Florence Nightingale on Women, Medicine, Midwifer y and Prostitution doc

Collected Works of Florence Nightingale Florence Nightingale on Women, Medicine, Midwifery and Prostitution Lynn McDonald editor ’ Florence Nightingale on Women, Medicine, Midwifer y and Prostitution Volume 8 of the Collected Works of Florence Nightingale WLU Press: Tue Aug 30 16:31:47 EDT 2005 steve mcdonald8: Nightingale on Women, Medicine, Midwifer y and Prostitution, xml/front8 page i WLU Press: Tue Aug 30 16:31:47 EDT 2005 steve mcdonald8: Nightingale on Women, Medicine, Midwifer y and Prostitution, xml/front8 page i The Collected Works of Florence Nightingale List of Volumes Note: Short title denoted by bold Volume 1 Florence Nightingale: An Introduction to Her Life and Family, 2001 Volume 2 Florence Nightingale’s Spiritual Journey: Biblical Annota- tions, Sermons and Journal Notes, 2001 Volume 3 Florence Nightingale’s Theology: Essays, Letters and Jour- nal Notes, 2002 Volume 4 Florence Nightingale on Mysticism and Eastern Religions, ed. Gérard Vallée, 2003 Volume 5 Florence Nightingale on Society and Politics, Philosophy, Science, Education and Literature, 2003 Volume 6 Florence Nightingale on Public Health Care, 2004 Volume 7 Florence Nightingale’s European Travels, 2004 Volume 8 Florence Nightingale on Women, Medicine, Midwifery and Prostitution, 2005 Tentative order: Volumes 9-10 Florence Nightingale and Public Health Care in India Volume 11 Florence Nightingale’s Suggestions for Thought Volumes 12-13 Florence Nightingale and the Foundation of Professional Nursing Volume 14 Florence Nightingale: The Crimean War and War Office Refor m Volume 15 Florence Nightingale on War and Militarism Volume 16 Florence Nightingale and Hospital Reform WLU Press: Tue Aug 30 16:31:47 EDT 2005 steve mcdonald8: Nightingale on Women, Medicine, Midwifer y and Prostitution, xml/front8 page ii WLU Press: Tue Aug 30 16:31:47 EDT 2005 steve mcdonald8: Nightingale on Women, Medicine, Midwifer y and Prostitution, xml/front8 page ii Florence Nightingale on Women, Medicine, Midwifer y and Prostitution Lynn McDonald, editor Volume 8 of the Collected Works of Florence Nightingale Wilfrid Laurier University Press www.wlupress.wlu.ca w WLU Press: Tue Aug 30 16:31:47 EDT 2005 steve mcdonald8: Nightingale on Women, Medicine, Midwifer y and Prostitution, xml/front8 page iii WLU Press: Tue Aug 30 16:31:47 EDT 2005 steve mcdonald8: Nightingale on Women, Medicine, Midwifer y and Prostitution, xml/front8 page iii We acknowledge the financial support of the Government of Canada through the Book Publishing Industry Development Program for our publishing activities. Librar y and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Nightingale, Florence, 1820-1910. Florence Nightingale on women, medicine, midwifery and prostitution / Lynn McDonald, editor. (Collected works of Florence Nightingale ; v. 8) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-88920-466-7 1. Nightingale, Florence, 1820-1910 — Political and social views. 2. Nightingale, Florence, 1820-1910 — Corre s p o n d e n c e . 3. Women — Great Britain — Social conditions — 19th century. 4. Women — Medical care — Great Britain. 5. Women’s hospitals — Great Britain. I. McDonald, Lynn, 1940- II. Title. III. Series: Nightingale, Florence, 1820-1910. Collected works of Florence Nightingale ; v. 8. HQ1593.N54 2005 305.4′0941′09034 C2005-904505-1 © 2005 Wilfrid Laurier University Press Cover design by Leslie Macredie. Front cover: Stained glass window of Florence Nightingale, Chapel of the Good Shepherd, Chautauqua Institution, Chautauqua, ny. Photograph courtesy of Michael D. Calabria. Front flap: Florence Nightin- gale’s ‘‘chatelaine,’’ a piece of jewellery for carrying keys, with a seal ring and Egyptian coin attached, left in her will to a cousin, Bertha Coltman. Private collec- tion of Dr George Ebers. Back flap: Photograph of Lynn McDonald by Grant W. Mar tin, University of Guelph. Back cover: Clock given by Nightingale to a distant cousin, namesake and nurse Florence Nightingale Shore. Photograph courtesy of Pat Paskiewicz. ∞ Printed in Canada Ever y reasonable effor t has been made to acquire per mission for copyright mate- rial used in this text, and to acknowledge all such indebtedness accurately. Any er rors and omissions called to the publisher’s attention will be corrected in future printings. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior consent of the pub- lisher or a licence from The Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency (Access Copy- right). For an Access Copyright licence, visit www.accesscopyright.ca or call toll free to 1-800-893-5777. Wilfrid Laurier University Press Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3C5 E-mail: press@wlu.ca Web: http://www.wlupress.wlu.ca Collected Works of Florence Nightingale Web site: http://www.sociology.uoguelph.ca/fnightingale WLU Press: Tue Aug 30 16:31:47 EDT 2005 steve mcdonald8: Nightingale on Women, Medicine, Midwifer y and Prostitution, xml/front8 page iv WLU Press: Tue Aug 30 16:31:47 EDT 2005 steve mcdonald8: Nightingale on Women, Medicine, Midwifer y and Prostitution, xml/front8 page iv Contents Acknowledgments ix Dramatis Personae xi List of Illustrations xii Florence Nightingale: A Précis of Her Life xiii Introduction to Volume 8 1 Nightingale’s Views on Women 6 Key to Editing 11 Nightingale on Women 15 Employment and Income Security for Women 66 Mar riage, Celibacy and Vocation 87 Gender and Class—Ladies or Women 91 Religious Communities for Women 100 Nightingale’s Draft Novel 110 Midwifer y Midwifer y Training at King’s College Hospital 141 Establishment of the Training School for Midwifery Nurses at King’s College Hospital 153 Ecclesiastical Interference at King’s College Hospital 179 Closing the Training School and Midwifery Ward at King’s College Hospital 190 Research for and Writing Intr oductory Notes on Lying-in Institutions 206 Intr oductory Notes on Lying-in Institutions 249 Preface 250 Notes on Lying-in Institutions 253 Midwifer y Statistics 253 Nor mal Death Rate of Lying-in Women in England 255 Nor mal Mor tality among Lying-in Women in Different Countries 257 Objections to the Data 259 Estimated Approximate Home Death Rate 260 /v WLU Press: Tue Aug 30 16:31:47 EDT 2005 steve mcdonald8: Nightingale on Women, Medicine, Midwifer y and Prostitution, xml/front8 page v WLU Press: Tue Aug 30 16:31:47 EDT 2005 steve mcdonald8: Nightingale on Women, Medicine, Midwifer y and Prostitution, xml/front8 page v Death Rates in Lying-in Institutions 260 Classification of Causes of Mortality in Lying-in Institutions 269 Causes of High Death Rates in Lying-in Institutions 270 Influence of Construction and Management of Lying-in Wards on the Death Rate 276 Results of Improved Lying-in Ward Constr uction 283 Should Medical Students be Admitted to Lying-in Hospital Practice? 288 Influence of Time Spent in a Lying-in Ward on the Death Rate 289 Ef fect of Good Management on the Success of Lying-in Establishments 291 Management of Military Lying-in Wards 298 Recapitulation 299 Can the Arrangement and Management of Lying-in Institutions be Improved? 302 Chapter II Constr uction and Management of a Lying-in Institution and Training School for Midwives and Midwifer y Nurses 304 I Constr uction of a Lying-in Institution 305 Site 312 II Management 314 III Training School for Midwives 316 Description of Sketch-Plans of Proposed Institution 320 Appendix: Midwifery as a Career for Educated Women 325 After Publication of Intr oductory Notes on Lying-in Institutions 329 Prostitution, the Contagious Diseases Acts and the Treatment of Syphilitic Prostitutes The Regulation of Prostitution by the Contagious Diseases Acts 411 ‘‘Note on the Supposed Protection’’ 428 Fur ther Legislation in the 1860s and the Beginning of the Repeal Movement 458 The Royal Commission 1871 472 The Repeal Campaign and Treatment Measures in the 1870s 482 Inter national Work on Repeal 492 Suspension and Repeal in the 1880s 496 Contagious Diseases Legislation in India 506 The Treatment of ‘‘Penitents’’ in the Convent of the Good Shepherd 509 Women Friends, Relatives, Colleagues and Acquaintances Women Friends, Relatives, Colleagues and Acquaintances 519 Older Women Friends 525 vi / Nightingale on Women, Medicine, Midwifery and Prostitution WLU Press: Tue Aug 30 16:31:47 EDT 2005 steve mcdonald8: Nightingale on Women, Medicine, Midwifer y and Prostitution, xml/front8 page vi WLU Press: Tue Aug 30 16:31:47 EDT 2005 steve mcdonald8: Nightingale on Women, Medicine, Midwifer y and Prostitution, xml/front8 page vi Selina Bracebridge 525 Mar y Clarke Mohl 544 Sarah Elizabeth Sutherland 601 Julia Smith 608 Joanna Bonham Carter 610 Har riet Mar tineau 611 Lady