This file is a research to design and control method using for the herbal foot bath salt production line. This thesis includes mechanical (drawings + designed 3D model), electrical, and the control method for 4 machines module such as: extracting - concentrating system, horizontal mixing machine, drying machine and V - blender mixing machine. This thesis also has the simulation process and results for each designed module. So, I hope it can be useful for everyone who want to research or design in industrial machines.
Trang 1HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Faculty of Mechanical Engineering – Department of Mechatronics
1 1953039 2 1953101
Lecturer: Assoc Prof Vo Tuong Quan
Ho Chi Minh City, 2024
Trang 2iii First and foremost, we would like to extend our sincerest gratitude to all the esteemed teachers at Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, especially for teachers in Faculty of Mechanical Engineering – Department of Mechatronics for their wholehearted dedication to teaching and imparting invaluable knowledge of engineering over the past years It is through their efforts that we have been equipped with the strongest knowledge foundation, enabling us to successfully complete this project
We would like to express our deepest appreciation to Assoc Prof Vo Tuong Quan, our direct instructor, who has not only guided us but has also closely monitored our progress, provided insightful feedback, and tirelessly addressed any issues that arose throughout the project His unwavering support and encouragement have been instrumental in our achievements
To the members of the Biomech Lab, we extend our heartfelt thanks to Mr Khuu Nguyen Huu Loc, Mr Vu Tran Thanh Cong, Mr Tran Hoa Binh and Mr Le Tran Vu Long for their attentive listening, prompt assistance, and invaluable guidance during the project's execution
We are also deeply grateful to all our friends who have stood by us, offering unwavering support and encouragement throughout our four − year academic journey at this university
Special recognition and gratitude are reserved for our families, whose unwavering support has been a constant source of strength, providing both emotional and material support, especially during the most challenging times of our academic pursuits
Once again, from the depths of our hearts, we extend our utmost appreciation to everyone involved We are truly thankful for the collective efforts that have shaped an unforgettable journey at our beloved university We wish everyone continued good health, success, and everlasting joy and fulfillment on their chosen paths
Expressing our heartflet gratitude to all
Ho Chi Minh City, 19𝑡ℎ May 2024
Trang 3iv Salt is an abundant product in coastal area of Vietnam, specially Can Gio district Although produced in abundant quantities, most still have a large amount left over from exploitation during production and processing Thus, creating added value from excess waste products for goals such as: saving and optimizing the value of salt is an extremely necessary The topic of thesis to research and design herbal foot bath salt production line, it will contribute to creating a new produce for excess salt during production and harvesting in Can Gio district, by taking advantages of available products, maximizing production efficiency, also increasing income for people
Through the research for this project, the production line of fine salt granules has been implemented at Can Gio district by Bach Khoa Research Center for Manufacturing Engineering (BK – RECME) With the actual situation implemented as above, this project also provides additional research for herbal foot bath salt production line for above purposes From research on the processing method to produce herbal foot bath salt, the principle diagram of each machine in production line is suggested and design and linked together into a complete system
The contents of this project is presented by 7 chapters: - CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW
- CHAPTER 2: METHOD SELECTIONS - CHAPTER 3: MECHANICAL DESIGN - CHAPTER 4: ELECTRICAL DESIGN
- CHAPTER 5: CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN - CHAPTER 6: SYSTEM SIMULATION
- CHAPTER 7: SUMMARY AND DEVELOPMENT ORIENTATION OF THE PROJECT
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
ABSTRACT iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS i
INDEX OF FIGURES vii
INDEX OF TABLES xv
CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW 1
1.1 Overview about situation of salt production in Can Gio district 1
1.2 Vietnamese standard for salt when using 4
1.3 Introduction of the herbal foot bath salt 6
1.3.1 Some herbal foot bath salt products on the market 7
1.3.2 Using Can Gio salt to applied to produce herbal footbath salt 9
1.4 Manufacturing process of herbal foot bath salt 10
1.4.1 Introducting the manufacturing process was researched by Ho Chi Minh City Medicine and Pharmacy University (YDS) 10
1.4.2 The production line is designed in this project 14
1.5 Machines in herbal foot bath salt line production process 15
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1.6.1 Problem statement of the project 47
1.6.2 Goal of the project 48
1.6.3 Specific topic of the project 49
CHAPTER 2: SELECTION METHOD 51
2.1 Method selections for grinding machine 51
2.1.1 Technical requirements 51
2.1.2 Mechanical principle selection for grinding machine 52
2.1.3 Transmission method selection for grinding machine 53
2.1.4 Electrical component selection for grinding machine 55
2.1.5 Grinding control method selection 56
2.2 Method selections for extracting and concentrating system 57
2.2.1 Method selections for extracting system 57
2.2.2 Method selections for concentrating system 65
2.3 Method selections for horizontal mixing machine 72
2.3.1 Technical requirements 72
2.3.2 Mechanism of mixing process 73
2.3.3 Select the mechanical principle of the mixer 73
2.3.4 Transmission method selection for mixing machine 76
2.3.5 Electrical components selection for horizontal mixing machine 77
2.4 Method selections for granulating machine 78
2.4.1 Technical requirements 79
2.4.2 Selecting the granulating method 79
2.4.3 Selecting the mechanical principle of the granulator that corresponds to the the choosen method 81
2.4.4 Selecting an electrical plan for the granulator 82
