THÔNG TIN TÀI LIỆU
GLAUCOMA - BASIC AND
CLINICAL ASPECTS
Edited by Shimon Rumelt
Glaucoma - Basic and Clinical Aspects
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/45915
Edited by Shimon Rumelt
Contributors
Demetrios G. Vavvas, Sotiria Palioura, Dajit Singh, Marek Rękas, Karolina Krix-Jachym, Michael Walter, Yoko Ito,
Abdulrahman Al-Asmari, Misbahul Arfin, Najwa M. Al- Dabbagh, Sulaiman Al-Saleh, Nourah Al-Dohayan, Najwah Al-
Dabbagh, Mohammad Tariq, Hezheng Zhou, Barkur Shastry, Ivan Marjanovic, Cynthia Esponda-Lamoglia, Rafael
Castañeda-Díez, Oscar Albis-Donado, Ghanshyam Swarup, Vipul Vaibhava, Ananthamurthy Nagabhushana, Artashes
Zilfyan, Makoto Ishikawa, Lizette Mowatt, Maynard Mc Intosh, Aristeidis Konstantinidis, Georgios Labiris, Vassilios
Kozobolis, Gianfranco Risuleo, Simona Giorgini, Nicola Calandrella, Javier Paz Moreno-Arrones, Adriana Borges-
Giampani, Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang, Kin Chiu, Kwok-Fai So, Shimon Rumelt
Published by InTech
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Copyright © 2013 InTech
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use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book.
Publishing Process Manager Iva Simcic
Technical Editor InTech DTP team
Cover InTech Design team
First published April, 2013
Printed in Croatia
A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com
Glaucoma - Basic and Clinical Aspects, Edited by Shimon Rumelt
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-1064-4
free online editions of InTech
Books and Journals can be found at
www.intechopen.com
Contents
Preface IX
Section 1 Basic Aspects 1
Chapter 1 Anatomy of Ciliary Body, Ciliary Processes, Anterior Chamber
Angle and Collector Vessels 3
Adriana Silva Borges- Giampani and Jair Giampani Junior
Chapter 2 Experimental Glaucoma After Oxidative Stress and Modulation
of the Consequent Apoptotic Events in a Rat Model 15
Nicola Calandrella, Simona Giorgini and Gianfranco Risuleo
Chapter 3 NGenetics and Environmental Stress Factor Contributions to
Anterior Segment Malformations and Glaucoma 27
Yoko A. Ito and Michael A. Walter
Chapter 4 Emerging Concept of Genetic and Epigenetic Contribution to
the Manifestation of Glaucoma 57
Barkur S. Shastry
Chapter 5 Modern Aspects of Glaucoma Pathogenesis Local Factors for
Development of Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma Associated
with Impairment of Secretory Functions of the Eye
Membranes 75
A.A. Zilfyan
Chapter 6 Functional Defects Caused by Glaucoma – Associated
Mutations in Optineurin 103
Ghanshyam Swarup, Vipul Vaibhava and Ananthamurthy
Nagabhushana
Chapter 7 The Role of Apolipoprotein E Gene Polymorphisms in Primary
Glaucoma and Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome 129
Najwa Mohammed Al- Dabbagh, Sulaiman Al-Saleh, Nourah Al-
Dohayan, Misbahul Arfin, Mohammad Tariq and Abdulrahman Al-
Asmari
Chapter 8 Progressive Neurodegeneration of Retina in Alzheimer’s
Disease — Are β-Amyloid Peptide and Tau New Pathological
Factors in Glaucoma? 157
Kin Chiu, Kwok-Fai So and Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang
Chapter 9 Neuroprotection in Glaucoma 179
Sotiria Palioura and Demetrios G. Vavvas
Chapter 10 Strategies for Neuroprotection in Glaucoma 203
Lizette Mowatt and Maynard Mc Intosh
Chapter 11 Cornea and Glaucoma 227
Gema Bolivar, Javier Paz Moreno-Arrones and Miguel A. Teus
Chapter 12 Screening for Narrow Angles in the Japanese Population Using
Scanning Peripheral Anterior Chamber Depth Analyzer 251
Noriko Sato, Makoto Ishikawa, Yu Sawada, Daisuke Jin, Shun
Watanabe, Masaya Iwakawa and Takeshi Yoshitomi
Chapter 13 The History of Detecting Glaucomatous Changes in the
Optic Disc 267
Ivan Marjanovic
Chapter 14 Recognizing a Glaucomatous Optic Disc 295
Vassilis Kozobolis, Aristeidis Konstantinidis and Georgios Labiris
Section 2 Clinical Aspects 331
Chapter 15 Neovascular Glaucoma 333
Cynthia Esponda-Lammoglia, Rafael Castaneda-Díez, Gerardo
García-Aguirre, Oscar Albis-Donado and Jesús Jiménez-Román
Chapter 16 Uveitic Glaucoma 359
Shimon Rumelt
ContentsVI
Chapter 17 Clinical Research Progress of Glaucomatocyclitic Crisis 379
He-Zheng Zhou, Qian Ye, Jian-Guo Wu, Wen-Shan Jiang, Feng
Chang, Yan-Ping Song, Qing Ding and Wen-Qiang Zhang
Chapter 18 Malignant Glaucoma 421
