ORAL HEALTH CARE – PEDIATRIC, RESEARCH, EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CLINICAL PRACTICES Edited by Mandeep Singh Virdi Oral Health Care – Pediatric, Research, Epidemiology and Clinical Practices Edited by Mandeep Singh Virdi Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Irena Voric Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published February, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Oral Health Care – Pediatric, Research, Epidemiology and Clinical Practices, Edited by Mandeep Singh Virdi p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0133-8 Contents Preface IX Part 1 Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry 1 Chapter 1 Early Childhood Caries: Parent’s Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Towards Its Prevention in Malaysia 3 Shani Ann Mani, Jacob John, Wei Yen Ping and Noorliza Mastura Ismail Chapter 2 Oral Health Care in Children – A Preventive Perspective 19 Agim Begzati, Kastriot Meqa, Mehmedali Azemi, Ajtene Begzati, Teuta Kutllovci, Blerta Xhemajli and Merita Berisha Chapter 3 Pediatric Dentistry – A Guide for General Practitioner 51 Mandeep S. Virdi Chapter 4 Gingivitis in Children and Adolescents 69 Folakemi Oredugba and Patricia Ayanbadejo Chapter 5 The Principles Prevention in Dentistry 87 Jalaleddin Hamissi Part 2 Research in Oral Health 111 Chapter 6 Antidepressants: Side Effects in the Mouth 113 Patrícia Del Vigna de Ameida, Aline Cristina Batista Rodrigues Johann, Luciana Reis de Azevedo Alanis, Antônio Adilson Soares de Lima and Ana Maria Trindade Grégio Chapter 7 Classical and Modern Methods in Caries Epidemiology 129 M. Larmas, H. Vähänikkilä, K. Leskinen and J. Päkkilä Chapter 8 Epidemiology of Dental Caries in the World 149 Rafael da Silveira Moreira VI Contents Part 3 Public Health Dentistry and Epidemiology 169 Chapter 9 The Determinants of Self–Rated Oral Health in Istanbul Adults 171 Kadriye Peker Chapter 10 Krill Enzymes (Krillase®) an Important Factor to Improve Oral Hygiene 189 Kristian Hellgren Chapter 11 Probiotics and Oral Health 195 Harini Priya Vishnu Chapter 12 Towards Oral Health Promotion 205 José Roberto de Magalhães Bastos, Magali de Lourdes Caldana, Luis Marcelo Aranha Camargo, Ariadnes Nobrega Oliveira, Ricardo Pianta Rodrigues da Silva, Angela Xavier, Fábio Silva de Carvalho and Roosevelt da Silva Bastos Chapter 13 HIV/AIDS and Oral Health in Socially Disadvantaged Communities 223 Febronia Kokulengya Kahabuka and Flora Masumbuo Fabian Chapter 14 Oral and Dental Health in Pregnancy 241 Eftekharalsadat Hajikazemi and Fatemeh Haghdoost Osquei Chapter 15 The Influence of Smoking on Dental and Periodontal Status 249 Jindra Smejkalova, Vimal Jacob, Lenka Hodacova, Zdenek Fiala, Radovan Slezak and Sajith Vellappally Part 4 Clinical Oral Health Care 271 Chapter 16 Tooth Autotransplantation 273 Eduardo Santiago, Germano Rocha and João F. C. Carvalho Chapter 17 The Importance of Final Irrigation with Mineralolithic Effect Agents During Chemomechanical Treatment of Tooth Root Canal 285 Aleksandar Mitić, Nadica Mitić, Slavoljub Živković, Jelena Milašin, Jovanka Gašić, Vladimir Mitić, Tatjana Tanić and Jelena Popović Preface The oral cavity is one of the most easily accessible parts of human body and knowledge about it is very important in understanding various problems related to its various components. Oral Health Science is concerned with the development of its various tissues and structures, their morphology, elements affecting them, affliction of various problems to them, and their management and treatment. The subject is generally covered by various specialties of dentistry. Dentistry is a relatively young discipline encompassing sciences and arts, and some of its specialties are only a few decades old. The Internet has revolutionized the dissemination of information. A large number of technical journals and indexing services are already available online. The phenomenon of specialized technical books being available on the Internet is relatively new. This present work is probably pioneering in offering free online access to a specialist oral health publication. InTech Open Access Publisher took the initiative in organizing the publication of this book and making it available on the Internet with free access to all those who may be interested in the subject. Specialists of various subjects of the Oral Health Sciences have contributed to the book. It is divided into four sections: pediatric and preventive dentistry, research in oral health, public health dentistry and epidemiology, and clinical oral health care. Other aspects of oral health are covered in the second book volume entitled Oral Health Care - Prosthodontics, Periodontology, Biology, Research and Systemic Conditions. The book does not claim to be a standard textbook on the subject as it is a compendium of articles which reflect the historical development in various aspects of oral health, and the stage at which state-of-the-art developments currently are. This book will provide exposure to practitioners, academicians, and researchers who wish to initiate research in the particular subject. We expect this work to be accepted as a standard reference in Oral Health Sciences. The Editor wishes to thank all specialist contributors and Publishing Process Manager Ms Irena Voric of InTech, for their contribution without which this book would not X Preface have been possible. It will not be out of place to acknowledge with gratitude, the contribution of my family who were kind enough to bear with me during the process of developing of this book. Professor Dr Mandeep Singh Virdi New Delhi, India . ORAL HEALTH CARE – PEDIATRIC, RESEARCH, EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CLINICAL PRACTICES Edited by Mandeep Singh Virdi Oral Health Care – Pediatric, Research, Epidemiology and Clinical. copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Oral Health Care – Pediatric, Research, Epidemiology and Clinical Practices, Edited by Mandeep Singh Virdi p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0133-8. at 1 year Oral Health Care – Pediatric, Research, Epidemiology and Clinical Practices 6 of age. Most parents (85%) knew that fluoride is important for preventing tooth decay and about half