(Luận văn thạc sĩ) study on water allocation in river basin a case study of vu gia thu bon river basin

TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES ABSTRACT .5 DECLARATION .6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CHAPTER – INTRODUCTION 1.1 Problem Statement .8 1.2 Objectives of Study 10 1.3 Scope of Study 11 1.4 Research Questions 11 1.5 Vu Gia – Thu Bon River Basin 12 1.5.1 Location 12 1.5.2 Topographic Characteristics 13 1.5.3 Rainfall Characteristics in the Dry Season 14 CHAPTER – LITERATURE REVIEW 19 2.1 Water Allocation Planning 19 2.2 Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) .27 2.2.1 Historical Development of SWAT Model 27 2.2.2 Theoretical Base and Applications of SWAT Model 29 2.3 Linear Programming 39 CHAPTER – APPLICATION OF SWAT 42 3.1 Input Data Processing 44 3.2 Sub-catchments Delineation 50 3.3 Reservoir Processing .52 3.4 Land Cover Scenario 55 CHAPTER – APPLICATION OF LINEAR PROGRAMMING 58 4.1 Fundamental Theory Base 58 4.2 Water Demand Investigation 60 4.3 Water Price 69 4.4 Results and Analysis .71 CHAPTER – CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 78 REFERENCES 80 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Vu Gia – Thu Bon river basin Figure 1.2: Mean flow in the dry season of 1981-2010 periods Figure 1.3: Low-flow module (Source: Water Resources Investigation and Assessment of VGTB River Basin Project) Figure 2.1: Basin water allocation agreements and plans in the twentieth century (Robert Speed et al, 2013) Figure 2.2: Water allocation planning model in Western Australia Figure 2.3: Water resources planning framework in Vietnam Figure 2.4: Water resources planning solutions of Dong Nai case study Figure 2.5: Water Resources Allocation Planning in Lang Son Province Figure 2.6: Balance scheme of SWAT model Figure 2.7: Scheme of linear repositories in SWAT model Figure 2.8: Underground reservoir Figure 2.9: Reservoir of surface runoff Figure 3.1: Total water resources and water available for allocation (Robert Speed et al, 2013) Figure 3.2: Screen shot of official website of USGS Figure 3.3: Screen shot of MODIS-based Global Land Cover Climatology Figure 3.4: Screen shot of FAO official website Figure 3.5: SWAT Model Simulation (Source: NASA-CASA Project) Figure 3.6: Land Cover Map Figure 3.7: Soil Map Figure 3.8: Sub-catchments divided by SWAT model Figure 3.9: Final sub-catchments map Figure 3.10: Monitoring locations Figure 3.11: Edit Reservoir Parameters Table Figure 3.12: Land Use Update Edit tool Figure 3.13: Comparison between measurement and simulation in Nong Son Figure 4.1: Water allocation in Upper Thu Bon basin in 2020 Figure 4.2: Water allocation in Lower Vu Gia - Thu Bon basin in 2020 12 17 17 20 21 24 26 27 31 32 35 36 43 44 45 46 46 48 49 50 50 52 54 56 57 72 77 LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Rainfall in the dry season, the three-lowest-month and the lowest month (mm) 14 Table 1.2: Low-flow characteristics of the VGTB River .16 Table 1.3: The lowest flow characteristics in the basin 18 Table 1.4: The lowest flow at some main locations in the river basin 18 Table 3.1: Information of basin after overlay 47 Table 3.2: Sub-basins of VGTB basin .51 Table 3.3: Definitions of reservoir parameters 53 Table 3.4: Technical parameters of reservoirs 55 Table 4.1: Population of the urban area in 2020 60 Table 4.2: Water demand in municipality and town in 2020 .61 Table 4.3: Population of the rural area 61 Table 4.4: Water supplied to rural domestic use 62 Table 4.5: Water demand for domestic use in the VGTB river basin in 2020 63 Table 4.6: Crop schedule of crops in the VGTB basin 63 Table 4.7: Water use criteria of crops 64 Table 4.8: Area of crop in the VGTB basin in 2020 .65 Table 4.9: Volume of water supplied to agricultural production in 2020 .65 Table 4.10: Quantity of cattle and avian in the VGTB basin in 2020 .66 Table 4.11: The total water demand of sectors 67 Table 4.12: Summary of inputs for Linear Programming 69 Table 4.13: Water allocation in Upper Thu Bon basin in 2020 71 Table 4.14: Water allocation in Upper Vu Gia basin in 2020 73 Table 4.15: Water allocation in Lyly River basin in 2020 74 Table 4.16: Water allocation in Tuy Loan River basin in 2020 75 Table 4.17: Water allocation in Lower Vu Gia-Thu Bon basin in 2020 76 ABSTRACT Rivers are as a rule under expanding adverse pressures in view of fast changes of riparian gimmicks These progressions, likely including increase of urbanization, industrialization, overpopulation have made obvious dangers affecting on the wellbeing of the nature and maintainable advancement This overall pattern has moved the routine methodology of researchers with respect to water allocation planning from straightforwardness into more many-sided quality, considering the multi-viewpoints, for example, environmental flow, financial profit streamlining or possible interest conflicts This Vu Gia - Thu Bon (VGTB) contextual analysis can be portrayed