Marek Rękas and Karolina Krix-Jachym
Chapter 19 Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgery – Strategies
for Success 439
Daljit Singh
Chapter 20 Combined Cataract-Glaucoma Surgery 473
Vassilis Kozobolis, Aristeidis Konstantinidis and Georgios Labiris
Contents VII
Preface
Glaucoma specialty progressed enormously in the last two decades We are evident to better
understanding the genetics and pathogenesis of different types of glaucomas that will ena‐
ble us to develop novel approaches for treatment, new imaging techniques such as anterior
segment optical coherence tomography, Heidelberg Retinal Tomography and scanning laser
polarimetry. In addition, application of new devices such as the ExPress shunt, iStent and
Solx Gold shunt and new procedures such as canaloplasty and deep sclerostomy to mini‐
mize postoperative complications of the traditional trabeculectomy without compromising
the success of the procedure have been developed.
This book arranged discusses first the basic aspects of glaucomas, including the final offend‐
ers, the retinal ganglion cells and many other topics and clinical aspects including evalua‐
tion and management of glaucoma and the different types of glaucomas, their features,
evaluation, differential diagnosis and specific approaches for management. The book covers
some but not all the topics in the field. It is a product of a balance between expedited pub‐
lishing process and encompassing the entire field.
The book is intended for the general ophthalmologists, glaucoma specialists, and research‐
ers in the field, residents and fellows. It covers both basic and clinical concepts of glaucoma
and each author incorporated his/ hers on perspectives on each topic adding his/ hers won
theories, future trends and research. Therefore, the book should enable researches and clini‐
cians to adopt new ideas for further basic and clinical research and implementation of the
approaches for treating glaucomas.
The book is a result of multi-national glaucoma specialists from around the globe with a
common characteristic of taking care of patients. Some of the authors are engaged for many
years with this field, some are just at their beginning. Some authors are researches, other
clinicians. Some are world leaders, others will be. I hope that the readers will be of wide
verity as our authors.
The book is accessed online to allow a free access to as many readers worldwide as possible
and is also available on print for those who do not have online access or are interested in
having their own hard copy. This will definitely contribute to the distribution of the knowl‐
edge on glaucoma between researchers and clinicians.
The book is a welcome addition to the previous books on the subject published by InTech:
“The mystery of glaucoma” edited by Tomaš Kubena, “Glaucoma – current clinical and re‐
search aspects” by Pinakin Gunvant and “Gaucoma – basic and clinical concepts” by Shi‐
mon Rumelt. It expands and updates previous topics and adds new ones.
I would like to acknowledge each and every one of the contributors for their excellent work
on each chapter. Each one of them devoted time and efforts to write a chapter and to con‐
tribute to the success of this book and for the advancement of glaucoma. I thank Ms. Iva
Simcic and Ana Pantar, the book Publishing Process Managers for their tremendous efforts
to publish an excellent book and her endless support, to Ms. Ana Nikolic, the Head of
Editorial Consultants for her useful assistance and for both for choosing me to be the edi‐
tor of the book. Many thanks to the technical editors for their arranging the book in a uni‐
form format and for the publisher InTech, that without its initiative, this book would have
never been published. Lastly, to my family, teachers and students from whom I studied
throughout the years.
I hope that this book will be part of a series of books in all the different specialties within
ophthalmology. I wish you, the reader an enjoyable journey throughout glaucoma, one of
the most interesting and challenging specialties in medicine in general and, in ophthalmolo‐
gy, in particular.
The book is a product of global cooperation for the benefit of physicians and patients all
over the world and I hope that it will serve as an example for others to follow.
