ORTHODONTICS – BASIC ASPECTS AND CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS Edited by Farid Bourzgui Orthodontics – Basic Aspects and Clinical Considerations Edited by Farid Bourzgui Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Ana Skalamera Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published March, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Orthodontics – Basic Aspects and Clinical Considerations, Edited by Farid Bourzgui p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0143-7 Contents Preface IX Part 1 Epidemiology and Prevention 1 Chapter 1 Orthodontic Treatment Need: An Epidemiological Approach 3 Carlos Bellot-Arcís, José María Montiel-Company and José Manuel Almerich-Silla Chapter 2 3D Facial Soft Tissue Changes Due to Orthodontic Tooth Movement 29 R.A. Al-Sanea, B. Kusnoto and C.A. Evans Chapter 3 Are the Orthodontic Basis Wrong? Revisiting Two of the Keys to Normal Oclusion (Crown Inclination and Crown Angulation) in the Andrews Series 53 C. Jiménez-Caro, F. de Carlos, A.A. Suárez, J.A. Vega and J. Cobo Chapter 4 The Importance and Possibilities of Proper Oral Hygiene in Orthodontic Patients 69 Melinda Madléna Chapter 5 Other Applications of Photo Catalyst in Dental Treatments in Diverse Fields 111 Seung-Ho Ohk and Hyeon-Shik Hwang Part 2 Growth and Genetic 123 Chapter 6 Genetic Factors Affecting Facial Growth 125 James K. Hartsfield Jr., Lorri Ann Morford and Liliana M. Otero Chapter 7 A Simplified Method to Determine the Potential Growth in Orthodontics Patients 153 Gladia Toledo Mayarí VI Contents Part 3 Orthodontic Therapy 175 Chapter 8 Three-Dimensional Imaging and Software Advances in Orthodontics 177 Ahmed Ghoneima, Eman Allam, Katherine Kula and L. Jack Windsor Chapter 9 The Use of Mini-Implants (Temporary Anchorage Devices) in Resolving Orthodontic Problems 195 P. Salehi, S. Torkan and S.M.M. Roeinpeikar Chapter 10 Management of Dental Impaction 219 Farid Bourzgui, Mourad Sebbar, Zouhair Abidine and Zakaria Bentahar Chapter 11 Uprighting of the Impacted Second Mandibular Molar with Skeletal Anchorage 247 Stefano Sivolella, Michela Roberto, Paolo Bressan, Eriberto Bressan, Serena Cernuschi, Francesca Miotti and Mario Berengo Chapter 12 Guidelines for “Surgery First” Orthodontic Treatment 265 Jeong Hwan Kim, Niloufar Nouri Mahdavie and Carla A. Evans Chapter 13 Spectrum of Factors Affecting Dental Arch Relationships in Japanese Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Patients 301 Mohammad Khursheed Alam, Takashi S. Kajii and Junichiro Iida Part 4 Temporomandibular Disorder and Orthodontic 325 Chapter 14 Occlusion, Orthodontic Treatment and Temporomandibular Disorders: Myths and Scientific Evidences 327 Ephraim Winocur and Alona Emodi-Perlman Chapter 15 Orthodontic Treatment and Temporomandibular Disorders 341 Ticiana Sidorenko de Oliveira Capote, Silvana Regina Perez Orrico, Juliana Álvares Duarte Bonini Campos, Fernanda Oliveira Bello Correa and Carolina Letícia Zilli Vieira Chapter 16 Temporomandibular Disorders and Orthodontic Treatment – A Review with a Reported Clinical Case 351 Tomislav Badel, Miljenko Marotti and Ivana Savić Pavičin Chapter 17 Dentofacial Aspects of the Changes in Body Posture, Investigation Procedures 377 Emil Segatto and Angyalka Segatto Contents VII Part 5 Orthodontics Risks 401 Chapter 18 Risks and Complications Associated with Orthodontic Treatment 403 Cristina Teodora Preoteasa, Ecaterina Ionescu and Elena Preoteasa Chapter 19 Root Resorption in Orthodontics: An Evidence-Based Approach 429 Leandro Silva Marques, Paulo Antônio Martins-Júnior, Maria Letícia Ramos-Jorge and Saul Martins Paiva Preface One of the biggest challenges facing practitioners nowadays is offering quality dental care while demonstrating clinical competence, and comprehensive and compassionate patient care. Therefore, training and refreshing of knowledge are absolute necessities that contribute to successful clinical patient care. The acquisition of new ideas is dependent on reading. As Nietzsche put in his book Beyond Good and Evil (1886) "Naturally in order to practice reading as an art, one thing above all is necessary, which nowadays has been thoroughly unlearned, for which one must almost be a cow and at any rate not a "modern man", namely rumination”. Such reading should be selective, meeting well-defined objectives, with a critical understanding of the medical and scientific information. Access to information and the demystification of knowledge are the currency of this century despite the efforts exerted by some retention. Production’s "open source" plays and will continue to play a very important role in sharing and disseminating knowledge and expertise. The present book embodies such a state of mind. The book reflects the ideas of nineteen academic and research experts from different countries. It provides an overview of the state-of-the-art, outlines the experts’ knowledge and their efforts to provide readers with quality content explaining new directions and emerging trends in Orthodontics. The book should be of great value to both orthodontic practitioners and to students in orthodontics, who will find learning resources in connection with their fields of study. This will help them to acquire valid knowledge and excellent clinical skills. Last but not at least, I would like to express my deep gratitude to the editorial team and colleagues who have contributed, one way or another, to the fulfilment of this work. Farid Bourzgui Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hassan II Ain Chok Morocco [...]