as a reaction to the prerequisite of a cutting edge water allocation mechanism by applying the integrated standards of water resources management and linear programming The fundamental objective of this study is to build an allocation planning for the VGTB River basin To come up with solutions, Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) Model is applied to assess the water availability in the basin and Excel Solver tool is utilized to solve Linear Programming (LP) equations A specific value of volume of water in the basin is the most imperative component prompting the applicability of the allocation results, an objective appraisal of water accessibility is extremely discriminating to guarantee the met of demand and supply and additionally actualize the allocation results, SWAT model is in charge of fathoming this undertaking Use of LP is introduced by building an objective function and relevant constraints; along these lines, Microsoft Excel is utilized to solve the equations DECLARATION I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in this thesis, entitled “Study on Water Allocation in River Basin: A Case Study of Vu Gia - Thu Bon River Basin” in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the Master of Science in Integrated Water Resource Management, is an authentic record of my own work carried out under supervision of Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Cao Don and Dr Bui Du Duong The matter embodied in this thesis has not been submitted by me for the award of any other degree or diploma Date: Hanoi, May 04, 2015 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS As a matter of first importance, I am thankful to the Netherlands Government for the grant that encourage this study under The Netherlands Initiative for Capacity improvement in Higher Education (NICHE) I wish to thank my head honcho, Hanoi University of Natural Resources and Environment (HUNRE) for permitting personal time to take a shot at this research and giving backing from numerous points of view amid the study I might likewise want to augment my gratitude to Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Cao Don and Dr Bui Du Duong for tolerating to be my supervisors and for offering their mastery and profitable time to me They have tried to review and edit every section and assisted with escalated direction for complex issues This proposition would not have been conceivable without their profitable direction, skill, recommendations and untiring consolation An exceptional note of much obliged must go to Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Thu Hien, a dear speaker and organizer of NICHE Program She is the key driver in charge of molding this Master study and supporting understudies successfully amid the course I might want to say thanks to Ms Mariette van Tilburg from TU Delft for her commitment of English amendment to this MSc study and Dr Ilyas Masih from UNESCO-IHE for calmly bearing my endless inquiries and remarks and giving me significant addresses on water allocation planning On account of the numerous associates at the Faculty of Meteorology and Hydrology, Faculty of Water Resources, HUNRE who helped me in different courses particularly amid field information accumulation and meetings to generate new ideas I additionally need to express my true from the base of heart for companions for their backings, empowers and advices To wrap things up, I need to express my inherent comprehension of my relatives, my adored mate for their unrestricted loves CHAPTER – INTRODUCTION 1.1 Problem Statement Issues existed in the VGTB basin can be depicted in both specific and general manner In general, perspectives building integrated watershed management in VGTB is confronting comparative issues with different rivers in Vietnam: (1) the overlapping of state administration causes snags in adding to the water resources planning strategy There are more than two ministries are included in dealing with river's and related assets, this trademark is considered as one of the primary reasons delivering low applicability of studies on water allocation planning This characteristic makes the issues identified with overexploitation, water quality or flow regime change becomes hazardous to illuminate completely Case in point, while Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MoNRE) is responsible for overseeing water resources management, hydraulic structures along the stream are been in charge of many other Ministries, for example, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) or Ministry of Construction (MoC), this component makes the confusing in issuing regulations in extracting water or discharge pollutants into the river between MoNRE and the others (2) Involvement of stakeholders in planning water resources allocation is not actively taken into account and does not provide efficiency, especially citizens’ communities living in the study area In reality, committees