12 CHAPTERS ON NUCLEAR MEDICINE pptx

12 CHAPTERS ON NUCLEAR MEDICINE Edited by Ali Gholamrezanezhad 12 Chapters on Nuclear Medicine Edited by Ali Gholamrezanezhad Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Molly Kaliman Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team Image Copyright Pavel Ignatov, 2011 Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published December, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org 12 Chapters on Nuclear Medicine, Edited by Ali Gholamrezanezhad p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-802-1 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Chapter 1 Physiologic and False Positive Pathologic Uptakes on Radioiodine Whole Body Scan 1 Byeong-Cheol Ahn Chapter 2 Internal Radiation Dosimetry: Models and Applications 25 Ernesto Amato, Alfredo Campennì, Astrid Herberg, Fabio Minutoli and Sergio Baldari Chapter 3 Medical Cyclotron 47 Reina A. Jimenez V Chapter 4 Radionuclide Infection Imaging: Conventional to Hybrid 73 Muhammad Umar Khan and Muhammad Sharjeel Usmani Chapter 5 Nuclear Medicine in Musculoskeletal Disorders: Clinical Approach 97 Noelia Medina-Gálvez and Teresa Pedraz Chapter 6 Role of the Radionuclide Metrology in Nuclear Medicine 137 Sahagia Maria Chapter 7 Breast Cancer: Radioimmunoscintigraphy and Radioimmunotherapy 165 Mojtaba Salouti and Zahra Heidari Chapter 8 Diagnosis of Dementia Using Nuclear Medicine Imaging Modalities 199 Merissa N. Zeman, Garrett M. Carpenter and Peter J. H. Scott Chapter 9 Post-Therapeutic I-131 Whole Body Scan in Patients with Differentiated Thyroid Cancer 231 Ho-Chun Song and Ari Chong VI Contents Chapter 10 Apoptosis Imaging in Diseased Myocardium 251 Junichi Taki, Hiroshi Wakabayashi, Anri Inaki, Ichiro Matsunari and Seigo Kinuya Chapter 11 Dosimetry for Beta-Emitter Radionuclides by Means of Monte Carlo Simulations 265 Pedro Pérez, Francesca Botta, Guido Pedroli and Mauro Valente Chapter 12 Skeleton System 287 Rongfu Wang Preface Nuclear Medicine is a collection of 12 chapters providing a comprehesnive overview of the nuclear medicine, with insights into both its historical and contemporary practices. I hope that readers enjoy the chapters greatly and find it informative, practical and educational in the presented discussions. I would like to convey my respects and thanks to the authors for their efforts and contribution. Collaboration has always been important in academic environment. I am very happy to see that the publication and chapters are the result of fruitful international collaboration involving more than 20 leading scientists and investigators from all over the world. I hope the "12 Chapters on Nuclear Medicine" encourage continued close cooperation and collaboration among its authors. Best regards, Ali Gholamrezanezhad, MD, FEBNM [...]... their relationships, we focus on the dosimetric anthropomorphic models We introduce also 3D techniques based on voxel dose factors, convolution of dose point-kernels and direct Monte Carlo computation, focusing on the contribution of Monte Carlo simulation to the development of new and more accurate dosimetric and microdosimetric models for internal dosimetry 26 12 Chapters on Nuclear Medicine We... determine that contamination is the reason for the uptakes Fig 23 Cases with contaminations at the hair and scalp A case with unilateral hair contamination by saliva and cases with uni- or bilateral scalp contamination by excessive perspiration are demonstrated anterior right lateral left lateral posterior Fig 24 Contamination at the right posterior chest wall by excessive perspiration There was also... secretions Fortunately, the contaminations are usually easily recognized by their pattern and acquiring images after removing the contamination with decontaminating procedures and with taking the stained clothes off However, unusual patterns of contamination might occur and suspecting uptake lesions as contamination would be difficult 18 12 Chapters on Nuclear Medicine Patients' peculiar physical characteristics... administered doses of the medications The amount of iodine for the drug must also be considered.(Nostrand, Bloom et al 2004; Silberstein, Alavi et al 2005; Luster, Clarke et al 2008) 3.2.2 I -123 I -123 is produced in a cyclotron by proton irradiation of enriched Xe -124 in a capsule and I -123 decays by electron capture with a half-life of 13.22 hours to Te -123 and it emits gamma radiation with predominant energies... imaging due to the long scanning time and the additional radiation burden, and so the fusion image should be selected on a personalized basis for those who clinically need the imaging (Oh, Byun et al 2011) 3.3.3 PET (Positron Emission Tomography) or PET/CT imaging PET detects a pair of gamma rays produced by annihilation of a positron which is introduced by a positron emitting radionuclide and this produces... produces three-dimensional image Owing to its electronic collimation, I -124 PET gives better efficiency and resolution than in I123 or I-131 SPECT, and so it offers the best image quality (Rault, Vandenberghe et al 2007) A fusion imaging modality with I -124 PET and CT can improve the diagnostic efficacy when compared to I -124 PET imaging by the same reasons of SPECT/CT over SEPCT only I -124 PET/CT has superiority... inflammatory, non-thyroidal neoplastic diseases Cystic lesions in various organs can accumulate radioiodine and the mechanism of the uptake is passive diffusion of the tracer into the cysts Radioiodine accumulation in ovarian, breast and pleuropericardial cysts has been reported 16 12 Chapters on Nuclear Medicine (Shapiro, Rufini et al 2000) Effusion of the pleural, pericardial and peritoneal cavities... tracheobronchial, lacrimal, salivary secretions and faeces contain radioiodine and their contamination on the hair, skin or clothes can be misinterpreted as metastasis of thyroid cancer.(Shapiro, Rufini et al 2000) Any focus of radioiodine uptake that cannot be explained by physiological or pathological causation must also be suspected as arising from contamination by secretions Fortunately, the contaminations... Scan 7 electron capture and 25.6% positron emission It emits gamma radiation with energies of 511 and 602 keV.(Rault, Vandenberghe et al 2007) I -124 is administered intravenously with activities of 0.5–2.0 mCi for detection of metastatic lesions or assessment of the radiation dose related to I-131 therapy Types I-131 I -123 I -124 • • • • • • • • • Advantages Cheap Readily available Allows longer delayed... 2004) 3.2 Types of radioiodine 3.2.1 I-131 I-131 is produced in a nuclear reactor by neutron bombardment of natural tellurium (Te -127 ) and decays by beta emission with a half-life of 8.02 days to xenon-133 (Xe-133) and it emits gamma emission as well It most often (89% of the time) expends its 971 keV of decay energy 6 12 Chapters on Nuclear Medicine by transforming into the stable Xe-131 in two steps, . 12 CHAPTERS ON NUCLEAR MEDICINE Edited by Ali Gholamrezanezhad 12 Chapters on Nuclear Medicine Edited by Ali Gholamrezanezhad. investigators from all over the world. I hope the " ;12 Chapters on Nuclear Medicine& quot; encourage continued close cooperation and collaboration among its authors. Best regards, Ali Gholamrezanezhad,. Preface Nuclear Medicine is a collection of 12 chapters providing a comprehesnive overview of the nuclear medicine, with insights into both its historical and contemporary practices.