ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT BACTERIA – A CONTINUOUS CHALLENGE IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM docx

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT BACTERIA – A CONTINUOUS CHALLENGE IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM Edited by Marina Pana Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria – A Continuous Challenge in the New Millennium Edited by Marina Pana Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Martina Blecic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published March, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria – A Continuous Challenge in the New Millennium, Edited by Marina Pana p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0472-8 Contents Preface IX Part 1 Assessment of Antibiotic Resistance in Clinical Relevant Bacteria 1 Chapter 1 Antibiotic Resistance: An Emerging Global Headache 3 Maimoona Ahmed Chapter 2 Antibiotic Resistance in Nursing Homes 15 Giorgio Ricci , Lucia Maria Barrionuevo, Paola Cosso, Patrizia Pagliari and Aladar Bruno Ianes Chapter 3 The Natural Antibiotic Resistances of the Enterobacteriaceae Rahnella and Ewingella 77 Wilfried Rozhon, Mamoona Khan and Brigitte Poppenberger Chapter 4 Trends of Antibiotic Resistance (AR) in Mesophilic and Psychrotrophic Bacterial Populations During Cold Storage of Raw Milk, Produced by Organic and Conventional Farming Systems 105 Patricia Munsch-Alatossava, Vilma Ikonen, Tapani Alatossava and Jean-Pierre Gauchi Chapter 5 Stability of Antibiotic Resistance Patterns in Agricultural Pastures: Lessons from Kentucky, USA 125 Sloane Ritchey, Siva Gandhapudi and Mark Coyne Chapter 6 Emergence of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria from Coastal Environment – A Review 143 K.C.A. Jalal, B. Akbar John, B.Y. Kamaruzzaman and K. Kathiresan Chapter 7 Biofilms: A Survival and Resistance Mechanism of Microorganisms 159 Castrillón Rivera Laura Estela and Palma Ramos Alejandro VI Contents Chapter 8 Antibiotic Resistance, Biofilms and Quorum Sensing in Acinetobacter Species 179 K. Prashanth, T. Vasanth, R. Saranathan, Abhijith R. Makki and Sudhakar Pagal Chapter 9 Prevalence of Carbapenemases in Acinetobacter baumannii 213 M.M. Ehlers, J.M. Hughes and M.M. Kock Chapter 10 Staphylococcal Infection, Antibiotic Resistance and Therapeutics 247 Ranginee Choudhury, Sasmita Panda, Savitri Sharma and Durg V. Singh Chapter 11 Antibiotic Resistance in Staphylococcus Species of Animal Origin 273 Miliane Moreira Soares de Souza, Shana de Mattos de Oliveira Coelho, Ingrid Annes Pereira, Lidiane de Castro Soares, Bruno Rocha Pribul and Irene da Silva Coelho Chapter 12 Current Trends of Emergence and Spread of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci 303 Guido Werner Chapter 13 Single Cell Level Survey on Heterogenic Glycopeptide and -Lactams Resistance 355 Tomasz Jarzembowski, Agnieszka Jóźwik, Katarzyna Wiśniewska and Jacek Witkowski Chapter 14 Clinically Relevant Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms Can Enhance the In Vivo Fitness of Neisseria gonorrhoeae 371 Elizabeth A. Ohneck, Jonathan A. D'Ambrozio, Anjali N. Kunz, Ann E. Jerse and William M. Shafer Chapter 15 Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance in Corynebacterium spp. Causing Infections in People 387 Alina Olender Chapter 16 The MarR Family of Transcriptional Regulators – A Structural Perspective 403 Thirumananseri Kumarevel Chapter 17 Antibiotic Resistance Patterns in Faecal E. coli: A Longitudinal Cohort-Control Study of Hospitalized Horses 419 Mohamed O. Ahmed, Nicola J. Williams, Peter D. Clegg, Keith E. Baptiste and Malcolm Bennett Contents VII Chapter 18 Clinical Impact of Extended-Spectrum -Lactamase-Producing Bacteria 431 Yong Chong Chapter 19 Occurrence, Antibiotic Resistance and Pathogenicity of Non-O1 Vibrio cholerae in Moroccan Aquatic Ecosystems: A Review 443 Khalid Oufdou and Nour-Eddine Mezrioui Chapter 20 Antimicrobial Resistance of Bacteria in Food 455 María Consuelo Vanegas Lopez Chapter 21 Antimicrobial Resistance Arising from Food-Animal Productions and Its Mitigation 469 Lingling Wang and Zhongtang Yu Part 2 Synthesis of New Antibiotics and Probiotics: The Promise of the Next Decade 485 Chapter 22 Design, Development and Synthesis of Novel Cephalosporin Group of Antibiotics 487 Kumar Gaurav, Sourish Karmakar, Kanika Kundu and Subir Kundu Chapter 23 Assessment of Antibiotic Resistance in Probiotic Lactobacilli 503 Masanori Fukao and Nobuhiro Yajima Chapter 24 Antimicrobial Resistance and Potential Probiotic Application of Enterococcus spp. in Sea Bass and Sea Bream Aquaculture 513 Ouissal Chahad Bourouni, Monia El Bour, Pilar Calo-Mata and Jorge Barros-Velàzquez Chapter 25 Antibiotic-Free Selection for Bio-Production: Moving Towards a New „Gold Standard“ 531 Régis Sodoyer, Virginie Courtois, Isabelle Peubez and Charlotte Mignon Chapter 26 Antibiotic Susceptibility of Probiotic Bacteria 549 Zorica Radulović, Tanja Petrović and Snežana Bulajić Preface Antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains remain a major global threat, despite the prevention, diagnosis and antibiotherapy, which have improved considerably. A better understanding of antibiotic resistant genes mechanisms and dissemination became an urgent need for advancing public health and clinical management, throughout Europe. In this thematic issue, the scientists present their results of accomplished studies, in order to provide an updated overview of scientific information and also, to exchange views on new strategies for interventions in antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains cases and outbreaks. As a consequence, the recently developed techniques in this field will contribute to a considerable progress in medical research. However, the emergence of severe diseases caused by multi-drug-resistant microorganisms remains a public health concern, with serious challenges to chemotherapy and is open to scientific and clinical debate. I take this occasion to thank so much, all contributors of this book, who demonstrated that always there is something in you that can rise above and beyond everything you think possible. Dr. Marina Pana National Contact Point for S.pneumoniae & N.meningitidis for ECDC, Cantacuzino Institute, Bucharest, Romania [...]