Elizabeth McNeill 634 Mar y Jones 640 Lady Alicia Blackwood 644 Other Older Friends 648 Contemporar y Women Friends 651 (Mar y) Elizabeth Herbert 651 Louisa Stewart-Mackenzie, Lady Ashburton 710 Geor gina Tollet 737 Other Contemporary Women Friends 748 Notable and Royal Women Acquaintances 791 Julia Ward Howe 791 Har riet Beecher Stowe 800 Angela Burdett-Coutts 808 Other Notable Women 812 Royal Women 821 Younger Women Friends 847 Adeline Paulina Irby 847 Louisa Shore Smith 859 Blanche (Smith) Clough and Daughters 860 Ber tha (Smith) Coltman 867 Sibella Bonham Carter 871 Maude Ver ney 877 Other Ver ney Relatives 933 Rosalind (Smith) Nash 944 Charlotte Symonds Green 955 Caroline Werckner 959 Women Servants and Villagers 973 Jane, Fanny and Mary Dowding 980 Alice Mochler 983 Mrs Holmes and Lizzie Holmes 990 Ellen ‘‘Nelly’’ Owen 995 Frances Groundsell 1000 Nuns 1013 (Roman Catholic) Sisters of Mercy 1013 Anglican Nuns 1020 Contents / vii WLU Press: Tue Aug 30 16:31:47 EDT 2005 steve mcdonald8: Nightingale on Women, Medicine, Midwifer y and Prostitution, xml/front8 page vii WLU Press: Tue Aug 30 16:31:47 EDT 2005 steve mcdonald8: Nightingale on Women, Medicine, Midwifer y and Prostitution, xml/front8 page vii Appendixes Appendix A: Biographical Sketches 1033 Har riet Mar tineau 1033 (Dr) Elizabeth Blackwell 1035 Sarah Elizabeth Sutherland 1037 Appendix B: Secondary Sources on Nightingale and Women 1039 Sex-Role Stereotyping in the Secondary Literature 1049 Bibliography for Appendix B 1052 Bibliography 1055 Index 1065 viii / Nightingale on Women, Medicine, Midwifery and Prostitution WLU Press: Tue Aug 30 16:31:47 EDT 2005 steve mcdonald8: Nightingale on Women, Medicine, Midwifer y and Prostitution, xml/front8 page viii WLU Press: Tue Aug 30 16:31:47 EDT 2005 steve mcdonald8: Nightingale on Women, Medicine, Midwifer y and Prostitution, xml/front8 page viii Acknowledgments A cknowledgments are due to a large number of individuals and organizations for assistance on this volume, and even more for assistance at various stages in the Collected Works project. First of all acknowledgments are due to the Henry Bonham Car ter Will Trust for permission to publish Nightingale original manuscripts, and indeed for treating Nightingale material generally as being in the public domain. To the owners of Nightingale manu- scripts thanks are due for their important role in conservation, for per mitting scholarly access and for permitting copies to be made for this Collected Works. The correspondence at Boston University is held in the Florence Nightingale Collection in the History of Nursing Archives; that identified as ‘‘Florence Nightingale Museum (LMA)’’ is owned by the Florence Nightingale Museum Trust, housed at the London Metropolitan Archives; the Woodward Biomedical Library is at the University of British Columbia. Many people worked on the preparation of the texts, many as vol- unteers. Thanks are due to transcribers: Gwyneth Watkins, Kelly Thomas, Leo Uotila, Victoria Rea and Daniel Phelan; volunteer veri- fiers of texts: Cherry Ambrose, Linda Elliot, Joyce Donaldson, Jean Harding, Mary Par fitt and Marcia Macrae; to volunteers who assisted me with proofreading: Cherry Ambrose, Aideen Nicholson, Arun Dhanota; for assistance with visuals and literary sources: Lesley Mann; and for advice on nineteenth-century science: Dr Anne Innis Dagg. Thanks to Dr Douglas Coombs and Dr James Albisetti for providing information about manuscript sources not otherwise known to scholars. Archivists and librarians around the world provided skilled assist- ance, often beyond the call of duty. To the University of Guelph thanks are due for the provision of an extra faculty office to house the project, a computer, technical and administrative support. /ix WLU Press: Tue Aug 30 16:31:47 EDT 2005 steve mcdonald8: Nightingale on Women, Medicine, Midwifer y and Prostitution, xml/front8 page ix WLU Press: Tue Aug 30 16:31:47 EDT 2005 steve mcdonald8: Nightingale on Women, Medicine, Midwifer y and Prostitution, xml/front8 page ix [...]