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2.5 Method selections for air circulation drying oven 84
2.5.1 Technical requirements 84
2.5.2 Select the drying method 84
2.5.3 Choose the mechanical principle of the dryer that corresponds to the convection drying method 86
2.5.4 Selecting heat transfer materials 87
2.5.5 Selecting electrical components for the dryer 88
2.5.6 Selecting drying machine control method 90
2.6 Method selections for V – blender mixing machine 91
2.6.1 Technical requirements 91
2.6.2 Parameters affecting the mixing process 91
2.6.3 Mixing process mechanism 94
2.6.4 Select the operating principle of the mixer 94
2.6.5 Select the mechanical principle of the mixer 96
2.6.6 Mixer electrical components slection 97
2.7 Method selections for filling and packaging machine 98
2.7.1 Technical requirements 98
2.7.2 Selecting the filling and packaging method 99
2.7.3 Selecting the mechanical principle of the filling and packaging system that corresponds to the the choosen method 102
2.7.4 Selecting electrical plan for the system 103
2.7.5 Selecting the machine for production line 104
2.8 Material slection for the machines in production line 106
CHAPTER 3: MECHANICAL DESIGN 107
3.1 Extraction – condensation system design 107
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3.1.2 Concentration system calculation 131
3.1.3 Extracting – concentrating system model design 188
3.2 Horizontal mixing machine design 190
3.2.1 Design overview and factors related to mixing process 191
3.2.2 Calculate the power consumption of the machine 201
3.2.3 Power of motor calculations 205
3.2.4 Belt transmission calculation 208
3.2.5 Shaft calculation and testing 214
3.2.6 Bearings calculation and selection 222
3.2.7 Horizontal mixing machine module design 226
3.3 Air circulation convection drying machine design 227
3.3.1 Input parameters 228
3.3.2 Energy balance calculating 228
3.4.3 Material balance calculation 232
3.3.4 Calculation of main equipment 233
3.3.5 Calculate the design of the insulation layer 234
3.3.6 Calculate the design of auxiliary equipment 237
3.3.7 Designed drying machine module 240
3.4 V – blending mixing machine design 241
3.4.1 Input parameters 241
3.4.2 Mixing tank volume and mixing tank size 242
3.4.3 The rotation speed of the barrel 244
3.4.4 Mixing time 244
3.4.5 Productivity of the machine 245
3.4.6 Power of motor calculation 246
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3.4.8 Shaft calculation and testing 256
3.4.9 Bearings calculation and selection 262
3.4.10 Designed V − blender mixing machine module 265
3.5 Requirements for dynamic balance of the production line system 266
3.6 Line production maintenance requirements 269
3.6.1 Checking process 271
3.6.2 Repairing process 271
CHATER 4: ELECTRICAL DESIGN 287
4.1 Electrical system of the extracting – concentrating system 287
4.4.1 Motor and pump 287
4.4.2 Sensors 289
4.4.3 Controller 289
4.4.4 Thermistor 290
4.4.5 Calculating current supply for system 290
4.2 Electrical system of the horizontal mixing machine module 294
4.3 Electrical system of the drying machine module 298
4.3.1 Heating resistor 298
4.3.2 Motors − Fans 299
4.3.3 Calculating current supply for system 301
4.4 Electrical system of the V – blender mixing machine module 306
CHAPTER 5: CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN 311
5.1 The flowchart of the production line 311
5.2 The flowchart of the extracting – concentrating system 312
5.3 The flowchart of the horizontal mixing module 314
5.4 The flowchart of the drying module 315
Trang 96.2.1 Extraction – condensation system simulation 319
6.2.2 Horizontal mixing machine simulation 328
6.2.3 Air circulation convection drying machine simulation 339
6.2.4 V – blending machine simulation 342
CHAPTER 7: SUMMARY AND DEVELOPMENT ORIENTATIONS OF THE PROJECT 348
7.1 Summary of the results 348
7.2 Some limitations of this project 349
7.3 Development orientations 350
7.4 Product quality control process 350
7.4.1 Salt product quality control process 350
7.4.2 Factors that need to be controlled for salt quality can be implemented at small production region 351
REFERENCES 353
Trang 10Figure 1 1 Salt production in Can Gio district [2] 1
Figure 1 2 Can Gio salt poducts [3] 2
Figure 1 3 The entire salt "refining" line was installed and tested at Can Gio Tuong Lai Cooperative (Can Gio district, Ho Chi Minh City) of BK - RECME 3
Figure 1 4 Herbal foot bath salt products 7
Figure 1 5 The production line is design in this project 14
Figure 1 6 Hammer crusher mechanism 16
Figure 1 7 Working principles of disc mill 17
Figure 1 8 Working principle of roll crusher 18
Figure 1 9 Direct extraction process 19
Figure 1 10 Immersion extraction system X − 60 Brewer [25] 20
Figure 1 11 Ultrasonic extraction system of Scientz [26] 21
Figure 1 12 The working principle of ultrasonic extraction system 22
Figure 1 13 Supercritical extraction method of Accudyne, Inc [27] 23
Figure 1 14 The working principle of the vacuum concentration process 26
Figure 1 15 Rotary drum mixer of Permix [9] 27
Figure 1 16 The working principle of rotating drum mixer 27
Figure 1 17 The working principle of vertical screw mixer [11] 28
Figure 1 18 Horizontal ribbon mixer of Shuanglong Group Co , Ltd (S&L) [13] 29
Figure 1 19 The working principle of horizontal ribbon mixer 30
Figure 1 20 Anchor stirring mixer from HANA mechanical company [14] 31
Figure 1 21 The working principle of turbine stirring mixer 32
Figure 1 22 Working principle of the paddle stirring mixer 33
Figure 1 23 The working principle of the planetary mixer machine 34
Figure 1 24 Dough kneading machine INTSUPERMAI 20l Spiral [19] 35
Figure 1 25 Principle diagram of high viscosity kneader [20] 35
Figure 1 26 Fluidized bed drying [35] 37
Figure 1 27 The working principle of the fluidized bed drying 37
Figure 1 28 VSD − 800 Pilot and Production Spray Dryer [21] 38
Figure 1 29 Heat pump dryer [22] 39
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Figure 1 31 The drying oven RXH − 14 − C warm air cycle drying machine [24] 40
Figure 1 32 The working principle of the air circulation drying machine 41
Figure 1 33 Plastic granulator machine of Rhong [31] 42
Figure 1 34 Metal granulator of Gold & Silver grains casting [32] 42
Figure 1 35 Chemical granulator of Jiangsu Hanyoo Pharmatech Co , Ltd [33] 43
Figure 1 36 Automatic swing pharmaceutical chemical Food/Sway/Pendular granulator [34] 43