organized in some basins nationwide not work effectively; linkage between administrative counties does not produce management proficiency The construction of industrial parks, dams in upstream and increasing urbanization leads to increase of hazardous waste and pollution and degradation of coastal areas, giving rise to conflicts in allocating downstream water (Natural Resources and Environment Journal, 2014) Particularly, the most complicated problem happening in the VGTB River basin is reservoirs’ regulation To date, the basin has large hydropower projects and 820 irrigation works including 72 reservoirs, 546 spillways, and 202 pumping stations Planned hydropower in mainstream of Vu Gia Thu Bon up to 2020 proposes to build 10 hydropower plants with a total capacity of 1,200 MW During the last decade, there are many studies on inundation and drought in this area, saying that impacts of reservoirs are seriously severe (Nga, 2014) Natural flooding becomes more extreme and difficult to predict due to man-made influences in the upstream Irrational management of storing and releasing water kept inside the reservoir causes adverse impacts to the downstream such as salinity intrusion in 2012, at Han estuary, inundation in 2009, at many places in Quang Nam (Nga, 2014) Furthermore, use of reservoirs does not obey the ratified design; flood control volume is reduced to satisfy the electricity generation demand (Natural Resources and Environment Journal, 2014) This factor is considered as the main reason causing manmade and flash flood in the downstream In fact, the process of operating reservoir system in VGTB was issued by the Prime Minister since 2010; however, even the proper operation of this process still does not guarantee the safety of citizens living in downstream The evidence is that after a series of incidents hydro flood, flooded suddenly, causing loss of property and lives of the people downstream, for example in 2009 and the latest storm in October, 2013 Additionally, this issue also decreases the accuracy in assessing water availability Data regarding water temporally kept in the reservoir not have high confidence; this characteristic cannot be predicted by model This study supposes that flood discharge process is earnestly obeyed The VGTB river basin plays a particularly critical role in the socioeconomic development strategy in the Central Coast VGTB River system provides an important source of water for the development needs of living, the economy of the province of Quang Nam and Da Nang In addition to hydropower potential, the VGTB also supplies water for over 45,000 hectares of agricultural and domestic production for nearly million people in the basin Vu Gia River, especially as it passes through the city of Da Nang plays a very important role for the socio-economic development of the city; annual average of nearly 75 million m supply of raw water to water plants serving the people living in cities and industrial areas, more than 100 million m3 of water for agriculture In addition to providing water for economic activities and livelihoods, the river also serves as a climate control, creating beautiful landscapes, especially the passage to the Han estuary The provision of water resources ensures the sustainable development of various sectors in the region As a key central economic region, this area has seen a rapid industrialization and development of many sectors This feature has consequently created serious stress for water resources of the basin, especially during the dry season when stream water availability is significantly decreased Currently, there are conflicts between water users in this area when a series of dams were constructed in the upstream area, causing water shortage for the downstream during the dry season Furthermore, the gap in economic yields between sectors also produces necessity of reallocating water resources The irrational allocation mechanism has decreased the total possible benefits gained from industrial productions; while industry can provide a much larger water yield compared with agricultural productions and livestock, the majority of water resources is being supplied to agriculture Accordingly, the study of the VGTB stream water allocation is vitally important to ensure the optimization of water resources Based on the characteristics of the basin and management as above mention, a study of resource allocation must be done to satisfy the integrated manner in management and ensure technical factors as well as effective business Linkage between using SWAT and LP to compute allocation basing IWRM framework can be used when considering the components of the hydrological cycle, the advocacy process of water on the basin and crystal economic efficiency when allocating 1.2 Objectives of Study The overall objective of this study is to propose an optimal water allocation plan in the Vu Gia - Thu Bon River basin The specific objectives are as follows: 10