Shimon Rumelt, MD, MPA
Department of Ophthalmology,
Western Galilee – Nahariya Medical Center,
Nahariya, Israel
Preface
X
[...]... astrocyte cells and microglia, activates the production of cytokines, ROS, nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α); all these molecules are mediators involved in the tissue damage [2] In a similar way, glial cells located 17 18 Glaucoma - Basic and Clinical Aspects in the retina and in the head of the optic nerve may carry out their normal physiological role as supporters of the cell bodies and their... Darwin - Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy 21 22 Glaucoma - Basic and Clinical Aspects References [1] Capaccioli, S, Nucci, C, Quattrone, A, & Carella, E Apoptosi nel glaucoma In: Apop‐ tosi in oftalmologia, Ed I.N.C (1998) , 4 4-5 7 [2] Calandrella, N, Scarsella, G, Pescosolido, N, & Risuleo, G Degenerative and apoptot‐ ic events at retinal and optic nerve level after experimental induction of... bution of the p pi varie considerably with age a es and race. At birth, it has no pigment, and develops color with age from ligh h depe ending on the degree of pigm ment dispersi ion in the ante erior chamber angle. 10 Glaucoma - Basic and Clinical Aspects The trabecular meshwork lies between Schwalbe´s line and the scleral spur, and it may be considered as two separate portions: (a)... [46]) 19 20 Glaucoma - Basic and Clinical Aspects 2 A model of experimental glaucoma in rat Several experimental animal models exist to investigate the ocular pathologies In our laboratory we have developed a rat model of hypertension that mimics and reproduces the situation found in human glaucoma This animal model will be briefly reviewed in the following sections [2] 2.1 Induction of the intra-ocular... Ophthalmology 88: 283, (1981) 11 12 Glaucoma - Basic and Clinical Aspects [5] Aiello, A L, & Tran, V T Rao NA: Postnatal development of the ciliary body and pars plana A morphometric study in childhood Arch Ophthalmol 110:802, (1992) [6] Bruce Shields MAqueous humor dynamics: Anatomy and Physiology In Textbook of glaucoma Williams & Wilkins, Fourth edition,(1997) , 5-3 1 [7] Morrison, J C Van Burskirk... (1998) , 273, 1161 9-1 1624 [26] Vendemiale, G, Grattagliano, I, & Altomare, E An update on the role of free radicals and antioxidant defense in human disease Int J Clin Lab Res (1999) , 29, 4 9-5 5 23 24 Glaucoma - Basic and Clinical Aspects [27] Behndig, A, Svensson, B, Marklund, S L, & Karlsson, K Superoxide dismutase isoen‐ zymes in the human eye Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci (1998) , 39, 47 1-4 75 [28] [28]... the original work is properly cited 4 Glaucoma - Basic and Clinical Aspects On cross-section, the ciliary body has the shape of a right triangle, approximately 6 mm in length, where its apex is contiguous with the choroid and the base close to the iris Externally, it attaches to the scleral spur creating a potential space, the supraciliary space, between it and the sclera The external surface forms... progression of glaucoma, astrocytes are involved in the re-modeling of the lamina cribrosa and they could act as initiators of the pathology With respect to this see the role of PHB and MMP mentioned in preceding section Studies on experimental models of ocular hypertension and human glaucoma evidenced an astrocyte hypertrophy and a loss of organ‐ ization both at retina and optic nerve level The up-regulation... (third cranial nerve-oculomotor), forming a rich parasympathetic plexus There are also sympathetic fibers originating from the superior cervical ganglion which keep pace with arteries and their branches 5 6 Glaucoma - Basic and Clinical Aspects Figure 3 Histology of human ciliary epithelia 2 Ultrastructure of the ciliary processes Each ciliary process is composed of a central stroma and capillaries, covered... ciliary muscle and iris to reach supra‐ ciliary and suprachoroidal spaces [22,23,24] 3.1 Anatomy of anterior chamber angle (conventional outflow system) a Schwalbe`s line This line or zone represents the transition from the trabecular to corneal endothelium, the termination of Descemet`s membrane, and the trabecular insertion into the corneal stroma 7 8 Glaucoma - Basic and Clinical Aspects Schwalbe`s . GLAUCOMA - BASIC AND
CLINICAL ASPECTS
Edited by Shimon Rumelt
Glaucoma - Basic and Clinical Aspects
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/45915
Edited. orders@intechopen.com
Glaucoma - Basic and Clinical Aspects, Edited by Shimon Rumelt
p. cm.
ISBN 97 8-9 5 3-5 1-1 06 4-4
free online editions of InTech
Books and Journals
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