Figure 1 37 Fertilizer granule machine RKME 03 of R K Metal [36] 44
Figure 1 38 Working principle of roller compactor granulators 44
Figure 1 39 Working principle of extrusion granulator 45
Figure 1 40 Automatic packaging machine of HOPAK Co , Ltd [39] 46
Figure 1 41 Semi – automatic packaging machine of RAMAC S r l [40] 46
Figure 2 1 YK90 oscillting granulator of Jiangnan Co., Ltd 83
Figure 2 2 Rotary drum mixing equipment [68] 96
Figure 2 3 AF1 Series Auger Fillers machine [38] 104
Figure 2 4 Accutek automatic induction sealer [39] 105
Figure 2 5 AccuCapper BT machine [42] 105
Figure 3 1 Working principle diagram of the extracting – concentrating system 107
Figure 3 2 Mixing tank volumetric frame diagram 112
Figure 3 3 Normal balanced heat system diagram 119
Figure 3 4 Ellipse lid [48] 125
Figure 3 5 Some methods to harden the holes in pressure environment 129
Figure 3 6 The flange dimensions 130
Figure 3 7 Relationship between saturation vapor pressure of pure solvent Ps and solute in solution P and temperature t 133
Figure 3 8 Normal balanced heat system diagram 141
Figure 3 9 Diagram of heat transfer through the wall 144
Figure 3 10 Stainless steel SUS304 148
Figure 3 11 TECO - AEEEF pump 3.7kW − 5Hp 154
Figure 3 12 The relationship betwwen P0 and Re of some types of impellers 41 156
Trang 12ix Figure 3 14 The relationship between the liquid viscosity and the type of impellers
[47] 158
Figure 3 15 Some type of axial flow impellers [69] 159
Figure 3 16 Some type of radical flow impeller [69] 160
Figure 3 17 Hydrofoil impellers [69] 161
Figure 3 18 High shear impellers [69] 161
Figure 3 19 Structure of intermediate mixing tank [67] 162
Figure 3 20 Transmission structure of intermediate mixing tank module [67] 164
Figure 3 21 The geometry dimensions of the motor AESU1S – 90S − 0.75kW [45] 165
Figure 3 22 The dimension parameters of the motor AESU1S – 90S − 0.75kW [45] 165
Figure 3 23 Stirring shaft of intermediate mixing tank 166
Figure 3 24 Stirring shaft of intermediate mixing tank in the concentrating process 166 Figure 3 25 Stress acting on shaft in operation 167
Figure 3 26 Stirring blade design for intermediate mixing tank in concentration process 170
Figure 3 27 Testing the displacement of the stirrer in the concentrating tank 170
Figure 3 28 Vacuum pump Fiona SV − 020 172
Figure 3 29 Heat exchanger tube arrangement assembly 177
Figure 3 30 The air humidity diagram 178
Figure 3 31 Preliminary dimensions of Baromet tube 180
Figure 3 32 Diagram of Baromet condenser 183
Figure 3 33 The outside diameter of the isolation layer related to the thickness of insulation diagram 188
Figure 3 34 Create mesh for frame of extracting – concentrating system model 188
Figure 3 35 Results of load analysis on beams in extracting − concentrating system 189
Figure 3 36 Extracting − concentrating system 190
Figure 3 37 The working principle diagram of horizontal mixing machine 190
Trang 13x Figure 3 39 Density distribution function qr(d) and total density distribution function
Qr(d) [68] 193
Figure 3 40 Mixing tank volumetric frame diagram 197
Figure 3 41 Force acting on impeller diagram 201
Figure 3 42 Radius of the inner and outer ring of the scarf 202
Figure 3 43 Diagram for determining depth in the figure htb 204
Figure 3 44 Motor TECO AESU1S 2 HP − 1.5kW [45] 205
Figure 3 45 Dimensions of Motor TECO AESU1S 2 HP − 1.5kW [45] 206
Figure 3 46 Dimension profile of Motor TECO AESU1S 2 HP − 1.5kW [45] 206
Figure 3 47 Profile size according to model 112M of TECO Co Ltd [45] 206
Figure 3 48 Comparison figure and selection of trapezoidal belt cross−section 208
Figure 3 49 Preliminary calculation of shaft dimensions 219
Figure 3 50 Force acting on shaft analysis 219
Figure 3 51 Shaft design and calculation the foce acting on shaft in Inventor software 219
Figure 3 52 Diagram of force in Y − axis 220
Figure 3 53 Diagram of force in X − axis 220
Figure 3 54 Diagram shear force acting on shaft 220
Figure 3 55 Total elastic strain, equivanlent stress and total deformation of shaft 221
Figure 3 56 Torsion wing when installed on the shaft 221
Figure 3 57 Testing the displacement model of the twisted wing when integrated onto the shaft 222
Figure 3 58 Lower frame testing in static 3D space 226
Figure 3 59 Horizontal mixing machine 227
Figure 3 60 The working principle diagram of the drying machine 228
Figure 3 61 Mollier diagram sketch to determine the air’s parameters after passing through the heat exchanger 230
Figure 3 62 Distribution network structure 233
Figure 3 63 Butterfly valve motor parameters UM230Y − F − L 1 239
Figure 3 64 Air circulation convection drying machine 241
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Figure 3 66 V – blender mixing machine structure 242
Figure 3 67 Servolift V – blender mixing machine catalogue 243
Figure 3 68 V - blender tank dimensions calculating 243
Figure 3 69 Full geometric dimensions of V tank 244
Figure 3 70 Mass, density and volume of V – tank 246
Figure 3 71 The center of mass determination by the software 246
Figure 3 72 Motor TECO AESU1S − 100L (1.5 HP − 1.1kW) 248
Figure 3 73 Dimension profile of Motor TECO AESU1S-100L (1.5 HP − 1.1kW) 248 Figure 3 74 Profile dimensions according to model 112M of TECO Co Ltd 249
Figure 3 75 Comparison figure and selection of trapezoidal belt cross−section 250
Figure 3 76 Shaft installing on the V – blending tank 258
Figure 3 77 Force and setting position in Inventor software 258
Figure 3 78 Diagram of force in X − axis 259
Figure 3 79 Diagram shear force acting on shaft 259
Figure 3 80 Shaft testing diagram 259
Figure 3 81 V – shell simulation diagram 260
Figure 3 82 Bearing frame for the system 260
Figure 3 83 Force acting on the frame of V – blender mixing machine 260
Figure 3 84 V – blender mixing machine 265
Figure 3 85 Timwave graph transfers to frequency spectrum graph 267
Figure 3 86 Imbalance of stability of shaft in horizontal mixing machine simulation 267
Figure 3 87 Modal damping ratio in imbalance of shaft during operating process simulation 268
Figure 3 88 Rotational velocity of shaft according to frequency when dynamic imbalance occurs simulation record 268
Figure 3 89 The vibration severity per ISO 10816 269
Figure 3 90 Time when failure begins to occur during operation 269
Figure 4 1 Electrical principle diagram of the extracting – concentrating system 294
