THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRYGIO SERAFIN IVAN JIMENEZ MARCAIDA Socioeconomic Determinants on Crop Diversity of Home Gardens.. This paper is designed to show 3 facto
INTRODUCTION
Research rationale
Given the increase of population around 9 billion individuals (Godfray et al., 2010), a revision model of agriculture systems to more sustainable practices has been demanded Agriculture intensification has greatly increased yield over the last 50 years; nevertheless, it has also exacerbated habitat loss and caused pollution from fertilizers and pesticide, endangering natural biodiversity (Tilman et al., 2011) One of the current focuses on agriculture problems is the increase of sustainable agriculture practices There have been a lot of studies on the negative effects in traditional practices (e.g mono- cropping depletion of nutrients, water overuse, and loss of biodiversity)
One way of practicing sustainable agriculture is crop diversification the practices of adding diverse crops to existing cropping systems (Adjimoti et al., 2017) Crop diversification is increasing due to the world in favor of more competitive and high- valued crops (Kemboi et al., 2020) Crop diversification has always been seen as a solution for the current agriculture system To which it has been pointed out that there is great result in doing this practice The significance of diversity in agriculture extends beyond production having positive effects such as food distribution, climate change buffering and pest, diseases, and weed control (Faramarzy et al., 2019; Philpott et al., 2008)
Crop diversification has its importance on the negative environmental impact of traditional agriculture (Cutforth et al., 2001) cited on the following: contributes ecological
5 services e.g., pollination and pest control (Garibaldi et al., 2013; Redlich et al., 2018), increases the production stability (Kasem & Thapa, 2011), buffers climate change by lowering the CO2 atmosphere levels (Lin, 2011) In Vietnam, country which the study area was conducted, there is a diverse contribution of crop varieties
In Vietnam, though, the domination of rice and land policies that constrains farms, crop diversity still exist (Nguyen, 2017) Furthermore, the fauna and flora of India- Myanmar, South China, and Indo-Malaysia meet in Vietnam, making it one of the world's richest biodiversity hotspots It is home to 10% of all species on the planet although accounting for only 1% of the total landmass (MARD 2002) Numerous investigations have revealed the existence of about 13,000 plant species, belonging to 3,500 taxa and
500 families, 60% of which originated in Vietnam (Ha Dinh Tuan et al 2001) Vietnam reflects on the country is diverse range of agroecological conditions and the importance of agriculture to the economy and culture of the country (Trinh et al., 2003)
Home gardens contribute to food security for rural residents and disadvantaged farmers Gardens can be thought of as a buffer that keeps rural livelihoods sustainable (Santos et al., 2022) Home gardens help to protect the environment Home gardens supply a large portion of the vegetables and fruits sold in local markets Their produce is pure because there is almost no pesticide use in gardening, which benefits both the environment and public health (Galhena et al., 2013)
In terms of economics, the household garden is regarded as one of the activities that contribute to family income, as well as a homework assignment for women and elderly men who used to care for and perform these activities (Gautam and Andersen, 2016) This customary conduct evolved throughout time The socioeconomic features represented in the new ages' perception of farming as a tool for refreshment and environmental preservation, as well as their willingness to shift lifestyle (Trinth et al., 2003) The economic potential of home gardens is enormous Farmers in Northern Vietnam earn a lot of money by growing litchi and longan in their backyards Northern Vietnam's home gardens are distinguished by three types of plant genetic resources: tropical, subtropical, and temperate (Dao & Vu, 2019)
Buot Village is a rural area located in Son La Province known for its agricultural land that is used for Ecotourism and because agriculture is a beknown (Dong Rung Cooperatives, 2022) A study to this site is necessary to improve self-sufficiency of homeowners and adoption of sustainable agriculture practices to instill the SDG’s.
Research’s objectives
A research study was design to assess the crops’ diversity to determine if its values have an effect to its socioeconomic status as a determinant The study’s general and specific objectives e following:
To identify the crop diversity of home garden and corelate the socioeconomic status as a possible determinant of the diversification
1 To determine the most common crop species in home gardens of the Buot Village in Son La Province
2 To calculate and compare the species diversity using three indices (species richness, Shannon Wiener index and Simpsons diversity index) of the study area
3 To identify the socioeconomic status effecting the crop diversity of Buot Village in Son La Province through data.
Research questions and hypotheses
The objective of the study was to identify the crop diversity of home gardens and correlate the socioeconomic status as a possible determinant of crop diversification
1 What was the scale of crop diversity in the home gardens in Buot Village?
2 What species were the most important in the home garden?
3 What does the species depict about Buot village’s socioeconomic status?
1 There is no diversity in crops at the home gardens in Buot Village
2 There are no important species being grown in the village of the home gardens in Buot Village
3 There is no significance between the socioeconomic status and crop diversity of Buot Village
1 There is diversity in crops at home gardens in Buot Village
2 There are important species being grown in the village of the home gardens in Buot Village
3 There is a significance between the socioeconomic status and crop diversity of Buot Village.
Limitations
The population size is around 50 households and sample size are 39 The data processed for the multiple linear regression was 20 due to the practice of data imputation Thus, lessening the number of data to correlate with the crop diversity index The selection of the study area was due to a focus on the practices of this village
Another problem was the members of the team identified all the possible crop species in the field due to the practice of direct observation and no other instrument was used.
Definitions
1 Crop diversification – used as a term to expound a sustainable practice, that promotes multiple crops in a designated area fitted for crops It implies the practices that allot multiple crops to grow in a promoting a sustainable practice
2 Socioeconomic status - the term is comprised of measurements of an individual or families’ work experience, social and economic position in relation to their work
3 Determinants - a factor or because that makes something happen or leads directly to a decision
4 Open survey - the collecting of "as-is" field data for use in design or construction to create accurate project plans, specifications, and estimates
5 Family Classification - is one of the eight main taxonomic hierarchies Practicing taxonomists propose and assess whether a described family should be recognized at all.
Organization of the study
The thesis is arranged as follows The practices of agriculture in Vietnam are shown in the next section The effect of socioeconomic impact on crop diversification is explained in the section that follows The third chapter describes the approach, evaluates related literature of investigation, and region description Results and discussion are covered in the fourth chapter The summary, conclusion, and general suggestions of the study are covered in the fifth chapter.
LITERATURE REVIEW
METHODS
Theoretical Framework
Evidence Collection (Data Correlation) Literature Review
Figure 3 Shows the theoretical framework of the study
The theoretical framework is to construct the following methods and shows the scheme of how the study was done Giving key points whereas the research takes place in analyzing, interpreting and even the gathering of the data The researcher approached the planning of theorized approach, studying about the study site, and selecting the method used through reviewing multiple literature The researcher then written the review of related literature of the research Once finished with the Literature review the research then collected the data through observation and interviews, after the team preparation for the transcribing and both crop species and the household interview to get the crop diversity and socioeconomic data to then start the process of data analysis and correlation Thus, resulting in the current paper.
Study area
A group of researchers conducted a survey in the household in the village of Buot Village, Chien Yen Commune, Moc Chau, Son La Province, Vietnam The area lies approx.143.6 kilometers from Hanoi, the capital of the country The area lies between latitude of 20 º 43’ 50.65” and longitude of 104 º 59’ 18.54” The climate is humid subtropical and is warm and temperate, its annual precipitation of 1557 mm per year, and midday temperature that ranges from 9-32 ºC The village is becoming a tourist attraction
Figure 4 Show the location of the study area, in Buot Village, Son La Province
Agriculture is one of the primary sources of income They sow a variety of annual and perennial crops, including rice, corn, and herbs Other economic activities that directly support farmers economies are livestock production i.e water buffalo, pigs and fish ponds that each house correspondantly have one and agro-ecotourism promoting cultural experience in the local practices in the village (Thanh, H., 2022).
Sampling Selection & Data Collection
A Preliminary Survey was conducted to the study area The Study area were
23 chosen from it’s distinct of agro-tourism and organic farming movement The survey has been conducted from June - September 2022, to gather whether socioeconomic factors influenced the farmers’ decisions on the growth of various crops
Gender Binary Code (Male=1, Female=2) ±
Education Code (1 =informal, 2 = Primary school, 3 Secondary school, 4 = High school) ±
Agricultural Income VND per Million +
The design followed a systematic sampling method, asking from the center of the village and starting from that point, the teams of researcher walking in random direction, and seeking interviewee from every household The people interviewed unnecessarily the head of the household; interviewee may be any members of family who oversees the agricultural home garden.
Data Analysis
Socioeconomic and home garden data were gathered through direct observation and questionnaires And is partially transcribed, processed, and organized for study To assess garden level crop diversity, three indices (Species richness, Shannon-Wiener Index, Simpsons’ diversity index) The SWI was calculated through the following equation
Whereas H’= Shannon Weiner index and Pi = proportion of the individuals in each crop species To find the equitability of the SWI we use the following
= / ln( ) For the Simpsons’ diversity index was calculated through the following equation.
∑ Whereas D is Simpsons’ diversity index and, S is the total number of species in the community and Pi is the proportion of community represented by crop species
Analysis of Crop diversity and Socioeconomic
The data was examined through the normal distribution and linearity of the data before data analysis to ensure that the data met the multiple regression assumptions A scatter plot was used to analysis the linear relationship between dependent and independent variables The R studio was used to analysis the data gathered in the study
The dependent variable was the addition of a diversified crop system of farming while the number of independent explanatory variables were specified as below
Socioeconomic Analysis
Where βo is a constant, β1: β6 are parameters for independent variables; the farmer's age, gender, degree of education, gender, farm size, and agricultural income, and represents the error term The factors of the research and their descriptions are summarized.
RESULTS
Crop species found in gardens
In the research region, 67 species belonging to various families were discovered
Poaceae and Rutaceae were the most frequent groups through abundance index only by the number of species, with Poaceae generating staple foods such as maize, wheat, rice, barley, and millet and Rutaceae producing feed for meat-producing animals Orange, lemon, grapefruit, and lime are examples of citrus (Rutaceae) Table 4 shows the classification of crops by family
Table 4 list of the crop’s family classification seen in the home gardens
Family classification of crops Number of times seen in an area
Source: Authors constructs, Observation data (2022)
Category of crops is listed to show the greatest number of crops were seen in the study area As mentioned, the categorized crops identified are listed as Cereals, vegetables and melons, Fruits and Nuts, Oilseeds crops, roots crops, Beverage and spice crops, sugar crops, and others Fruits and Nuts were identified in the study area with 44% with other crops being the second with 19 % like leguminous, grasses, fiber crops and others were group due to lower individually Root crops were 11%, while Beverage and Spice crops and Vegetables and Melons both had 8% Moreover, Cereals was 4%
Table 5 Category of Crops species found
Crop Category Specific species found No of species
Vegetables and Leafy or stem, Fruit bearing, root, bulbs, 21 8%
Fruits and Nuts Tropical, subtropical, Citrus, Pome, and
Oilseeds crops Soya beans, Groundnuts, other temporary oilseed crops, permanent oilseed crops 10 4%
Root Crops Potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava, Yams, and other root and tubers 30 11%
Spice Crops Beverage crops, Spice Crops
Other Crops Leguminous, Grasses and Other fodder,
Fiber, Medicinal, aromatic, pesticidal, or similar crops, rubber, Bamboo 54 19%
Note: the categorization is based of FAO 2010 World Programme for the Census of Agriculture
Crop Diversity of Home Gardens
As we have analyzed the data, we have gathered 39 households with different numbers of crops Thus, three crop diversity indexes were utilized in the garden-level survey: species richness, Shannon Weiner Equitability, and Simpsons' diversity index To determine the species richness, we tallied the number of crop species in the home garden Shannon Weiner and Simpsons' crop diversity measure, which is determined using the number of species percentage of crops under cultivation The highest species richness was
16 species which to households had 0.7823 Simpsons’ diversity got species richness of 3 and a 0.6897 of Simpsons’ diversity index Moreover, the highest Simpsons’ diversity index had a1.0000 estimated the species richness was 6 and had a SWI of 0.0738 Though the difference in result of both SWI and Simpsons’ both got similar of mean which show the relevance of the result
Species richness Shannon Weiner Equitability Simpson Diversity
Note: There were 39 households observed All the household had acceptable data processed.
Socioeconomic characteristic of the sample
The sample contains 56% male and 44% female per household responsible for taking care of the home garden Most respondents are aged between 35-50; however, 26
% were above the age of 50 5% were below 35 years old 1 with no response For the educational background of the interviewees 56 % reached primary, 13 % finished secondary, and 8% had only reached tertiary, moreover 21% had no response with their educational background Working experiences were divided into three categories below
20 years, 20-40 years, and above 40 years Having the majority of them have 20 to 40 years of experience, 13% and 8% of the respondents have less than 20 years and more than 40 years of experience, respectively For the land size approx 69% were lower than the mean of the garden size which was 6430 m2 The socioeconomic characteristics are presented in table 7
4.4 The impact of socioeconomic variables on crop diversification in the garden
In the current study, crop variety was unaffected by socioeconomic criteria such as garden size, gender, education, farming experience as well as their income However, age has a positive influence on garden-level crop variety, indicating that as people become
29 older, they get more involved in agricultural activities, which improves crop diversity This refutes the idea that the participation of elder home gardeners declines with age
The great cultural value associated to household gardens has remained consistent despite the socioeconomic shifts in Vietnamese agriculture Thai communities still have distinct cultural variances, which reflect into structural and compositional variations in household gardens
Table 7 Demographic Characteristics of the sample
Variable Demographic characteristics Count Percentage
Source: Authors constructs, Observation data (2022)
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
Discussion
5.1.1 State of Crops and diversity
The home gardens of North, South, and Central Vietnam have some similarities and some differences In general, home gardens in Vietnam are small plots of land surrounding a house where families grow a variety of crops for their own consumption The main crops grown in home gardens include fruit trees, vegetables, and herbs There were many crops that were identified in the villages’ home garden area absolute numbers of species at the different home garden sites(Luu et al., 2002).
The bulk of the diversity is found in the fruits and nuts most especially in the species family Rutaceae, citrus shrubs and trees planted in the home gardens Simpson's concentration, which focuses common species, revealed higher species diversity than Shannon's and Weiner's concentrations, which concentrate unusual species The difference in diversity measures highlights the significance of using a variety of indices to accurately define community diversity
Most of the crops in the village were mixed as considered to most Vietnamese home garden structure In most of the studies there is commonality in some, but the research found most crops to be mixed in most gardens compared to some of the reviewed literature The home garden in Vietnam follows a VAC system that allows them to categories home gardens in households The query if most home gardens are diverse, we can still see a wide array of species in each household that succumbs to the definition of
31 crop diversification Though there are some homes that still need to focus on diversifying their crops
There are several crops that are extremely valuable in some homes in the research region Several plant categories in home gardens have a diverse species makeup, including food crops, fruits, vegetables, and medicinal and spice trees (Mohri et al., 2013)
Fruits and Nuts are the most found category of crops in the study area most of this were citrus trees and shrubs As it is not common for most home gardens in Vietnam to have these kinds of produce in the village it is seen to be the most common crop, it it’s not the most dominant in terms of species number It is commonly found due to being a subtropical area
Cereals This category of crops focuses more on Rice and Corns that were recognize in the study most of the rice and corn on the study heavily affected the home gardens diversity because had the greatest number of species and the most covered land in some of the garden areas The dominance of rice in Vietnam is evident because it is bringing forth sales and provisions for the household (Nguyen 2017)
Fruits and Nuts They play an important role in culture and belief The practice of having fruits like papaya or pawpaw is good source for Vitamin A, as well as Mango and Banana For Vitamin C is Dragon Fruit and papaya Nuts on the other hand like Peanuts
32 are nutritious rich in protein, vitamins, and minerals (Food Plant Solution Rotary Action Group, 2022)
Other Crops Focuses on fewer known crops that have application to some family’s culture, belief, and practices There are some crops that are used for meals Some crops are Bamboos, that are used as traditional medicines, like some of the rare medicinal herbs and crops that are exemplified by Van Kieu Ethnic people (Lee et al 2018)
5.1.3 Socioeconomic Factors influences in Vietnam
The variation in the structure, composition, and purpose of home gardens reflects connected socioeconomic developments However, the varieties of home gardens in Vietnam are determined by geography, commune policies, and personal preferences (Mohri et al., 2013) That could have been the reason for the insignificance of some socioeconomic characteristic in the study, because most of the study analyzed in the reviewed literature most of them focus on the produces value in each place or rather how far the household was in the market
Buot village is known for their practices of organic farming under the guidance of their commune policy, even though the use of powerful chemical pesticides and fertilizers is widespread (Toan et al., 2019) But similarly, this thus shows that home gardens are key factors for providing food security, with steady annual crops and produce
The diversity index (Simpsons’ Diversity Index) has an average of 0.6207 In comparison on the secondary data from Nguyen N.Q 2014 we can observe that the value of the diversity is below the range of the Son La Province which is 0.7216 – 0.8533 It indicates that it has a lower diversity in the area which corresponds to low home garden crop diversity Though its value is below the province’s diversity value, it is still considered to be normal compared to the value of other provinces like Dien Bien, Lai Chau, Lao Cai, and Yen Bai (which are neighboring provinces in the Northwest region), which has a range of 0.596 -0.7216.
Conclusion
Overall, the crop diversity in home gardens in Vietnam in various sizes is a result of the combination of local knowledge, cultural practices, and the agroecological and socioeconomic conditions of the region This diversity is an important aspect of the sustainability of these import systems and has important ecological, social, and economic benefits
Home gardens in Vietnam also play an important role in maintaining biodiversity and preserving traditional agricultural practices The study has shown that home gardens in Son La home gardens have high plant species richness than monoculture agroforestry and other agricultural systems in regards to Vietnam’s
34 agriculture practice, this diversity also provides ecological services like pest control, soil conservation and nutrient cycling
Additionally, home gardens provide a source of food security and income for families, especially in rural areas where access to markets and commercial agriculture is limited According to the study's conclusions, garden-level crop diversification methods may be strengthened by:
• Raising agricultural understanding among homeowners, particularly those who farm fewer diverse crops
• Developing agricultural market ties and enhancing crop diversification techniques
• Because this study concentrated on socioeconomic problems, more research is needed to evaluate the impact of environmental factors on farm-level crop diversification, such as soil characteristics and temperature fluctuations across different agroecological zones.
Abdalla, S., Leonhọuser, I.-U., Bauer, S., & Elamin, E (2013) Factors influencing crop diversity in dry land sector of sudan Sky Journal of Agricultural Research, 2(7)
(2315-8751) Sky Journals http://www.skyjournals.org/SJAR
Adjimoti, G O., Kwadzo, G T.-M., Sarpong, D B., & Onumah, E E (2017) Input
Policies and Crop Diversification: Evidence from the Collines Region in Benin
African Development Review, 29(3), 512–523 https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-
Aheibam, M., Singh, R., Feroze, S M., Singh, N U., Singh, R J., & Singh, A K (2017)
Identifying the Determinants and Extent of Crop Diversification at Household Level: Evidence from Ukhrul District, Manipur Economic Affairs, 62(1), 89 https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-4666.2017.00031.6
Aribi, F., & Sghaier, M (2021) Livelihood vulnerability assessment to climate change and variability: the case of farm households in South-East Tunisia Environment, Development and Sustainability https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-01172-4 Basantaray, A K., & Nancharaiah, G (2017) Relationship between Crop Diversification and Farm Income in Odisha — An Empirical Analysis Agricultural Economics Research Review, 30(conf), 45 https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-0279.2017.00021.0 Beillouin, D., Ben-Ari, T., Malezieux, E., Seufort, V., Makowski, D., 2021 Positive but variable effects of crop diversification on biodiversity and ecosystem services Global Change biology
Benin, S., Smale, M., Pender, J., Gebremedhin, B., & Ehui, S (2004) The economic determinants of cereal crop diversity on farms in the Ethiopian highlands Agricultural Economics, 31(2-3), 197–208 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574- 0862.2004.tb00257.x
Cutforth, L B., Francis, C A., Lynne, G D., Mortensen, D A., & Eskridge, K M
(2001) Factors affecting farmers’ crop diversity decisions: An integrated approach American Journal of Alternative Agriculture, 16(4), 168–176 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0889189300009164
Dao T.A & Vu D T (2019) Result of biodiversity policy in Vietnam: Conservation and exploration of plant genetic resources Food and Fertilizer Center for the Asian Pacific Region https://ap.fftc.org.tw/article/1649
Dong Rung Cooperatives (2022) BUOT VILLAGE STORY Van Ho Agritage
Fahrig, L., Girard, J., Duro, D., Pasher, J., Smith, A., Javorek, S., King, D., Lindsay, K
F., Mitchell, S., & Tischendorf, L (2015) Farmlands with smaller crop fields have higher within-field biodiversity Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 200,
Faramarzy, K., Asgari, A., & Khoshbakht, K (2019) Crop Diversity and Socio-economic
Factors: A Case Study of Hashilan Wetlands Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus, 84(4), 399–405 https://hrcak.srce.hr/228929
Feliciano, D (2019) A review on the contribution of crop diversification to Sustainable
Development Goal 1 “No poverty” in different world regions Sustainable Development, 27(4), 795–808 https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.1923
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2010) Classifications of
Crops In World Programme for the Census of Agriculture https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/ess/documents/world_census_of_agricult ure/appendix3_r7.pdf
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2022) Crops Www.fao.org https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL
Food Plant Solution Rotary Action Group (2022) Fruits and Nuts of Vietnam | FAO
Www.fao.org https://www.fao.org/family-farming/detail/en/c/1606870/
Galhena, D.H., Freed, R & Maredia, K.M Home gardens: a promising approach to enhance household food security and wellbeing Agric & Food Secur 2, 8 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1186/2048-7010-2-8
Garibaldi, L A., Steffan-Dewenter, I., Winfree, R., Aizen, M A., Bommarco, R.,
Cunningham, S A., Kremen, C., Carvalheiro, L G., Harder, L D., Afik, O., Bartomeus, I., Benjamin, F., Boreux, V., Cariveau, D., Chacoff, N P., Dudenhoffer, J H., Freitas, B M., Ghazoul, J., Greenleaf, S., & Hipolito, J (2013) Wild Pollinators Enhance Fruit Set of Crops Regardless of Honeybee
Abundance Science, 339(6127), 1608–1611 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1230200
Gautam, Y., & Andersen, P (2016) Rural livelihood diversification and household well- being: Insights from Humla, Nepal Journal of Rural Studies, 44, 239–249 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.02.001
Godfray, H C J., Beddington, J R., Crute, I R., Haddad, L., Lawrence, D., Muir, J F.,
Pretty, J., Robinson, S., Thomas, S M., & Toulmin, C (2010) Food Security: The Challenge of Feeding 9 billion People Science, 327(5967), 812–818 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1185383
Kasem, S., & Thapa, G B (2011) Crop diversification in Thailand: Status, determinants, and effects on income and use of inputs Land Use Policy, 28(3), 618–628 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2010.12.001
Kemboi, E., Muendo, K., & Kiprotich, C (2020) Crop diversification analysis amongst smallholder farmers in Kenya (empirical evidence from Kamariny ward, Elgeyo Marakwet County) Cogent Food & Agriculture, 6(1) https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2020.1834669
Kim, B.-R., Shin, J., Guevarra, R B., Lee, J H., Kim, D W., Seol, K.-H., Lee, J.-H.,
Kim, H B., & Isaacson, R E (2017) Deciphering Diversity Indices for a Better Understanding of Microbial Communities J Microbiol Biotechnol., 27(17)
(2089-2093) https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1709.09027
Laurance, W F., Sayer, J., & Cassman, K G (2014) Agricultural expansion and its impacts on tropical nature Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 29(2), 107–116 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2013.12.001
Lee, C., Kim, S.-Y., Eum, S., Paik, J.-H., Bach, T T., Darshetkar, A M., Choudhary, R
K., Hai, D V., Quang, B H., Thanh, N T., & Choi, S (2019) Ethnobotanical study on medicinal plants used by local Van Kieu ethnic people of Bac Huong Hoa nature reserve, Vietnam Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 231, 283–294 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2018.11.006
Li, C., Chen, X., Jiang, A., Lee, M.-B., Mammides, C., & Goodale, E (2021)
Socioeconomic Determinants of Crop Diversity and Its Effect on Farmer Income in Guangxi, Southern China Agriculture, 11(4), 336 https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11040336
Li, C., He, X., Zhu, S., Zhou, H., Wang, Y., Li, Y., Yang, J., Fan, J., Yang, J., Wang, G.,
Long, Y., Xu, J., Tang, Y., Zhao, G., Yang, J., Liu, L., Sun, Y., Xie, Y., Wang, H.,
& Zhu, Y (2009) Crop Diversity for Yield Increase PLoS ONE, 4(11), e8049
Lin, B B (2011) Resilience in Agriculture through Crop Diversification: Adaptive
Management for Environmental Change BioScience, 61(3), 183–193 [Cross Ref] Martin, A E., Collins, S J., Crowe, S., Girard, J., Naujokaitis-Lewis, I., Smith, A C.,
Lindsay, K., Mitchell, S., & Fahrig, L (2020) Effects of farmland heterogeneity on biodiversity are similar to—or even larger than—the effects of farming practices Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 288, 106698 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2019.106698
Maru, B., Maryo, M., & Kassa, G (2022) Socioeconomic determinants of crop diversity in Bule Hora Woreda, Southern Ethiopia Heliyon, 8(5), e09489 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09489
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (2002) National Report on Conservation and Economic Development Areas Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (2005) Agriculture and Rural
Development Science and Technology in 20 Renovation Years Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (2007) Support Upland Farmers on
Sustainable Agro-Forestry Production on Shifting Cultivation Areas, Period of 2008-2012, 2007 Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi (in accordance with Decision 2945/QĐ-BNN-KL on the 5th of October 2007) (Vietnamese)
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (2022) Summary of production, processing, consumption, and export of agricultural products in the first 9 months of 2022 Cổng Thông Tin Điện Tử Sở Nông Nghiệp và Phát Triển Nông Thôn Tỉnh
Sơn La https://sonongnghiep.sonla.gov.vn/nong-san-an-toan-va-xuat-khau/so-ket- cong-tac-san-xuat-che-bien-tieu-thu-va-xuat-khau-nong-san-9-thang-dau-nam- 2022-652944
Mohri, H., Lahoti, S., Saito, O., Mahalingam, A., Gunatilleke, N., Irham, Hoang, V T.,
Hitinayake, G., Takeuchi, K., & Herath, S (2013) Assessment of ecosystem
41 services in homegarden systems in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Vietnam Ecosystem Services, 5, 124–136 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.07.006
Nguyen Ngoc Que, Vu Trong Binh, and Le Xuan Sinh 2004 Consultant’s Report on
Agricultural Diversification in Vietnam Final Report Working Paper Series World Bank, Washington DC
Nguyen, H Q (2017) Analyzing the economies of crop diversification in rural Vietnam using an input distance function Agricultural Systems, 153, 148–156 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2017.01.024
Paembonan, S A., Millang, S., Dassir, M., & Ridwan, M (2018) Species variation in home garden agroforestry system in South Sulawesi, Indonesia, and its contribution to farmers’ income IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 157, 012004 [Cross Ref.]
Redlich, S., Martin, E A., & Steffan-Dewenter, I (2018) Landscape-level crop diversity benefits biological pest control Journal of Applied Ecology, 55(5), 2419–2428 https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13126
Rahman, S (2009) The economic determinants of crop diversity on farms in rural
Bangladesh Pearl.plymouth.ac.uk http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/4025
Seo, S N., & Mendelsohn, R (2008) An analysis of crop choice: Adapting to climate change in South American farms Ecological Economics, 67(1), 109–116 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.12.007
Shahbaz, P., Boz, I., & Haq, S ul (2017) Determinants of Crop Diversification in Mixed
Cropping Zone of Punjab Pakistan https://doi.org/10.26765/DRJAFS.2017.2257 Sichoongwe, K., Mapemba, L., Tembo, G., & Ng’ong’ola, D (2014) The Determinants and Extent of Crop Diversification Among Smallholder Farmers: A Case Study of Southern Province Zambia Journal of Agricultural Science, 6(11) https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v6n11p150
Sirami, C., Gross, N., Baillod, A B., Bertrand, C., Carrié, R., Hass, A., Henckel, L.,
Miguet, P., Vuillot, C., Alignier, A., Girard, J., Batáry, P., Clough, Y., Violle, C., Giralt, D., Bota, G., Badenhausser, I., Lefebvre, G., Gauffre, B., & Vialatte, A (2019) Increasing crop heterogeneity enhances multitrophic diversity across agricultural regions Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(33), 16442–16447 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1906419116
Smith, E., & Berry, E (n.d.) Comparing Diversity Indices using Field Data from a
Riparian New Hampshire Forest Community Saint Anselm College
Thanh, H (2022) Thanh bình bản Bướt Bao Son La Online https://baosonla.org.vn/vi/bai-viet/thanh-binh-ban-buot-52418
Thrupp, L A (2004) The Importance of Biodiversity in Agroecosystems Journal of
Tilman, D., Balzer, C., Hill, J., & Befort, B L (2011) Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(50), 20260–20264 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1116437108
Toan, P V., Minh, N D., & Thong, D V (2019) Organic Fertilizer Production and
Application in Vietnam Organic Fertilizers - History, Production and Applications https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87211
Trinh, L N., Watson, J W., Hue, N N., De, N N., Minh, N V., Chu, P., Sthapit, B R.,
& Eyzaguirre, P B (2003) Agrobiodiversity conservation and development in Vietnamese home gardens Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 97(1-3), 317–
Union of Concerned Scientist (2019, August 12) Sustainable Agriculture Practices |
Union of Concerned Scientists Www.ucsusa.org https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/sustainable-agriculture-practices
APPENDICES Annex A Sets of household surveys used in the study
1 A set of semi-structured questionnaires for household surveys
2 The design for gathering the crop data and land observation format
Annex B Bio data of the researcher