... material on social and economic conditions in the nineteenth century see Life and Family (1:61-62 and 64-68) and Society and Politics (5:129-30, 166) 4 / Nightingale on Women, Medicine, Midwifery and Prostitution Employment and income security issues as they concern women receive some coverage in this volume at the end of the section on women in medicine and nursing Finally in this first section comes Nightingale s... profession for women and an alternative to medicine as typically practised by men / 1 2 / Nightingale on Women, Medicine, Midwifery and Prostitution Right from the start and throughout the volume we will see that issues of gender roles, social class and education intersect In Nightingale s time there was almost no state provision for education and the education of girls was a luxury confined effectively to... responsibility of the editor I would be grateful for notification of any errors, and for information on missing identifications Corrections will be made in the electronic text and any other later print publication Lynn McDonald Guelph, Ontario May 2005 Dramatis Personae Frances (Smith) Nightingale (1788-1880), mother William Edward Nightingale (1794-1874), father Parthenope Nightingale, Lady Verney (1819-90),... for someone, she suggested someone who could xvi / Nightingale on Women, Medicine, Midwifery and Prostitution Nightingale continued to produce papers and reports of various kinds well into her seventies She did not do any serious writing in her eighties, when blindness and failing mental faculties gradually stopped her There are brief messages only from 1902 on She was given honours in her last years... sections of writing on midwifery, including Nightingale s pioneering Introductory Notes on Lying-in Institutions, and the regulation of prostitution Finally there is correspondence with women friends, colleagues, servants and some relatives This last part of the volume focuses on personal relationships, but of course also includes material on issues as well, as indeed the earlier material includes personal...x / Nightingale on Women, Medicine, Midwifery and Prostitution Thanks are due to colleagues who read the manuscript: Dr Gérard Vallée and Dr Charles Roland, and to anonymous peer reviewers for helpful comments For advice on French, German and Latin translations thanks go (again) to Dr Vallée; for Italian translations and identifications to Dr Quirino Di Giulio; and to Dr C.T McIntire... approach appears in all the work Nightingale did, whether in health care or social reform more broadly Thus we find a substantial faith component not only in the four volumes on religion: Spiritual Journey, Theology, Mysticism and Eastern Religions and Suggestions for Thought, but the introductor y Life and Family, European Travels, this volume, Women, and Florence Nightingale: A Précis of Her Life... officiating clergy in ‘‘Marriages’’ (see p 556 below) / 15 16 / Nightingale on Women, Medicine, Midwifery and Prostitution Nightingale s negative views on the practice of medicine were shared with John Stuart Mill, whom she told: ‘‘I wish to see as few doctors, either male or female as possible for, mark you, the women have made no improvement—they have only tried to be ‘men,’ and they have only succeeded... people They pay their money, which they reckon their part of the bargain And for this wage the workman or workwoman has to give work, health and life Do men and women who employ fashionable tailors and milliners ever think of these things? (6:40-41) The period was one of great poverty for the vast mass of the population, with wages and conditions of living improving gradually over the second half of... correspondents of Nightingale: Louisa Ashburton, ‘‘Aunt Mai’’ Shore Smith, Hilary Bonham Carter and Margaret Verney 4 A letter by Florence Nightingale to a friend, Mrs Truelove 5 Combe Hurst, home of Nightingale s ‘‘Aunt Mai’’ Shore Smith 6 -7 Draft questionnaire on Poor Law schools for girls, prepared by Nightingale 8 Fundraising letter by Florence Nightingale for Kaiserswerth xii / Florence Nightingale: . Works of Florence Nightingale Florence Nightingale on Women, Medicine, Midwifery and Prostitution Lynn McDonald editor ’ Florence Nightingale on Women, Medicine, Midwifer y and Prostitution Volume. 2005 steve mcdonald8: Nightingale on Women, Medicine, Midwifer y and Prostitution, xml/front8 page ii Florence Nightingale on Women, Medicine, Midwifer y and Prostitution Lynn McDonald, editor Volume. volume, Women ,and xiv / Nightingale on Women, Medicine, Midwifery and Prostitution WLU Press: Tue Aug 30 16:31:47 EDT 2005 steve mcdonald8: Nightingale on Women, Medicine, Midwifer y and Prostitution,