Figure 4 2 The electrical principle diagram of the horizontal mixing machine 298
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Figure 4 4 Electrical drawing for V – blender mixing machine 310
Figure 5 1 The flowchart of the herbal foot bath salt production line 312
Figure 5 2 The flowchart of the extracting – concentrating system 313
Figure 5 3 The flowchart of horizontal mixing module 314
Figure 5 4 The flowchart of the drying module 315
Figure 5 5 The flowchart of the V – blender mixing machine module 316
Figure 6 1 Durability of the extraction tank simulation result 320
Figure 6 2 Extraction module using to simulation which is inserted from Solidworks 320
Figure 6 3 Meshing the extracting module in COMSOL 321
Figure 6 4 Heat transfer process of medicinal extracting module 321
Figure 6 5 The temperature of heat source region at the rib between body and bottom of the extraction tank 322
Figure 6 6 Durability of the concentrating tank simulation 324
Figure 6 7 Concentrating module which is inserted from Solidworks software to COMSOL software 324
Figure 6 8 Meshing the concentration module in COMSOL 325
Figure 6 9 Heat transfer process of medicinal hearbs concentration process 325
Figure 6 10 The maximum and minimum of heat transfer process of medicinal hearbs concentration process 326
Figure 6 11 Mixing tank and stirring impeller which is create in Mixer model of COMSOL 326
Figure 6 12 Meshing the tank and the stirring impeller after set up dimension parameters 327
Figure 6 13 The results of intermediate mixing process in concentrating process simulation 327
Figure 6 14 The durability of horizontal tank simulation 329
Figure 6 15 Insert geometry and set up the input for the materials 330
Figure 6 16 Horizontal mixing module is at in the Rocky Dem Simulation 330
Figure 6 17 Create the motion frame and assign the rotation frame to the axis 331
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332
Figure 6 19 The dimensions of particle is set up in the process 332
Figure 6 20 Set the particle concentration area and limit the active area of the mixing process 333
Figure 6 21 Limitation of mixing region of the process 333
Figure 6 22 Mixing process simulation 334
Figure 6 23 The change of liquid mass and particle surface area in mixing process 334 Figure 6 24 The graph shows the change of liquid mass between concentrated medicinal herbs and salt in mixing process 335
Figure 6 25 Set up the Eulerian Statistics method to analyse in the software 335
Figure 6 26 The number of particles changed in mixing process using Eulerian Statistics method 336
Figure 6 27 The change of the average number of particles by using Eulerian Statistics method 336
Figure 6 28 The volume fraction changed continuously in mixing process using Eulerian Statistics method 337
Figure 6 29 The change of the average volume fraction in mixing process using Eulerian Statistics method 337
Figure 6 30 The void fraction changed continuously in mixing process using Eulerian Statistics method 338
Figure 6 31 The change of the average void fraction in mixing process using Eulerian Statistics method 338
Figure 6 32 Durability of drying machine’s mechanical structure simulation 340
Figure 6 33 Test case 1 simulation results for drying machine 340
Figure 6 34 Test case 2 simulation for drying machine results 341
Figure 6 35 Test case 3 simulation for drying machine results 342
Figure 6 36 Insert geometry of the V – blender mixing machine 343
Figure 6 37 Create the motion frame and assign the rotation frame to the axis 343
Figure 6 38 The dimensions of particle is set up in the process 344
Figure 6 39 Limitation of mixing region of the process 345
Trang 17xiv Figure 6 41 The change of particle coordinates in Oxyz plane 346 Figure 7 1 Product quality control process 351
Trang 18xv Table 1 1 Sensory requirements of refined salt according to TCVN 9639: 2013
Table 1 4 Some salt standards for certain segments in the market 5
Table 1 5 Some herbal foot bath salt on the market 7
Table 1 6 Standards of testing method for salt samples in Can Gio district [8] 9
Table 1 7 The remedy of Huoxue Tongluo and Zen Master Minh Khong [8] 11
Table 1 8 The remedy of Huoxue Tongluo [8] 11
Table 1 9 The materials that need for herbal foot bath salt according to YDS research 12
Table 1 10 Herbs that need for product 1 based on YDS reseach to produce semi – finished extraction [8] 12
Table 1 11 The steps of the Product (1) according to Ho Chi Minh City Medicine and Pharmacy University (YDS) [8] 13
Table 1 12 The machines that need for the production line 15
Table 1 13 The weight of the materials after scaling in this project 15
Table 1 14 Tasks and assignments table for this project 48
Table 2 1 Mechanical principles of grinding machine comparison 52
Table 2 2 Transmission method for grinding machine comparison 54
Table 2 3 Type of motors comparison table 55
Table 2 4 Grinding machine control comparison and selection 56
Table 2 5 Extracting method comparison and selection 58
Table 2 6 Providing heat method comparison and selection 60
Table 2 7 Heat sensors comparison and selection 62
Table 2 8 Controller selection method for extracting system 63
Table 2 9 Concentrating method comparison and selection 65
Table 2 10 Providing heat method comparison and selection 67
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Table 2 12 Controller comparison and selection for concentrating system 70
Table 2 13 Mechanical principle selection method for horizontal mixing machine 73
Table 2 14 Transmission method selection for horizontal mixing machine 76
Table 2 15 Comparison of 4 suitable granulating method 79
Table 2 16 Comparison and selection method for mechanical principle of the granulator 81
Table 2 17 Specifications of YK90 oscillting granulating machine 83
Table 2 18 Compare drying methods based on these following criteria 85
Table 2 19 Compare dryer equipment options 87
Table 2 20 Compare the advantages and disadvantages of heat transfer materials 88
Table 2 21 Comparison and selection of heat sensors 89
Table 2 22 Comparison and selection of humidity sensor 89
Table 2 23 Summary of drying machine selection method 91
Table 2 24 Results of particle size distribution analysis (1) 92
Table 2 25 Comparison of equipment for mixing bulk materials together 94
Table 2 26 Comparison of double cone mixer and Permix V – blender mixing machine [9] 96