... Basic Aspects and Clinical Considerations According to Alkhatib et al (2005), the IOTN is not only valid and reliable but is also sensitive to the needs of patients and accepted both by the patients themselves and by the professionals who employ it Hamdam (2004) confirmed the validity and reliability of the IOTN Mandall et al (2000) and Birkeland et al (1996) concluded that it is a reproducible and reliable... palate or dysmorphism 8 Orthodontics – Basic Aspects and Clinical Considerations caused by traumatic injury) in which treatment is a priority TPI has been used in many studies and although the results have not always been regular, it has proved to give high intra-examiner and inter-examiner reproducibility and reasonably good validity However, it requires a certain degree of knowledge and experience on the... diseases constitute indications for 4 Orthodontics – Basic Aspects and Clinical Considerations orthodontic treatment Generally speaking, the psychological and social implications of poor dentofacial aesthetics can be more serious than the biological problems, and in clinical trials, strong correlations have been found between dental aesthetics, treatment need and the severity of the malocclusion (Lewis... variables arbitrarily and recorded the data according to a criterion of all or nothing This has now changed and a study of the progress in occlusal recording methods shows that they are increasingly 6 Orthodontics – Basic Aspects and Clinical Considerations accurate, reliable and scientifically-based, and consequently their detection of the problems possesses greater validity According to Richmond et al... either mesial or distal, 2 = 1 full cusp or more either mesial or distal 2.69 3 CONSTANT 13.36 13 Table 1 Components of the DAI regression equation and their actual and rounded regression coefficients (weights) 12 Orthodontics – Basic Aspects and Clinical Considerations Although the DAI was developed for permanent teeth, it can easily be adapted for mixed dentition by simply ignoring missing permanent... component (AC) and the dental health component (DHC) It is a method that attempts to determine the degree of malocclusion of a particular patient and that patient’s perception of his or her own malocclusion The novel feature of the IOTN compared to other indices was that it was the first to include a sociopsychological indicator of treatment need 14 Orthodontics – Basic Aspects and Clinical Considerations. .. of 200 photographs of different occlusal configurations The 200 cases were chosen, by a random process, from a larger sample of 1337 study models used in a previous study The 1337 models represented a population of half a million schoolchildren aged between 15 and 18 10 Orthodontics – Basic Aspects and Clinical Considerations years from the state of New York The 200 photographs employed as stimuli for... Authors (publication year) Brook and Shaw (1989) So and Tang (1993) So and Tang (1993) Burden and Holmes (1994) Tuominen et al (1995) Tang and So (1995) Birkeland et al (1996) Otuyemi et al (1997) Riedmann and Berg (1999) Tickle et al (1999) Cooper et al (2000) Kerosuo et al (2000) Cooper et al (2000) Johnson et al (2000) Mandall et al (2000) Uçüncü y Ertugay (2001) Abdullah and Rock (2001) Hamdam (2001)... however, being easily and quickly obtained, is more effective in epidemiological studies, to determine the percentage of the population in need of treatment without establishing priorities 22 Orthodontics – Basic Aspects and Clinical Considerations The great value that society sets on aesthetics nowadays, the importance that patients themselves ascribe to their malocclusions and the extent to which... (DHC) and the aesthetic component (AC), as found by Soh and Sandham (2004) in a study of an adult Asian population and by Hassan (2006) in a region of Saudi Arabia Also, some authors such as Svedström-Oristo et al (2009) have described certain problems when asking patients, both children and young adults, to identify their mouths with one of the 10 photographs employed as stimuli 18 Orthodontics – Basic . ORTHODONTICS – BASIC ASPECTS AND CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS Edited by Farid Bourzgui Orthodontics – Basic Aspects and Clinical Considerations Edited. orders@intechweb.org Orthodontics – Basic Aspects and Clinical Considerations, Edited by Farid Bourzgui p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0143-7 Contents Preface IX Part 1 Epidemiology and Prevention. diseases constitute indications for Orthodontics – Basic Aspects and Clinical Considerations 4 orthodontic treatment. Generally speaking, the psychological and social implications of poor dentofacial