limitations on Gas Turbine Performance Imposed by Large Turbine Cooling Flows, ASME Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 123(3): 487–494 ICAO (1993) International... be perceived as intermediate enabling steps for realising new engine core concepts that could improve the core thermal efficiency These new core concepts comprise of: • Ultra-high OPR core with intercooling • Medium OPR intercooled recuperated core • High OPR flow controlled core • High OPR active core including active cooling air cooling When considering intercooling for an aero engine design, a common... Young, J & Horlock, J (2005) The Effect of Turbine Blade Cooling on the Cycle Efficiency of Gas Turbine Power Cycles, ASME Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 127(1): 109–120 Wilde, G (1978) Future large civil turbofans and powerplants, RAeS Aeronautical Journal 82: 281–299 24 22 Advances in Gas Turbine Technology Will-be-set-by -IN- TECH Wilfert, G., Sieber, J., Rolt, A., Baker, N., Touyeras,... material technology (roughly 3 [K/year]) aero engine designs have seen substantial increases in T4 over the last 60 years (roughly 10 [K/year]); this is illustrated in Fig 4 for engines designed for long-haul applications The main reason behind these improvements in T4 has been the introduction of cooling and Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBC) in turbine designs; the interested reader is referred to Downs & Kenneth... weight fan designs and new shaft materials Increasing engine bypass ratio aggravates the speed mismatch between the fan and the low pressure turbine Introduction of a gearbox can relieve this issue by permitting the design of these two 4 2 Advances in Gas Turbine Technology Will-be-set-by -IN- TECH components at their optimal speeds, and can hence reduce engine weight, as well as improve component efficiency . ADVANCES IN GAS TURBINE TECHNOLOGY Edited by Ernesto Benini Advances in Gas Turbine Technology Edited by Ernesto Benini Published by InTech Janeza Trdine. 2 011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Advances in Gas Turbine. Cooling in Gas Turbines for Improving Thermal Efficiency and Power Density 19 1 Luai M. Al-Hadhrami, S.M. Shaahid and Ali A. Al-Mubarak Chapter 10 Influence of Heat Transfer on Gas Turbine