Table 2 27 Comparison filling method 99
Table 2 28 Comparison sealing method 100
Table 2 29 Comparison of jar cap screwing method 101
Table 2 30 Comparison mechanical principles of the filling machine 102
Table 2 31 Specification of the machine of the AF1 Series Auger Fillers 104
Table 2 32 Specification of the automatic induction sealer machine 105
Table 2 33 Specification of the semi automatic screw capping machine 106
Table 3 1 The amount of extractable substance in the medicinal extract sample depends on the number of extraction times 8 108
Table 3 2 The amount of extractable substance in the medicinal extract sample depends on the time to extract 8 109
Table 3 3 Herbs which is used for the extraction process 110
Table 3 4 GMP standards for medicinal products 112
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Table 3 6 Table of qc value according to Reference [48] 128
Table 3 7 The flange dimension using for the body – the lid 130
Table 3 8 Correction factor coefficient table 134
Table 3 9 Summary table of heat value in the condensed system 138
Table 3 10 Summary table of parameters in the balanced energy 142
Table 3 11 Table of A value chosen depending on tm 144
Table 3 12 Chemical and physical parameters of solution at tW and t 145
Table 3 13 Summary table of heat transformation for concentration system 148
Table 3 14 Factors of local resistance efficient and values 150
Table 3 15 Parameters of motor from TECO Co , Ltd 153
Table 3 16 Recommended speed related to type of stirring blades [44] 163
Table 3 17 Parameters of motors 0.75 kW − 6 poles from TECO Co , Ltd 164
Table 3 18 Vacuum pump Fiona SV − 020 parameters 171
Table 3 19 Preliminary dimensions of Baromet tube 180
Table 3 20 Summay dimensions of condenser system 182
Table 3 21 Summery table about heat transfer of condensing system 185
Table 3 22 Input parameters table before mixing process 195
Table 3 23 Percentage of finished products in 100kg of finished products 196
Table 3 24 Appropriate ratio between length L and diameter D of the mixing tank 197 Table 3 25 There are several types of mixers and corresponding operating speeds 200
Table 3 26 Experimental constant table 200
Table 3 27 AESU1S motor parameters [45] 205
Table 3 28 Technical specification table of the machine 208
Table 3 29 Parameters of trapezoidal belt 209
Table 3 30 Summarizing the calculated values of the belt 214
Table 3 31 Specifications of stainless steel 40CrNi 215
Table 3 32 Parameter of equal key 218
Table 3 33 Parameter of contact ball bearings 223
Table 3 34 Selected bearings with parameters 225 Table 3 35 The summary table of necessary modules in horizontal mixing machine 225
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Table 3 37 Humid air parameters of each stage of the drying process 230
Table 3 38 Selected parameters and calculated values for insulation layer thickness236 Table 3 39 The calculation of flow based on cross – section of input and output air gate 238
Table 3 40 Centrifugal fan KBR/F 280DV F400 240
Table 3 41 Input parameters and requirements of V – mixing machine 242
Table 3 42 Dimensions related to V − angle 243
Table 3 43 Parameters of the TECO AESU1S − 100L (1.5 HP − 1.1kW) motor 248
Table 3 44 Specification table of the transmission system 250
Table 3 45 Parameters of trapezoidal belt 251
Table 3 46 Summarizing the calculated values of the belt 256
Table 3 47 Specifications of stainless steel 40CrNi 257
Table 3 48 Parameter of equal key 261
Table 3 49 Angular contact ball bearing of SKF Co Ltd 262
Table 3 50 Selected bearings with parameters 265
Table 3 51 Some failures happen on lifting and lowering the horizontal mixing machine 272
Table 3 52 Some failures happen on worm gear in mixing machines in the project 273
Table 3 53 Suggested maintenance schedule for worm gear reducer 274
Table 3 54 Some problems related to belt transmission during operation process 275
Table 3 55 Suggested maintenance schedule of belt transmission 276
Table 3 56 Some problems of bearings happen in operating process 277
Table 3 57 Lubricating oil standard for used bearings and maintenance schedule 279
Table 3 58 Some problems happen to valve during operation process and how to solve 280
Table 3 59 Suggested maintenance schedule for vavle using in this project 280
Table 3 60 Some problems happen for pipe system during operation process and how to solve 282
Table 3 61 Demand of the pipe line requirements 283
Table 3 62 Extracting – concentrating tank maintenance demands 285
Trang 22xix Table 4 2 The specifications of 𝐴𝐸𝑆𝑈1𝑆 − 90𝑆 − 0.75𝑘𝑊 motor 288 Table 4 3 VFD 𝐹𝑅𝐷 − 720 − 0.75𝐾 Mitsubishi specifications 288 Table 4 4 Specifications of vacuum pump 𝐹𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎 𝑆𝑉 − 020 289 Table 4 5 Thermalcouple type type K specifications 289 Table 4 6 𝐻𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔 𝐴𝑋4 − 𝑈𝑆𝑁𝐴 − 𝐴1 specifications 289 Table 4 7 The specifications of Megasun 2𝑘𝑊 thermistor 290 Table 4 9 Electric devices for extracting – concentrating system 292
Table 4 10 Specifications of 𝐹𝑅 − 𝐷740 − 2.2𝐾 295
Table 4 11 Specifications of potentiometer 𝑅𝑉24𝑌𝑁 20𝑆 𝐵103 − 10𝐾 295 Table 4 12 Electrical devices using for horizontal mixing machine 296 Table 4 13 Summary of the number of used electrical equipment 297 Table 4 14 Specifications of 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑆𝐹𝐺3𝐺 − 4 299 Table 4 15 𝑄𝐿𝑇 − 6𝑃01 centrifugal fan specifications 299 Table 4 16 Specifications of Mitsubishi 𝐹𝑅 − 𝐷740 − 0.4𝑘𝑊 and 𝐹𝑅 − 𝐷740 −0.75𝑘𝑊 300 Table 4 17 The conductor size for the drying machine 302 Table 4 18 Electric devices using for drying machine 302 Table 4 19 Specifications of ATV310HU15N4E VFD 307 Table 4 20 Specidications of potentiometer RV24YN 20S B103 308 Table 4 21 Electrical equipments for V – mixing machine module 308 Table 4 22 Summary of the number of used electrical devices 309 Table 7 1 The parameters testing of the YN – CLVI device 352 Table 7 2 QCVN 8 – 2: 2011 standards heavy metal contamination limitation for salt used in food and medicine 352
Trang 23The content of this chapter refers to the situation of salt production in Can Gio district, assessing the production situation and surplus products in the production process to be able to re − produce finished products according to the group’s research topic