... Epithelia from skin, bladder, the bronchial and the digestive system, for a physical barrier and thereby play a key part in preventing bacteria from invading the human body (BenYehuda A & Weksler ME, 1992) In particular, the skin changes, associated with aging lead to delayed wound healing (Ghadially R & Al, 1995) Changes in respiratory tract function increase the likehood of aspiration and pneumonia Apart... the use and check the misuse of antibiotics and to adopt good infection control practices in order to control antibacterial resistance, since increasing antibiotic resistance has the potential to transport clinical medicine to the pre -antibiotic era 10 Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria – A Continuous Challenge in the New Millennium 5 References Adewoye L, Sutherland A, Srikumar R and Poole K (2002) The mexR... Global Headache Antibiotic Category Examples ß-lactams Penicillin, Cephalosporin, Cetoximes, Carbapenems Aminoglycosides Streptomycin, Gentamycin, Tobramycin, Amikacin Quinolones Glycopeptides Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Norfloxacin Vancomycin Tetracyclines Tetracycline Rifamycins Rifampicin Streptogramins Virginamycins, Quinupristin, Dalfoprisitin Linezolid Oxazolidinones Mode of action Major mechanisms... antibiotics and access of bacteria to a large antimicrobial resistance pool Pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria are becoming increasingly resistant to conventional antibiotics While initial studies on antibiotic resistance investigated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin resistant Enterococcus spp., the focus has now shifted to multi drug resistant Gram –negative bacteria The emergence... new millennium (Kraig, 1998) 2 Molecular epidemiology of resistance genes Antibiotic resistance in bacteria may be intrinsic or acquired Intrinsic resistance mechanisms are naturally occurring traits due to the genetic constitution of the organism 4 Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria – A Continuous Challenge in the New Millennium These inherited properties of a particular species are due to lack of either... et al., 2001) Production of alternative target – Bacteria may protect themselves from antibiotics, by production of an alternative target resistant to inhibition along with the original sensitive target The alternative target circumvents the effect of the antibiotic and enables survival of the bacteria In methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) alternative penicillin binding protein (PBP 2a) ... Togores B, Sauleda J, Perez JL and Oliver A (2005) Hypermutation is a key factor in development of multiple-antimicrobial resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains causing chronic lung infections Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49, 338 2–3 386 12 Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria – A Continuous Challenge in the New Millennium Martinez JL and Baquero F (2000) Mutation frequencies and antibiotic resistance Antimicrob... horizontal gene transfer in the emergence of multidrug resistance in hospital bacteria and demonstrated the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes between Gram-positive and Gram negative bacilli from the intestine The fact that bacteria that have been separately evolving for upto 150 million years can exchange DNA, has strong implications with regard to the evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacterial... the PBPs As a result the cell walls are less rigid and more susceptible to lysis In vancomycin -resistant organisms, the stem peptides terminate in D-lactate as against D-alanine in the sensitive strains This eliminates the formation of the crucial hydrogen bond and results in a 1000-fold decrease in the affinity for vancomycin and consequent resistance to the same This process is regulated by a two-component... several pathogenic bacteria are resistant to first line broad spectrum antibiotics, new resistant strains have resulted from the introduction of new drugs (Kunin, 1993, Sack et al, 1997, Rahal et al, 1997, Hoge, 1998) Penicillin resistant pneumococci initially isolated in Australia and Papua New Guinea is now distributed worldwide (Hansman et al, 1974, Hart and Kariuki, 1998) Similarly, multidrug resistant . ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT BACTERIA – A CONTINUOUS CHALLENGE IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM Edited by Marina Pana Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria – A Continuous Challenge in the New. Ricci , Lucia Maria Barrionuevo, Paola Cosso, Patrizia Pagliari and Aladar Bruno Ianes Chapter 3 The Natural Antibiotic Resistances of the Enterobacteriaceae Rahnella and Ewingella 77 Wilfried. transport clinical medicine to the pre -antibiotic era. Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria – A Continuous Challenge in the New Millennium 10 5. References Adewoye L, Sutherland A, Srikumar R and