This chapter also introduces products currently on the market, evaluates some of the strengths of some products on the market for the customers of each product for customers' health After research about the health of herbal ingredients, this chapter also introduces a scientific research conducted by Ho Chi Minh City Medicine and Pharmacy University (YDS) about the herbal foot bath salt with 4 – remedies for health After carefully researching the research method of the topic and the way to produce the product, from there, set a specific topic and goal of the research project, developing a production line system for herbal foot bath salt to produce products which benefits for consumers
1.1 Overview about situation of salt production in Can Gio district
Can Gio is a district located in the Southeast of Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), about 50 𝑘𝑚 from the city center According to statistics up to year in 2015, Can Gio district has a natural area of 704.35 𝑘𝑚2, with 11% for salt land
According to statistics from the Department of Economic Cooperation and Rural Development (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development), Vietnam's salt production area in 2021 will reach 11.593 ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 Diverse salt products, especially those used in eating and drinking, are divided into 4 main groups: coarse salt, refined salt, industrial salt and food salt [1]
Figure 1 1 Salt production in Can Gio district [2]
Trang 242 The project emphasizes the planning of salt production development in the direction of reducing the area from 1609 ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 (2010) to 1000 ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 (2015), focusing on two communes Ly Nhon and Thanh An By 2025 , salt output will be increased to 80000 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 and post − salt products will be promoted
However, the actual salt production in 2023 shows that 1547 ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠, of which approximately 1000 ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 are applied the improved method (crystallization on tarpaulin fields) [2] Harvest output reached 87527 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 in 2023 The average income reached 13.4 𝑚𝑖𝑙 𝑉𝑁𝐷/ℎ𝑎 This level is down compared to 2015 statistics of 16.6 𝑚𝑖𝑙 𝑉𝑁𝐷/ℎ𝑎 The decreasing is caused mainly due to reduced salt prices, because most people sell raw products to traders, so people's income is always at the lowest level [3]
In a research which is published in the Science and Technology Development magazine (2016), author Ms Ngo Thi Phuong Lan identified the main difficulty of Can Gio salt farmers as the output for the product is still very limited
Figure 1 2 Can Gio salt poducts [3]
Some properties present in the composition of salt harvested during production based on Vietnamese standards is shown in the 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 (1.1) and the 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 (1.2) below:
Table 1 1 Sensory requirements of refined salt according to 𝑇𝐶𝑉𝑁 9639: 2013 standards [5]
Trang 253
Taste The 5% solution has a pure salty taste typical of salt, without any strange taste
Table 1 2 Physical and chemical requirements of refined salt according to 𝑇𝐶𝑉𝑁 9639: 2013 standard [5]
𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 content, % dry matter mass, not less than 99.00 Content of substances insoluble in water, % dry matter mass, not
Calcium ion content (𝐶𝑎2+), % dry matter mass, not more than 0.2 Magnesium ion content (𝑀𝑔2+), % dry matter mass, not more than 0.25 Sulfat ion content (𝑆𝑂42−), % dry matter mass, not more than 0.8
In such situation, Bach Khoa Research Center for Manufacturing Engineering (BK – RECME), successfully implemented a clean food salt purification process previously at the request of Can Gio district according to 𝑇𝐶𝑉𝑁 3974: 2015 [4] in order to gradually solve the above urgent needs of most salt farmers in Can Gio district
Figure 1 3 The entire salt "refining" line was installed and tested at Can Gio Tuong Lai Cooperative (Can Gio district, Ho Chi Minh City) of BK - RECME
Trang 264 After applying the salt “refining” production line of Bach Khoa Research Center for Manufacturing Engineering (BK – RECME), the results of the salt changed is recored by the 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 (1.3) below:
Table 1 3 Comparion between before and after applied refining line production of BK − RECME
Before applying refining line production
After applying refining line production
Specifications Ly Nhon salt Thanh An salt Ly Nhon salt Thanh An salt
External inspection
_Large seeds, yellowish white Slightly clumpy
_Large seeds, yellowish white Dry, separate
_White, bright, dry, discrete, about 1𝑚𝑚 in size, odorless
_White, bright, dry, discrete, about 1𝑚𝑚 in size, odorless
𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 content,
Insoluble matter content, %
Total content of 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 and 𝑀𝑔𝐶𝑙2, %
1.2 Vietnamese standard for salt when using
Some salt standards are specific to certain segments of the market
When salt is used in industries or commercially, it needs to meet minimum standards for organoleptic, physical and chemical properties, and microbiological criteria Depending on the purpose of use, salt will have to meet the corresponding standards, the number of standards for salt in Vietnam and around the world is shown as follows in the 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 (1.4) below:
Trang 275
Table 1 4 Some salt standards for certain segments in the market
For food
𝑇𝐶𝑉𝑁 3974: 2015 𝑇𝐶𝑉𝑁 3974: 2007 𝑇𝐶𝑉𝑁 3973 − 84
[𝑉𝑖𝑒𝑡𝑛𝑎𝑚]
The standard applies to food salt (not applicable to salt is a by – product in chemical industries matter) Includes criteria for: 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 content, 𝐼𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑒 content, naturally occurring by – products and contaminants, carriers, contaminants and ion content
𝑄𝐶𝑉𝑁 8 − 2: 2011/𝐵𝑌𝑇 [𝑉𝑖𝑒𝑡𝑛𝑎𝑚]
Standards for limits of heavy metal pollution in food products
𝑄𝐶𝑉𝑁 9 − 1: 2011/𝐵𝑌𝑇 [𝑉𝑖𝑒𝑡𝑛𝑎𝑚]
Standards apply to Iodized salt
Including indicators on: 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 content, 𝐼𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑒 content, water insoluble substance content, heavy metal content (𝐴𝑠, 𝐶𝑢, 𝑃𝑏, 𝐶𝑑, 𝐻𝑔)
𝐶𝑋 𝑆𝑇𝐴𝑁 150 − 1985, 𝑅𝑒𝑣 1− 1997
𝐴𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑑 1 − 1999 𝐴𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑑 2 − 2001 𝐴𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑑 3 − 2006
[𝑈𝑆𝐴]
The standard applies to food salt
Includes standards for: minimum 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 content and product naturally present secondary products and contaminants
For industry
𝑇𝐶𝑉𝑁 9638: 2013 [𝑉𝑖𝑒𝑡𝑛𝑎𝑚]
The standard applies to raw salt, produced by sand and water drying methods
Includes criteria for: sensory (color, smell, taste, state), physical and chemical (moisture, 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 content, water insoluble substances, calcium, magnesium, sulfate ion content)
Trang 286 𝑇𝐶𝑉𝑁 9639: 2013
Standard for salt used in industry
Includes criteria for: impurities insoluble in water or acid, sulfate content, calcium and magnesium content, weight loss when drying at 110°𝐶
1.3 Introduction of the herbal foot bath salt
Today, in addition to salt products used in food preservation and processing (iodized salt, dried salt, granulated salt) or industrial use, salt can also be used in health support preparations, typically the product herbal foot bath salt products These products contain ingredients that include: mainly salt and medicinal herbs (in the form of ground medicinal herbs, or medicinal extracts that have been converted into solid form) aim to stimulate peripheral circulation, supports the treatment of numbness in the limbs, joint pain, sweaty feet, or has a relaxing effect for people with insomnia
Trang 297
Figure 1 4 Herbal foot bath salt products
When using herbal foot bath salt, some notes is considered to choose a right products according to customer’s needs as follows:
- Choosing herbal foot bath salt based on needs
- Carefully learn the ingredients of herbal foot bath salt - Choose according to packaging of herbal foot bath salt - Determined according to herbal foot bath salt treatment
1.3.1 Some herbal foot bath salt products on the market
On the market, there are lots of herbal foot bath salt products from many brands with specific health benefits Currently, on the market there are 5 outstanding products introduced as follows in the 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 (1.5) below [23]:
Table 1 5 Some herbal foot bath salt on the market
No Products Image Benefits
Details Packing Mass,
𝒈 Ingredients
1
Biopharmaceutical Herbal Foot Soak Salt
Reduce stress, joint pain, treat pimples and itching
Epsom salt, eucalyptus, umbrella temple, activated charcoal
Trang 308 2
GREEHOP Herbal Foot Soak Salt
Reduce pain, fight
inflammation, smooth skin
𝐵𝑜𝑥,
𝑝𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 450
Mineral salt, mint,
cinnamon, rose, activated charcoal, chrysanthemum, jasmine, and
eucalpyptus
3
Crevil Foot Badesalz Foot Bath Salt
Reduces bone and joint pain, exfoliates, reduces
inflammation, softens skin
Dead sea mineral salt, urea,
rosemary essential oil
4
Bao Nhien Herbal Foot Bath Salt
Reduces pain, edema,
dissolves bruises, helps relax the mind
Granulated salt, ginger, cinnamon, wormwood, bloodroot, mint, camphor
5
Dalat
Herbal Foot Soak Salt 1893
Helps relax the mind, deodorize, fight fungus, treat acne, create scent
Sea salt, fragrant flowers, mugwort, lemongrass,
Trang 319 cinnamon, ginger
1.3.2 Using Can Gio salt to applied to produce herbal footbath salt
Before using Can Gio salt for produce herbal foot bath salt products, salt’s properties evaluation is need to check the quality (pros and cons) based on some standards compared to other type of salts The collected information plays an important role in guiding product preparation as well as information published in the future commercialization process [8]
a) Collecting data of Can Gio salt samples
The method of collecting about salt samples is based on the Vietnamese standard 𝑇𝐶𝑉𝑁 3974: 2015 as follows [8]:
- With the salt samples at Can Gio district, collecting the samples as calculation: 3 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑚 × 3 𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡 = 9 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠 / 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛
- The required mass of salt sample is 500𝑔, homogenized before sending samples for testing
b) Salt’s properties analysis
Salt’s properties samples are evaluated at Quatest 3 (Ho Chi Minh City) with standards of testing methods shown in the 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 (1.6) below [8]:
Table 1 6 Standards of testing method for salt samples in Can Gio district [8]
Specifications Testing method standards
Trang 32Total number of yeasts and molds 𝐼𝑆𝑂 21527 − 2: 2008 Anaerobic sulfite − reducing bacteria 𝐼𝑆𝑂 15213: 2003
Sulfite − reducing anaerobic heat
− resistant bacteria & spores 𝐼𝑆𝑂 15213: 2003
1.4 Manufacturing process of herbal foot bath salt
According to the research of the YDS about the fucntion of the herbal foot bath salt for customers Group must to suggest a new production line that suitable for Can Gio salt production situation
1.4.1 Introducting the manufacturing process was researched by Ho Chi Minh City Medicine and Pharmacy University (YDS)
Ho Chi Minh City Medicine and Pharmacy University (YDS) also introduced a production process with 2 health − supporting remedies with the main input material being salt obtained in Can Gio district [8]:
- (1) Enhance peripheral circulation, reduce bone and joint pain, and rheumatism - (2) Reduce complications and peripheral nerve disorders in diabetic patients
For the 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 (1) is establised based on the remedy of Huoxue Tongluo and Zen Master Minh Khong (origin in China) with the listed medicinal herbs in 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 (1.7) below:
Trang 3311
Table 1 7 The remedy of Huoxue Tongluo and Zen Master Minh Khong [8]
Table 1 8 The remedy of Huoxue Tongluo [8]
Trang 3412 In the research of Ho Chi Minh City Medicine and Pharmacy University (YDS), researcher also came up with the weight of input of each ingredient to satisfy the demand of 1000 𝑏𝑎𝑔𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 , with specifically 2.5𝑔 𝑝𝑒𝑟 1 𝑏𝑎𝑔 and the mass of each ingredient is presented by the 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 (1.9) below [8]:
Table 1 9 The materials that need for herbal foot bath salt according to YDS research
1 Semi − finished extraction
Trang 351 Weigh the mixture containing 125 𝑔 Aerosil, 2200.0 𝑔 Sodium Crosscarmellose along with 31600.0 𝑔 of pre − ground Can Gio salt
2 Sift the ingredients through a 0.5 𝑚𝑚 sieve; Salt is sifted through a 1.2 𝑚𝑚 sieve
Trang 3614 3
Dry mix 31600.0 𝑔 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡 , 2200.0 𝑔 Sodium Croscarmellose and 125 𝑚𝑔 Aerosil in a high − speed mixer, for 10 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 , impeller speed 240 𝑟𝑝𝑚 (create mixture 𝐴)
4 Combine the remaining 125𝑔 of aerosil into 2500.0𝑔 of herb extracts, stir well to create mixture 𝐵
5
Gradually disperse mixture 𝐵 into powder mixture 𝐴 in the high − speed machine, wet knead and granulate for 10 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 Mixing blade speed 240 𝑟𝑝𝑚, guillotine blade speed 1500 𝑟𝑝𝑚
6 Wet granules are processed through a vertical axis grain editing device, mesh size 1.5 𝑚𝑚, to obtain wet granules
7 Dry the granules in the oven at 55 °𝐶 until the moisture is below 4% 8 The grains are cleaned through a 1.5 𝑚𝑚 mesh
9 The green rice is packed into aluminum bags using the manual packaging method
1.4.2 The production line is designed in this project
According to the research of Ho Chi Minh City Medicine and Pharmacy University (YDS), to optimize the process to save costs but still ensure product quality, the team also proposed a similar process, including specific machines and functions expressed through the 𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 (1.5) belows:
Figure 1 5 The production line is design in this project
Trang 3715 After referring to the steps given in YDS's research, based on that, the team came up with a production process and the necessary machines to carry out the production process are listed in the 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 (1.12) below:
Table 1 12 The machines that need for the production line
The herbal foot bath salt production line designed based on YDS research
1 Grinding machine
2 Extraction – concentration system 3 Horizontal mixing machine
4 Granulating machine 5 Drying machine
6 V – blender mixing machine 7 Packaging and filling machine
In this project, with the output demand of products is different compared to research of (YDS) with a change in the quantity of products obtained is 850 𝑗𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠, with specifically 100𝑔 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑗𝑎𝑟 So that, the weight of salt and herbs is calculated in the 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 (1.13) as follows:
Table 1 13 The weight of the materials after scaling in this project
1.5 Machines in herbal foot bath salt line production process
To achieve the requirements and processes of the production line, the line can be divided into 7 − types of machine: grinding machine, extracting – concentrating system,
Trang 3816 horizontal mixing machine, granulating machine, drying machine, V – blender mixing machine and packaging machine
a) Hammer crushing machine
A hammer crusher is a crusher in which a hammer hits the material that is being grinding machine In the hammer crusher, crushing takes place by impact between the hammers and breaker plates
Figure 1 6 Hammer crusher mechanism
The working principle of hammer crusher is presented as follows:
The ingredients to be crushed are put inside the machine through the feed port Due to the impact of the material with the rotating hammer blades and with the inner wall of the machine, the material will deform and break into smaller − sized components To crush, the kinetic energy of the hammer when rotating must be greater than the deforming work to break the material
Advantages
- High efficiency and can ensure relatively good grinding particle size - Can grind materials with high hardness
Disadvantages
- Materials are easily splashed when entering the machine
- It is difficult to adjust the machine's output size because the entire mesh must be
replaced
Trang 3917
b) Disc mill
A disc mill is a type of crusher that can be used to grind, cut, shear, shred, fiberize, pulverize, granulate, crack, rub, curl, fluff, twist, hull, blend, or refine It works in a similar manner to the ancient Buhrstone mill in that the feedstock is fed between opposing discs or plates The discs may be grooved, serrated, or spiked
The working principle of disc mill is shown in the 𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 (1.7) as follows:
Figure 1 7 Working principles of disc mill
Disc mill for grinding powder with medium and fine grinding levels The machine consists of two grinding discs installed in the machine housing, between the two discs is a grinding slot that can be adjusted by moving one of the two discs
Advantages
- Optimization in the design of grinding discs - Output material size can be adjusted simply
Disadvantages
- Can only grind materials with relatively small output sizes
c) Roll crushing machine
A type of secondary or reduction crusher consisting of a heavy frame on which two rolls are mounted These are driven so that they rotate toward one another Rock fed in from above is nipped between the moving rolls, crushed, and discharged at the bottom
The working principle of roll crusher is shown in the 𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 (1.8) as follow:
Trang 4018
Figure 1 8 Working principle of roll crusher
The working principle of the roller mill is to let the material to be crushed pass through the gap between the two rollers The two rollers are placed horizontally and parallel, have a very hard surface, the surface can be smooth or machined depending on the material being ground
Advantages
- Has a simple structure and working principle - Small size, easy to assemble and install in the line - Material size can be adjusted easily
- Simplicity in inputting and collecting crushed materials
- Dissolution of solute into solvent - Diffusion of solutes in solvents
- Movement of solute molecules through plant cell walls
Extraction process is directly described in the 𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 (1.9) below: