emmerson paul business grammar builder intermediate

B: Yes, he is./ No, he isn''''t.E Present continuous: usesWe use the present continuous to talk about temporary actions and situations that are happening now.The action or situation may be

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CEF B2 / C BEC H ig h e r

L IS T O F G R A M M A R T E R M S 8

V ER B T E N SES

present perfect continuous?, other uses of present tenses, state verbs

14

22

perfect?, present perfect continuous, time expressions, present perfect or present perfect continuous?

30

future probability

38

P A SSIV ES

by, transitive and intransitive verbs

42

to be born

46

M O D A LS A N D REL A T E D V E R BS

opinions and advice, past criticism

54

uncertainty, probability in the past, 'possibility'

58

offers and invitations, suggestions

62

Q U ES T I O N S

question words as the subject, negative questions

66

What is it for?/What was it like?, question tags, reply questions

70

C O N D IT IO N A LS

74

78

4

V ER BS F O LL O W E D B Y - IN G O R IN FIN IT IV E

verb + -ing or infinitive: little change in meaning, passive forms

8286

O T HER V E R B C O NST RU C T IO NS

and intransitive forms, verb + two objects

90

inseparable phrasal verbs

94

particle meanings in phrasal verbs

98

used to begin a clause, negative / perfect / passive

102

25 m a k e & d o , h a v e , g e t make & do, have, get 106REP O R T E D SPEE C H

reporting questions, reporting commands and requests

114

REL A T IV E C L A U SES

non- defining relative clauses, relative pronouns and prepositions

118

relative clauses with a participle

122

N O U N S, PR O N O U N S A N D A R T IC LES

30 C o u n t a b l e a n d

u n c o u n t a b l e n o u n s

countable nouns, uncountable nouns, singular or plural verb?,

general and specific meanings

146

A D JE C T IV ES A N D A D V ERBS

non - gradable adjectives, order of adjectives, interesting/interested

150

154

phrases with superlatives, comparing adverbs, comparing nouns

158

fairly/quite/rather/pretty

162

during or while!, by/until, then/after/afterwards, calendar references

166

U N K I N G W O R D S A N D P H R A SES

170

examples, true but surprising, alternatives, exceptions, generalizing, summarizing

178

in the end/at last, if/unless/otherwise, abbreviations in written English

182

negative frequency and inversion, position of adverbs, do/did with affirmatives, field of relevance

186

PREP O SIT I O N S

opposite/next to/near/etc., other prepositions of place

190

verb + different prepositions

194

adjective + choice of preposition

198

T RE N D S, G R A P H S A N D F IG U RES

speed and amount of change, graphs and charts, figures, linking words and phrases

206

6

T ES T B A N K ( F O R D I A G N O S IS O R R E V I E W )

A P P E N D I C E S

L IS T E N A N D R E P E A T S C R IP T S 246

A N S W E R K E Y 250

List of grammar terms

storage device.

yesterd ay / did it q u ick ly

h ave b een laid off.

or only part of a sentence

must be true (the condition) before something else can be true or can happen (the result)

adjective to show which thing you mean

Com e here Sw itc h off the light.

b o rin g meeting Wh e n it is used as a noun it is sometimes called a 'gerund' (see above)

Compare with 'transitive verb' on page 9

ability, obligation, probability, permission, etc

g lo b aliz a tio n , Sin g a p o re, Ro b ert

phrase)

Passive form The p assive f or m is used to show how the subject of the verb is affected by the

page 8

of work (this is a regular past participle), gone is the past participle of go (this is an irregular past participle)

pronoun to show place, time, direction, etc

end of a sentence to check information or ask if someone agrees with you: It's hot in

w e n t to y e ste r d a y m ornin g was very interesting.

a g re e d with me (past simple).

here part time It usually comes before the verb.

Academics sometimes have a more limited definition of the word 'tense', and they make a distinction between 'tense' and 'aspect'

verb' on page 8

market very well.

Present time 1

A Present simple: form

The present simple is formed with the infinitive of the verb.

I/ you / we / they w ork here

He / she / it w orks here

informal writing we use contractions.

I/ you / we / they do not (don't) work here

He / she / it does not (doesn't) work here

auxiliary

A : Do you work here?

B: Yes, I do./ No, 1 don't.

A : Does she w ork here?

B: Yes, she does./ No, she doesn't.

B Present simple: uses

We use the present simple for permanent facts.

This machine cuts the metal

We use the present simple for actions and situations that are

generally true.

We offer a fu ll range of financial products

We use the present simple for actions which are repeated

regularly over a long period of time, for example habits and

routines.

Most of our customers invest a regular amount every month

C Present simple: time expressions

We often use frequency adverbs with the present simple

occasionally, rarely, hardly ever, never

Note the position of frequency adverbs:

Before the main verb.

I often use my laptop on the train

After the verb be

I'm usually nervous before a presentation

of the time, now and then can come at the beginning or end

of the sentence If they come at the beginning there is more

focus on the time phrase.

We use the present simple, not a future form, after these time

expressions: when, after, before, unless, in case, as soon as, until

I'll tell her when I see her

(NOT I'll tell her when I wiH see her.)

D Present continuous: form

writing we use contractions.

I am (I'm) zvorking here

Questions are formed by inverting the subject and the auxiliary be. Short answers to yes / no questions repeat the auxiliary.

B: Yes, I am./ No, I'm not.

A : Is he working here?

B: Yes, he is./ No, he isn't.

E Present continuous: uses

We use the present continuous to talk about temporary actions and situations that are happening now.

The action or situation may be in progress now, at the moment of speaking.

Sorry, M r Clark can’t see you at the moment He's talking to acustomer

The action or situation may be happening 'around now', even if it is not happening exactly at the moment of speaking.

M r Clark is out of the office today He's talking at a conference inStuttgart

The action or situation may be a current trend.

Workers all over the world are retiring later in life

F Present continuous: time expressions

The present continuous is often used with these time expressions: now, at the moment, nowadays, currently, these days,right now

See page 243 for an overview of the English verb tense system

1 Present tim e 1

4 Sorry, that projector don't work/doesn't work Use this one instead

5 A: Do you k n ow our n ew sales rep Marta?

10 AMs Sara Lopez expecting me?

a) permanent factsb) habits and repeated actionsc) temporary actions in progress at the moment of speakingd) temporary actions happening 'around n ow', but not at this exact momente) current trends and changing situations

1 a) I every day arrive at the office at about nine

Exercises

2 a) I always check my email before doing anything else

b) Always I check my email before doing anything else

3 a) This takes a lot of time usually, as I receive so many of them

b) This usually takes a lot of time, as I receive so many of them

4 a) Most of the time the emails are not very urgent

b) The emails are most of the time not very urgent

5 a) I quite often get junk email from companies I d on't know, b) I get quite often junk email from companies I don't know

S e c t io n s A , B

S e c t i o n s D, E

D e nise in tro d uces C la u d e t o Jo a o in Lo n d o n Pu t each o f t h e v e r b s in to t h e co rrect f or m o f

t h e p rese n t sim ple Use co n tractio n s w h e r e p ossible

industry, like you.

Really! I 3 (be) very pleased to meet you, Joao.

Pleased to meet you too, Claude.

So what exactly 4 (you/do)?

1 5 (work) as a market analyst My job 6 _(involve) studying market trends and giving advice on levels of production, but I 7 (not/make) any real operational decisions myself What about you?

I work for a company that 8 _ (supply) specialized equipment to the oil industry We 9 (be) one of the biggest companies in our market And 10 (you/often/come) here to London?

Yes, I norm ally11 (come) to London a couple of times a year.

I t 12 (not/take) long to get here if you travel by Eurostar.

1 5 C o m p le te t his n e w s p a p e r article a b o u t t r a d e b e t w e e n t h e M i d d le East a n d A sia w it h t h e

w o r d s in t h e b o x in t h e p rese n t co n tin u o us

TRADE BETWEEN THE Middle East and Asia 1 O o o nii' i again - just like it did in ancient times, when caravans transported silk, spices and precious stones between the eastern Mediterranean and the heart of China.

Nowadays the trade is very different.

Arab investors 2 at Asia to find smart places to invest their petrodollars, while in the other direction Asian businesses 3 to find reliable energy supplies,

as well as markets for the goods that are mass- produced by their factories.

It’s a phenomenon that 4_ right across the two regions Chinese companies

5 heavily in production facilities

in Saudi Arabia, while in the opposite direction the Saudis the proportion

of their oil exports that they send to China And Kuala Lumpur, the capital of Malaysia,

channeling investments from the Middle East into the whole East Asia region.

Khaled Al-Muhairy is typical of the new breed of entrepreneur His Abu Dhabi investment fund is focused on India ‘Power

an interview with Busin ess Week, ‘it is a huge opportunity.’

f t 01 You are going to hear eigh t phrases Listen and repeat.

C o m p ut er ga m es are getting b etter every year

Th e a p p lica tio n of p hysics is m a kin g m ove me nt

more re alistic, and a r t ificia l in tellig e nce is

causing players to beco m e m ore e m o tio n ally

involved

Economist website

A co m m on sales tech niq u e is to g e n erate a sense of urg e ncy by settin g a d ea dlin e: " o f f e r ends Ju n e 3 0 " It's t erri b le to feel you might miss o ut on so m ething B u t w hile yo u're

w o rryin g a b o u t missing a sp ecial d e al, yo u're not w o rryin g a b o u t w h e t h er you r e a lly need the item in q uestion, or w h e t h er it's such a good

d e al T h ese tric k s w o u l d n't be used so often if

th ey d id n't w or k So b ew are the sp ecial offer

Sydney Morning Herald website

p e r s o n a li z e d sim ple f o r 1 - 4 a n d t h e p r ese n t co n tin u o u s f o r 5- 8

1 How/you / get to w or k? H ow long/it tak e?

How do you get to work? How long does it take?

2 W h a t type of things/you do / when you first arrive at the office?

p r a c t ic e

3 You have lunch / on your own or with colleagues? Wh ere / eat?

4 H ow often / your boss check on your work / during the day / week?

5 W h a t n ew product or service /you currently work o n? You make good progress?

6 You have / any problems at work / right n o w? H ow you deal with th e m?

7 You do/ any special work - related training / at the m o me nt?

8 What / you do / outside work / to develop yourself at a personal level?

N o w w r i t e y o u r o w n a n s w e rs t o t h e sa m e q u esti o ns (o n a n o t h e r piece o f p a p er) G iv e a f ull,

in te resti n g a nsw er, as if it w a s p a rt o f a co n v e rsa tio n

simple Write a dialogue wh ere someone you meet asks you about your job and you describe it

2 Look again at the description of a current trend in the business world in exercise 1.5 Notice the use of the present continuous Think of another current trend (in the business world, your company, or your personal life) and write a short text about it

If you are w orking in class, read the dialogues or texts aloud and then discuss them.

Present time 2

A Present simple or continuous?

The present simple and present continuous are explained

separately in unit 1 Now compare them:

The plane lands at 10.25 (routine)

Look! We're landing (in progress now)

We offe r IT solutions (general situation)

We're offering you a special deal, (particular situation)

B Present continuous or present perfect

continuous?

The present continuous is used for a temporary action

happening now.

The present perfect continuous (unit 6) describes an action in

progress from the past up to the present.

Sue is wo rking on the new design

(in progress now, and will continue)

(in progress up to now, and may or may not continue)

C Other uses of present tenses

PRESENT SIMPLE

The present simple can be used to refer to timetables and

schedules, and here we are often thinking about the future

British Airways flig ht BA729 leaves Geneva at 16.40 and

arrives in London at 17.20

The present simple can be used to make a story appear more

immediate and interesting This is common in journalism.

Senior managers w alk into the annual shareholders meeting

through the back door The steelworkers throw smoke bombs at the

front They are not happy about the job cuts

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

The present continuous can be used to describe a fixed future

arrangement There is usually a future time expression

(unit 7).

H SB C are moving to new premises next year

in speech in this case.

This photocopier is always breaking down!

D State verbs

Some verbs describe states, not actions; nothing 'happens' Verbs like this are not normally used in the continuous form

of any tense.

I notice that you've changed the design

(NOT I'm noticing)

Let me help you - 1 know what to do

(NOT I'm knowing)

How much does it cost?

(NOT How much is it costing?)

It weighs 4 kg with the packaging

(NOT It is weighing) The examples are in the present simple above, even though

we are talking about temporary situations.

State verbs include:

O ur suppliers are usually very helpful, (state)

O ur suppliers are being very helpful, (action)

I feel that the plan won't work, (feel = think)

I'm feeling cold - is the window open? (feel * think)

I have two sisters, (state)

I'm having problems with this laptop, (action)

The manual includes cleaning instructions, (state)

I'm including you in the plans for dinner, (action)

I think you're right, (state)

I'm thinking about changing my job. (action)

I weigh 85 kg. (state)

I'm weighing the flo ur for your cake, (action) State verbs are not normally used in the imperative.

See page 243 for an ov e rvie w of th e English verb tense system

2 Present tim e 2

Se c t io n A

S e c t i o n s A , D

S e c t i o n D

2 1 U n d e rlin e t h e correct v e r b for m

1 A: W h a t do you do/are you doing?

B: I'm an executive secretary

2 A: W h a t do you do/are you doing?

B: I'm looking for the invoice details on the computer

3 A: Wh ere do you work/are you working?

B: Paris this month, then Berlin the next

4 A: Wh ere do you work/are you working?

B: A t our head office in Paris

9 W h o do you go/are you going to the Trade Fair with this year?

2 2 Pu t t h e ve r b s in brac k e ts in to t h e p rese n t si m ple or p rese n t co n tin u o us Use co n tra ctio n s

w h e r e p ossible

1 | 'm looking a t (look at) your contact details on the screen right now

Exercises

2 I (look at) the sales results in detail every month

3 The production li n e (not, work) at weekends

4 The production li n e 1 _(not, work) at the moment

5 Yes, I agree I (think) it's a good idea

6 I _ (think) about it I'll let you k n ow tomorrow

7 W e (take) a sample for testing once a day

8 W e (take) a big risk if w e go ahead with the project

9 T h e y (not, be) usually very flexible in negotiations

10 T h e y (not, be) very flexible in this negotiation

2 3 So m e o f t h e f o ll o w i n g se n te n ces are rig h t a n d so m e are w r o n g

Pu t a tic k ( / ) n e x t t o t h e rig h t o n es, a n d correct t h e w r o n g on es

4 I'm not doing business with them again!

S e c t io n s A , D

S e c t i o n s A , D

2 4 Je n n if e r Ellio t m a k es a call t o t ry t o g e t so m e n e w b usin ess C o m p le t e t h e d ia lo g u e

b y p u ttin g t h e v e r b s in t o t h e co rrect f or m o f t h e p rese n t sim ple or p rese n t c o n tin u o us Use

This is Jennifer Elliot from Pritchard Evans 1 1 _ 2_ (call) to follow

up a conversation I had recently with Kim Bryant.

Oh, I’m sorry, Kim isn’t here today She 2 (work) at home trying to finish an urgent report I 3 (think) she’ll be back

at her desk tomorrow Perhaps I can help you?

Thank you I 4 (work) for the corporate hospitality arm

of Pritchard Evans 1 5 (understand) from Kim that you 6 (expect) a visit by a Korean trade delegation next month.

Well, Kim asked me to give her a call to discuss the services we 8 (offer) For example, we can take your visitors to sporting or cultural events, and perhaps pick them up from their hotel

in a limousine It 9 (depend on) what you

Yes, you really

12

(deal) with this Can you call back tomorrow?

Of course I’ll call her tomorrow morning around 9.30.

p rese n t sim ple o r p rese n t co n tin u o us O n o n e occasio n, b ot h a n s w e rs are p ossible

ities in the developing world 1 _ _

at an alarming rate The world's urban population has risen from 1.6 billion to 3.3 billion over the past 30 years, and is expected to reach 5.5 billion over the next 30 years Internal migration

on this scale inevitably 2 massive social change, and nowadays urban planners 3 deal with issues such as food supply, energy supply and the disposal of waste.

Different countries are reacting in different ways.

Saudi Arabia and Egypt 4 billions

on new super-cities to divert people away from Jeddah and Cairo, while China 5 on developing its interior regions through spending on transport and infrastructure These governments 6 that urbanization is an inevitable process, and is necessary for economic progress Manufacturing, business services, construction and retailing all develop together in cities in a way that they simply cannot do in remote rural areas.

16

T h ere's a n ew tre n d t h a t's swee ping the

We b : Real - tim e Every o n e w a n ts access to

in for m atio n as it hap pe ns instantan eo usly

Sco o p le r is a search engines t h a t gives you live,

real - tim e results across a v a rie ty of services

You e nt er a q u ery and th e page returns a u t o

u pdating results based on in for m atio n co ming

in It's a p re tty nice vie w of w h a t is happening

on th e we b a t a ny given m o m e nt T h e problem

is t h a t T w itt e r d o minates th e results

TechCrunch website

I

Un n otice d in th e g overn m e nt's sta n d ard

e m plo y m e n t d ata, e m ployers are begging for

q ualifie d a p p lic a n ts f o r c e rt ain occu p atio ns, even in hard tim es M o st of the jo bs involve

sk ills t h a t t a k e ye ars t o a tt ain We l d e r is one, critic a l ca re nurse is another Civil engineers and sp ecial e d uca tio n t e ach ers are also in

d e m an d

New York Times website

I

1 W e operate in and w e set up n ew offices in

We opera te in France and Benelux, and w e're setting up new offices in Spain.

2 I come from but at the moment I live

p r a c t ic e

3 I usually enjoy my work a t but right n ow I have some problems with

4 W e normally do a lot of business with but w e take fewer orders from them these days because

5 Traffic be a big problem in my city and the town council plan to

6 I usually wor k from to each day but this we e k I work because

7 Every single day my boss tej] me and I become more and more

8 I work as a but I think of retraining to work as a because

If you are w orking in class, read some texts aloud and then discuss them.

Past time 1

A Past simple: form

irregular verbs are listed on page 240.

check-checked I checked the figures,

like-liked They liked her idea

Irregular: buy- bought do - did eat-ate drink - dran k go - went

sell-sold think - thought, etc.

I d id n 't go to the meeting

auxiliary.

A : D id you check the figures?

B: Yes, I did / No, I d id n't

The verb to be is irregular and follows a different pattern In

negatives there is no did. In questions there is no did and the

subject and verb are inverted.

He w as late He w a s n 't late W as he late?

B Past simple: uses

We use the past simple to describe actions and states in

a completed period of time We know when the action

happened, and this may be mentioned or clear from the

situation.

I check ed the figures very carefully yesterd ay

The past simple is also used to describe habitual actions in

the past.

Every evening we w e n t o u t and a te in a different restaurant

C Past simple: time expressions

Time expressions used with the past simple include:

at twelve o'clock /the end of the year

in the m orning /June / 2008 /the nineties

on Friday /the second of A pril

See unit 40 for more time expressions.

D Past continuous: form

contractions.

He w a s/w a s n' t working yesterday.

Questions are formed by inverting the subject and the auxiliary verb be. Short answers to yes/ no questions repeat the auxiliary.

A : W a s he working yesterday?

B: Yes, he w as / No, he w asn't

E Past continuous: uses

The past continuous is used to describe a situation in progress in the past.

I w as w a itin g in the departure lounge for more than two hours

There can be several situations in progress, happening at the same time.

The company w as lo sin g its way and many employees w ere

le avin g

The past continuous is used to give information about the background situation The separate, completed actions that happen during or after this period are in the past simple.

I w as try in g to call you but my battery died

I ca m e into the company as it w as reco verin g from therecession

If we do not mention the background situation, then the separate actions are in the past simple in the normal way.

I a rriv e d at the conference, re gistere d, and w e n t straight to thefirst presentation

F Past continuous: time expressions

mean 'during the time that something was happening'.

W h ile / W h e n we w ere d evelo p in g the software, we carried out

a variety of simulations

the past simple.

He wasn't very happy when I told him the news

(NOT while I told-him )

G Past simple or continuous?

Sometimes the past simple or past continuous can be used The past simple suggests a separate, complete action or event The past continuous emphasizes the duration of the action.

We discusse d the report and agreed that direct marketing was aviable strategy

We w e re d iscussin g the report for over an hour Eventually wecame to some important decisions

See page 243 f or an o vervie w of the English verb tense system

3 Pa st t i m e 1

Exercises

3 A: Did she tell/told you about the change of plans?

a f fir m a tiv e , n e g a tiv e a n d q u esti o n for m s C o n tr actio ns co u n t as o n e w o r d

Marco:

Jil l:

Marco:

Hi, Jill How was the Milan Fashion Show?

Good 1 1 made a i0t of good contacts as usual But we 2 _

_as many orders as last year I’m not sure why Our new range of shoes 3 _ very well at the Show, but we 4 so successful with some of our other lines, like handbags.

Perhaps it was because of the current economic climate.5 _ people _ our prices were too high?

J ill: Possibly But unfortunately we the authority to lower

Ma r c o:

Jil l:

them Maybe we should look at that for next year.

But on the whole ' it worth going?

Worth going? Of course! 1 8 _ this great pair of Prada shoes.

U n d e rlin e t h e b est co n tin u a tio n o f t h e co n ve rsa ti o ns

W h a t happened after you launched the product?

I didn't see you in the office last week

H ow did Ana spend her holiday?

I think that most days she just went/was just going to the beach

W h a t did Siga do wh e n she saw the artwork for the advertising campaign?

W h y did Renata take so long to get here?

She said they repaired/

were repairing the road

in the city centre and the traffic moved/was moving very slowly

irre g ula r (see A p p e n d i x 2 f o r a list o f irre g u la r for m s)

V I V E N D I: Over 1 5 0 y e a rs of history

telecommunications group, has a

long history going back to 1853

The original company, Compagnie

(supply) water to farms, towns and

cities in France Their operations

2 (grow) over the years

and they 3 (expand)

to become the supplier of water to

Venice, Constantinople and Oporto.

In the 1960s and 1970s CGE

the area of civil construction and

_ 5 (build) a large

tower block in the La Defense

business district of Paris During

the 1980s CGE 6 _

(take) a controlling stake in the

civil engineering giant SGE, and they 7 (win) major construction contracts in the Asia Pacific region and in Latin America.

They also 8 (make) their first steps in the telecommunications business by helping to found Canal+,

a pay TV channel.

In 1996 Jean-Marie Messier

construction, water and waste divisions and 11 (cut) the workforce He 12

(change) the name of the group to Vivendi and 13 _

(transform) it into an international communications and entertainment company However, in France he

14 (be) a controversial figure and his expansion plans 15 (be) overambitious He _ (resign) in 2002,

16

just before Vivendi (announce) a loss of €23 billion, the worst in French corporate history.

through some difficult years while

it restructured and 19 _ (pay off) its debts Now a successful company once again, a key moment

in the turnaround was when it 20 _ (buy) the American video game developer Blizzard, famous for creating the online game

World of Warcraft

the terms and conditions of the contract

3 The last time something like t h is _ (happen), s h e - - - (call) apress conference immediately

4 A n n e (explain) her proposals wh en Pedro su d d e nly (interrupt) her

-5 W e never got the chance to discover his side of the story Wh ile we the incident, h e (resign) from the company

6 Wh e n h e (see) the article in the WSJ, h e _

notice board for everyone to see

7 Everyo n e (wait) for Hans wh en h e _

stuck in a traffic jam

8 Wh e n I _

(investigate)(put) it on the(call) to say that he was(repair) the faulty part, I

(tell) her w ha t had happened

20

Eu ro p e a n stocks rose f o r the firs t tim e in three

d ays and oil rallie d on sp ecula tio n t h a t the

w o rs t of th e glo b al recession is over Russian

shares led th e a dva nce a ft e r the co u n try's

ce ntral b an k c u t interest rates f or th e t hird

tim e in six weeks

Bloomberg website

'I ca m e in to O racle as it w as recoverin g fro m

th e recession of th e e a rly 1 9 9 0 s.T h e business

u nit I joine d had an a g eing pro d uct line t h a t

w as d eclining by 3 0 per ce nt a ye ar in sales

Wit h i n a ye ar we co m ple tely turn e d t h a t unit aro u n d '

Eurobusiness website

2 My boss resigned last week They found out that s / h e

3 While I was working at my desk this m ornin g, _

4 W e offered our sales agents a bigger discount because

5 Wh e n I was working at my previous company, I

6 The IT network crashed because of a virus It happened just as

7 Wh ile they were asking me questions in the interview, I suddenlySomething really embarrassing happened - a n ew supplier offered me money under the table It happened wh e n I _

2 Write a history of your company Include the major milestones and key events

Exact dates are not important

If y o u are w o r k i n g in class, rea d so m e t e x ts alo u d a n d t h e n discuss th e m

Past time 2

A Past perfect: form

to'd

We had (We'd) already done a lot of market research before we

launched the product

(hadn't). Questions are formed by inverting the subject

and had

A t that time we still hadn't done any research

B Past perfect: uses

The past perfect is used to show clearly that one past event

happened before another past event We use the past perfect

for the earlier event.

Compare these examples, which describe exactly the same

situation:

(both verbs in past simple)

(earlier action in past perfect)

In example 1 the two actions are separate in the mind of the

speaker In example 2 there is a stronger connection between

the two actions and the past perfect emphasizes which one

happened first.

or after to make the time sequence clear In this case we use

the past simple for both actions.

Sue le ft/had left her office before we arrived

(both forms are possible)

The past perfect is often used with verbs of thinking, like

know, realize, remember, be sure, think

When I got to their office, I realized I'd left all my papers

behind

Makan w as sure they hadn't received the invoice, but he

checked one more time

C Past perfect: time expressions

The time expressions after, once, by, already, just, never,

meanwhile are often used with the past perfect The word still

is often used with negative forms.

I had just started my presentation when the fire alarm rang

It was Friday lunchtime and I still hadn 't finished the report

D Past perfect continuous: form

The past perfect continuous is formed with the auxiliary

I'd been working on the project for two months before theydecided to cancel it

the main verb.

defects was too high

Had you been working on the project for a long time before theycancelled it?

E Past perfect continuous: uses

The past perfect continuous is used to describe a situation that was in progress up to a certain point in the past It often emphasizes the duration of time.

I'd been thinking of changing my job for a long time before I

fin ally made the decision

The past perfect and the past perfect continuous both look back from a point in the past The past perfect looks back at

an earlier event The past perfect continuous looks back at a situation in progress.

The economy was improving The central bank had lowered

interest rates because inflation had been falling steadily forseveral years

F Used to I would + infinitive

Used to describes a habit, state or repeated action in the past

Used to normally suggests that the action or situation is no longer true and so makes a contrast with the present.

We used to do a big sales promotion every summer

(= but now we don't)

I used to work in marketing

(= but now I work in another area)

Would is used in the same way as used to, but it only describes repeated actions in the past, not states It is slightly more formal.

In the old days we used to archive/ would archive every singleemail

O ur company used to belong to an American multinational

(NOT would belong)See page 243 for an o ve rvie w o f the English verb tense system

4 1 Un d erlin e th e correct ver b form This ex ercise includes some ver b forms fro m u nit 3.

the assets and lay off a lot of people

4 Dieter used to have/was having a PC, but then he used to change/changed to an Apple

5 I asked about my package in reception, but they said/were saying that it still hadn't arrived/wasn't arriving.

battery was nearly dead

7 I'm sure that the winters used to be/had been colder wh e n I was a child I remember that we used to walk/were walking to school in the snow.

already did/had already done it for a very similar idea.

before

my original investment grew/had grown by over 4 0 %

4 2 In each sente nce put o ne ver b into th e past simple and th e o th er into th e past perfect

Annual Report

2 I _ (be sure) that I (set) the security alarm before leaving the office

3 I _ _ (call) my wife on my mobile because the meeting (still not finish)

4 I _ (not see) the figures before the meeting, so i t _ (put) me at adisadvantage during the discussion

5 After Jill (give) her presentation, s h e (feel) much more relaxed andstarted to enjoy the conference

6 Before Ed it e _ (become) Michael Edward's personal assistant, s h e

(already be) in the company for tw o years

7 The r a i n (stop) by the time I (arrive)

showing it to the legal department first

Exercises

C o m p le te w h a t V in c e n t says a b o u t his last j o b w it h t h e b est f o r m o f t h e v e r b in brack ets

C h o ose b e t w e e n t h e p ast sim ple, p ast co n tin u o u s or p ast p erfect

w as really fed up being une mployed - I 2 (just /sit) at home doing nothing To

be honest, I 3 (nearly / give up) hope Then a friend told me about a graduaterecruitment fair I still 4 (not / decide) what kind of job I wanted to do, and I5 (think) the fair would be interesting While I 6 (look)

at some information on one of the stands, a recruiter ca m e up to me and 7 (tell) me about op enings in a well - known co m p any - an acco u nta ncy firm I thought it would

be a good opportunity for me, as I 8 (already / take) some acco u nta ncy

e xa ms as part of my business d e gree and I did well in them I’ve always b een good with figures

So I 9 (co m plete) an application form and g ave it to the recruiter They10- - - (interview) me the following wee k and I got the job In the end I was there for

(work) for a person who was very de manding and g ave me very little s p ace to take initiatives on

my own Also, I 12 (not have) a salary increase since I 13 _(start) Th ey 14 (really / exploit) me Then, on top of that, the job

15 (b eco m e) quite repetitive after three ye ars and I really wanted to dosomething different So I 16 (resign) I 17 (not / have) anotherjob to go to, but I just knew I t8 (h ave) to make a chang e It was a pity b eca use

I 19- - - (put) a lot of effort into that job and I 20 (always want)

to work for an international co m p any like that, but it was the only thing to do

U n d e rlin e t h e correct v e r b for m

over ten years

2 Sorry it took so long I needed to go to the store room - the photocopier had run out of/had been

3 I was under a lot of stress at the time and I hadn't slept/hadn't been sleeping well

4 I thought we had already chosen/had already been choosing the name for the n ew product

p ossible)

1 Wit h my old boss w e _ have meetings several times a week

2 I _ own a BMW, but n ow I have a Lexus

3 Before they built the m otorway i t _ take me an hour to get to work

4 I - - - think I wanted to work for a large organization with lots of opportunity for promotion

N ow I wa nt to be self - employed

had grown f a t and a rr o g a n t and had st arte d

dict a tin g to its custo m ers Th e d ecisive m o m ent

ca m e in 1 9 7 2 wh en some of its Eu ro p e a n st a ff

sa w an o p p ortu nity to leave and set up t h e ir

own co m pany

Eurobusiness website

Roc k e r M o rrisse y r e g u la rly bans a ll food

" t h a t used to have a f a c e " fro m co n ce rt halls

Th e a r d e n t ve g e t aria n - wh ose second alb u m wit h his fo r m er group Th e Sm it h s w as title d 'M e a t Is M u r d e r' - d e m an de d the We b st e r

H all venu e be a m eat - free zone before, during and im m e diat ely a ft e r his p erfo r m a nce on

We d n es d ay night A p p are n tly, M o rrissey also pro hibits his st a ff fro m ea tin g m ea t and will fir e anyo ne on the spot if ca u g h t doing so

nigh t and they said it wasn't safe for planes to take off I had to sleep a t the

a irport and all I could find was some hard plastic chairs _

2 I got a lot of work done yesterday morning By lunchtime I _

3 My boss was in a good mood because

4 A t first the project seemed to be going very well But after some time w e realized that

5 The negotiations with the n ew suppliers broke d own because

6 I checked that everything was turned off, locked the front door, and got into the taxi

y o u r o w n last jo b

If you are w orking in class, read some texts aloud and then discuss them.

Connecting past and present 1

A Present perfect: form

The present perfect is formed with the present tense of the

I/ you / we / they have ('ve) gone.

He / she / it has Cs) gone.

I/ yo u / w e / they have not (haven't) gone.

He / she / it has not (hasn't) gone.

Questions are formed by inverting the subject and the

auxiliary verb have. Short answers to yes/ no questions

repeat the auxiliary.

B: Yes, they have./ No, they haven't.

B: Yes, he has./ No, he hasn't.

B Present perfect: uses

In general we use the present perfect to talk about a present

situation which is connected to the past.

There may be a present situation that started in the past.

I've lived here for about ten years

There may be a series of actions that happened in our life up

to now.

There may be a result in the present of a past event.

I think I've set up the spreadsheet incorrectly - I hope I don't have

to enter all the data again

In this last case we are explaining the current importance of

a past event When it happened is not important and is not

mentioned.

C Present perfect: time expressions

We use ever and never to ask and talk about our general life

experience.

I've never used this software before

more information about the specific events by using verbs in

the past simple.

A : Have you ever spoken to a large audience?

B: Yes, I have Last year I w ent to a sales conference in Berne

and I gave a presentation to about 100 people

is normally used in affirmative sentences.

although something has not happened, we do expect it to happen.

Have you finished the report yet?

We haven 't had any delays with the project - yet!

ago.

I've just spoken to her on the phone

The present perfect is often used with time expressions that refer to unfinished time In other words, the time period

morning, today, this month, so far, up to now, recently, lately, overthe last few years, etc.

Growth in the Asia -Pacific region has exceeded 5% annually

over the past few years.

We use for and since with the present perfect to refer to periods of time.

A : How long has Wolfgang worked here?

B: H e's w orked here fo r three months

OR

For describes the length of the time period Since describes the point when the time period started (Unit 40C).

Frequency adverbs that are used with the present simple (unit 1C) can also be used with the present perfect.

O ur lawyers have often given us good advice

Some time expressions can be used with the present perfect

or the past simple, depending on when you are speaking

(It is now 11 am; the morning has not finished.)

(It is now 3 pm; the morning has finished.)

D been (to) and gone (to)

not yet returned.

(she has come back) She's gone to Head Office I hope everything w ill be sorted out

(she is still there)See page 243 for an ov e rvie w of th e English verb tense system

26

5 Connecting past and present 1

S e c t io n A , C

S e c t i o n B

S e c t i o n C

Exercises

5 1 Put the verbs into the present perfect Use contractions w here possible.

2 I _ (never see) such a boring presentation in my life

3 W e (already /spend) a lot of money on this project

5 I (not / get) the figures to hand - can I call you back later?

6 I'm sorry, she's not here S h e _ (just /leave)

7 Their shares (go up) by 5 % since the merger

5 2 Loo k a t t h e p aire d se n te nces b e lo w M a tc h each o n e w it h sit u a tio n a) or b)

a) Three years ago it was 4 % Two years ago it was 3 % b) Last month it was 4 % This month it is 3 %

a) I can't find the file I wo nd er where I put it?

b) The file has gone and I'll never find it

a) Jan e promised to call this morning It's 11 am

b) Jan e promised to call this morning It's 2 pm

a) Last year sales were poor This year they are better

b) Sales were poor initially A year later they were better

a) In 2005

b) Since 2005

5 3 C o m p le te t h e se n te nces w it h t h e tim e e x p ressio ns in t h e bo x

1

2

345678

I'v e _ had an idea - why d o n't w e restyle the packaging for a new, youngertarget market?

W e'v e known each o t h e r _ more than twe nty years

I'v e _ used my credit card onthe Internet I d on't think it's safe

I haven't spoken to M a g d a _ ,but I'm sure she'll agree

I'v e _ worke d in insurance,ever since leaving University

She's had no time to deal with this She's

Have y o u _ been to SaoPaolo?

It's completely different to Rio

Se c t io n B

S e c t i o n s C, D

5 4 M a tc h t h e uses o f t h e p r ese n t p e rf ect 1- 3 w it h e x a m p les a -c

1 a present situation that started in the past

2 a series of actions that happened in our life up to n ow

3 a result in the present of a past eventa) I've seen a lot of changes since I started working here

b) The marketing campaign started last month and sales h a v e already g o n e u p 8 % year-on-year.c) He's run the company since his father retired

Re a d t his e m ail fro m Patrick, t h e Pu rch asin g M a n a g e r o f an Irish m a n u fa ct urer, w h o is in Pola n d o n a b usin ess trip C o m p le te t h e e m ail b y ch oosin g t h e correct a lt e r n a tiv e fro m A ,B, C or

I visited several firms when I was in Katowice, and one of them looks quite promising as a futuresupplier for us I’ve 5 _ had a few discussions with the people there, and I’ve got some productsamples to show you Unfortunately I haven’t met the guy in charg e 6 _ He wasn ’t there - h e’s

So, the trip has been quite successful 8 _ H ave you 9 _ been to Polan d? They really areshaping up to be a major player in Europe - the people have a real entrepreneurial spirit and I’ve

Anyway, I’ll email you again later in the week - after I’ve been to Poz nan - to give you an update on everything

Re gardsPatrick

5 Connecting past and present 1

a n d r e p e a t

tra n sla t e w o r d f o r w o r d , b u t ra t h e r t o m a k e it so u n d n at ural

Tasks

C os m etics gian t Revlo n has lau nch ed a social

m e dia ca m p aig n as p a rt of its biggest ever

pro d uct lau nch Th e two - m o nth ca m p aig n aims

to drive a w are n ess of its n ew lipstick brand

and e nga ge cu sto m ers across social m e dia sites

such as YouTube, Face b o o k and Twitter

already done it.

f o r pleasure) W r it e a n e m ail t o a c olle a g u e or frie n d G iv e n e w s a b o u t w h a t h as h a p p e n e d a n d

w h a t y o u h a v e d o n e

If y o u are w o r k i n g in class, p u t all t h e e m ails o n t h e d esks or o n t h e w a lls G o ro u n d t h e ro o m

a n d rea d t h e e m ails Re tu r n t o y o u r seats a n d sa y w h ic h e m ail y o u lik e d b est a n d w h y

m Connecting past and present 2

A Past simple or present perfect?

The past simple is used to describe actions in a completed

time period.

The present perfect is used when the time period includes

the present.

I lived in Mila n many years ago

(completed: now I live in another place)

I've lived in Milan since 2008

(a situation that started in the past and continues in the

present: I still live there)

I've been to Milan several times

(life experience)

M y boss has agreed to your proposal

(present result of a past action)

Time phrases used with the past simple (unit 3C) refer to a

particular point in the past: yesterday, last month

Time phrases used with the present perfect (unit 5C) link the

past to the present: since, never, this month

The choice of tense often depends on the situation and where

our attention is.

Good news! We've won the contract!

(recent news: the event is present in my mind)

So, we won the contract, and then

(telling a story: the event feels distant in my mind)

B Present simple or present perfect?

The present simple is used for permanent facts and states,

and regular habits.

The present perfect makes a connection between past and

present.

I w ork here

(a permanent state: I work here every day)

(I started two years ago and still work here now)

C Present perfect continuous: form

The present perfect continuous is formed with the present

perfect of be, and the -ing form of the verb Negatives are

She's been (hasn't been) w aitin g here for ages

D Present perfect continuous: uses

The present perfect continuous describes an action or situation in progress from the past up to the present

Production at this site has been increasing steadily since westarted here five years ago

The present perfect continuous often emphasizes the length

of time of the action.

The present perfect continuous can be used for repeated actions.

I've been calling her all afternoon, but she's always in a meeting

The action may be finished or continuing; we only know by the situation.

You're late! I've been waiting here for ages!

(the waiting is finished now) I've been waiting for ages Where is she?

(I will continue waiting)

E Present perfect continuous: time expressions

Typical time expressions used with the present perfect continuous include: all day, for months, for ages, recently, overthe last few years, since, for

F Present perfect or present perfect continuous?

Sometimes there is no difference in meaning between the present perfect and present perfect continuous.

I'v e w o rked/been working here for two years

The choice of tense often depends on where our attention is

We use the present perfect if our attention is on the present result.

I've written the report Here it is

(the finished report is in my mind)

We use the present perfect continuous if our attention is on the action in progress.

I've been writing the report I'm exhausted

(the act of writing is in my mind)

If we give details of how many or how much, we do not use

a continuous form.

I've written three reports this week

I've done a lot of research on this company

See page 243 for an ov e rvie w of th e English verb tense system

30

6 Connecting past and present 2

1 Yesterday I phoned/l've phoned the bank about our overdraft

5 / saw/l've seen Hugh Hopper a f e w days ago - he sends his regards

7 Today has been/was really busy - and it's only lunchtime!

8 Today has been/was really busy It's 7 pm - I'm going home

Exercises

2 W e - - - (operate) all over Latin America Recently w e (set up) branches in Peruand Colombia

4 Thisaddress?

5 Iyesterday

6 I

(you /see) my laptop? I'm sure I _ (leave) it here earlier

(not look) like the right block Are you sure w e (come) to the right

_ (work) for World Co m since last year, but n ow (you / hear) of anyone taking on n ew staff?

(want) to change jobs

present perfect continuous Use co ntractio ns w h e re possible

1 A: What's the matter? You look worried!

potential problems

B: I expect she (go) to Head Office

3 A: 'Tosca' is coming to the Opera House _(you see) it?

B: Not yet, but IShall w e go together?

co n tra ctio n s w h e r e p ossible

Hi, Sue 1 1^ aver : seen (not/see) you for ages!

Hi, Victoria, nice to see you again No, you’re right, 1 2

in touch with anyone recently.

So what have you been up to?

You know I 3 _ (leave) my job in January so that I could go freelance as a graphic designer?

Yes, I remember you 4 Well, i t 5

(not/be)

_(talk) a lot about that last year.

(be) a really difficult year so far 16

(never/do) anything like this before and it’s much harder than I 7 _ (imagine) 8 (you/ever/be) self-employed?

There’s a lot of insecurity At the beginning I 11 three good clients These are people that 1 12 _ (have) two or (know) for many years They’re still with me But apart from that nothing really

What about advertising in the specialist magazines?

Yes, I

in Design Monthly a couple of months ago but there were only a few replies But I have a new website and I’m quite optimistic about using it to generate business I 15 _ (finish) it just last week It’s optimized for search engines so that people can find me more easily 1 16 -(have) quite

a few hits already, so things might improve soon.

t h e p ast sim ple o r p rese n t p erfect

a rocky road for tech stocks

markets nervously over the last few months The problems with

US technology and telecomms stocks 2 _ _(begin)

last March, and since then share prices at companies like Intel,

HP and Apple 3 (crash) Over the summer all

these giants 4 (announce) lower than expected

profits, and investors fear that in the current economic climate

demand for their products 5 (peak) Now it's the

turn of European stocks, and on Monday stocks in Germany's

SAP and Finland's Nokia 6 (fall) sharply SAP

But there was some good news for investors yesterday

million, up from €8,700 million last year In recent years

Capgemini 10 (become) one of the leading

players in the global IT services market, alongside IBM, EDS

Dow Jones Stoxx Technology Index Figures 1st of each month

300250

6 Connecting past and present 2

Sp e a k i n g : lis t e n 1 % 06 Yo u are g oin g t o h e a r e ig h t p hrases Liste n a n d re p ea t

a n d r e p e a t

T ra n sla t e 2 T ra nsla te t h e se sh o rt t e x ts t a k e n fro m t h e In t e r n e t in t o y o u r o w n la n g u a g e Re m e m b e r n o t t o

tra n sla t e w o r d f o r w o r d , b u t ra t h e r t o m a k e it so u n d n a t u ral

Tasks

Th e tech n olo gy - h e avy N asd a q index has been

falli n g for t hree weeks, and is now 3 4 % lower

t han its M a rc h p ea k Sh a r e s of co m p a nies

an n ou ncin g p oor results have f alle n by a thir d

or a h alf a ft e r profits warnin gs

Washington Post website

Sin c e co m ple tin g a co nsolid a tio n phase three

ye ars a g o,Thysse nl < rup p has been follo win g

a sustain ed and profita ble co urse of growth

The co m p a ny has raise d its earnin gs f o re cast

f o r th e cu rre n t fiscal y e a r to over € 3 2 billion

b efore ta x es

business-magazine.de website

W r it i n g : T h in k a b o u t y o u r lif e in t h e last year W r i t e a n s w e rs t o t h e se q u estio n s usin g t h e p ast sim ple,

p e rs o n a li z e d p rese n t p e rf ect si m ple a n d p rese n t p e rf ect co n tin u o us

1 H ow have you tried to keep fit and healthy?

I've joined a health club I w ent a fe w times a fter joining, but since then I haven't been a t all A lso I've been trying to eat more hea lthy food I don't re ally have much time for cooking, but I've learned a few new recipes.

2 H ow have you spent your money?

3 W h a t have you done to keep up with n ew ideas in your professional field?

4 Have you been anywhere interesting?

5 W h a t haven't you done that you would like to have d on e? W h y?

R e h e a rs a l f o r Lo o k a g ain a t t h e d ia lo g u e in e x ercise 6.4 a n d n o tice h o w t h e sp ea k ers use t h e p ast sim ple

t h e r e a l w o r k a n d t h e p rese n t p erfect N o w w r i t e a sim ila r d ia lo g u e b e t w e e n y o u rs e lf a n d a frie n d or

colle a g u e w h o y o u m e e t a f t e r n o t b ein g in c o n t act f o r so m e ti m e St a r t lik e this:

Friend (give their name): Hi! I have n't seen you for ages!

If you are w orking in class, read some dialogues aloud.

Future 1

A will

We can use w ill + the infinitive (without to) to refer to the

writing to '11. The negative of w ill is won’t

future events.

Over the next decade there w ill be a big increase in the use of

nuclear power

In June we w ill bring out two new models

We can add perhaps / maybe or probably

M aybe I'll join you later in the bar

Notice that probably comes after w ill but before won’t

(I hope) or an expectation (I expect)

I think we'll probably open an office in Taipei next year

W ill can be used for instant decisions and thoughts that come

into our head at the moment of speaking.

I'll wait for you outside

I'll call you tomorrow

B be going to

We use the verb be + going to + the infinitive to make a

connection between the present and the future.

we have already decided to do.

The EC B is going to monitor inflation closely

evidence in the present situation (we already know or can

see something).

Be careful! It's going to fall

(I can see it on the edge of the table)

Note that be going to can refer to near or distant time For

example, we can say ‘the world is going to end in 8 billion years'

because scientists have evidence now.

C Present continuous

We can use the present continuous to talk about things we

have arranged to do There is nearly always a future time

expression.

HSBC are moving to neiu premises next year.

The arrangements are often social arrangements or appointments.

I'm busy on Tuesday afternoon I'm seeing Jack at two, and afterthat I'm meeting my bank manager

See also units IE and 2C for the present continuous.

D will or be going to?

There are many occasions when we can use either form.

In my presentation I'll talk/I'm going to talk about three mainareas First,

Here the speaker could see it as a fact (w ill) or an intention

(going to)

W ill and be going to are both used for decisions W ill is used for instant decisions; be going to is used for decisions already made (i.e plans and intentions).

Great idea! I'll do it tomorrow

(an instant decision)

Yes, I know I'm going to do it tomorrow

(a plan or intention)

W ill and be going to are both used for predictions W ill is used

there is some present evidence.

I ’m sure th ey'll like the new design

(general belief or opinion)

(I have the figures in front of me)

W ill is more usual in writing 'II and be going to are more usual in speech.

E be going to or present continuous?

For plans and arrangements there is often little difference in

the arrangement are still open, while the present continuous can suggest that the arrangement is more fixed.

(just a plan - time and place are still unknown) I'm meeting her at ten in my office

(a definite arrangement with a time and place)

F Time expressions

the day after tomorrow, on Friday, at the weekend, next week /year,

in a few days' time, in the next five minutes/ months

See page 243 for an o vervie w of th e English verb tense system

34

2 I'm sorry to hear that I'II find out wha t the problem is right now.

5 Their share price will probably rise wh e n the market recovers

7 2 U n d e rlin e t h e correct w o r d s in each mini - dialo g u e

2 A: W h a t are your plans for next year?

3 A: W h a t do you think of their n ew marketing ca mpaign?

B: I think it'll probably do well/it's probably doing well

5 A: As you can see, I've been thinking quite a lot about this issue

6 A: It would be nice to see you next week

B: Yes Are you doing anything/Will you do anything on We d n esd ay?

7 3 Pu t t h e ve r b s in brac k ets in to t h e m ost a p p r o p ria t e f u t u r e f or m C h o ose b e t w e e n will,

2 I _ (meet) Andrea at the airport at 9 am next Thursday

3 Do w e need more paper? I _ (get) some

5 Next y e a r (be) the company's centenary year

6 This taxi driver is terrible H e (have) an accident

7 In the future, we b co nfere nces _ (probably replace) many international meetings

8 W e (test) the prototype sometime next week

Exercises

S e c t io n s A , B, D

S e c t i o n s A , C

7 4 M a ria has as k e d Se b a stie n t o co m e t o h er office C o m p le te t h e d ia lo g u e b y p u ttin g t h e

b u t d ecid e w h ic h f or m is t h e m ost n at u ral Use co n tractio n s w h e r e p ossible

Come in, have a seat Would you like a drink? Coffee? Mineral water?

Here you are Well, thanks for coming this morning I 2 (tell) you why I asked you here As you know, there 3

(be) some big changes in the company In fact, we 4

(restructure) the whole department.

Yes, I heard something about that Is my job at risk?

Not necessarily, but there may be some changes The new structure

to be a part of it We value your work very highly We’ve decided we

Really! And what exactly 7 (the new job/involve)?

Well, we 8 (expand) the whole customer services area.

If you accept the job, you 9 (be) responsible for leading the new team You 10 (have) more responsibility, and the salary 11 _ (be) much better But it would mean relocating

_ (move) most business functions there

12

Se b a s t ie n:

Ma r ia:

to Hamburg - we and close down the office here What do you think?

Well, it sounds like a great opportunity Of course 1 13

(have to) speak to my wife and family about it.

No problem We 14 _(talk) again soon.

C o m p le te this e m ail fro m a PA t o h er boss by p u ttin g t h e ve rb s in to a f u t u r e fo r m C h o ose

I J O J Pie rr e G a u d a r d , T ech nica l Director I

Se n d Su b je c t: Visit to Slo v e n ia I

the morning, so you 2 (arrive) in Ljubljana before lunch Someone

Presekar, and you 4 (meet) him at 1 pm at our local office He 5 _

(probably / take) you out to lunch After lunch you 6 (not / do) anything until 4 pm,

so you 7 (have) time to go to the hotel You 8 _ (stay) at theIntercontinental, which is in a very central location

I 9 (ask) our travel agent to forward the e-ticket to you, and you 10 _

(have) it by the end of the week

36

p olice chie f a t last sees the sh ar k : 'Yo u are going to need a bigger b o a t 'W e are a t last seeing the shape of this cu rr e n t eco n o m ic

d ownturn - and we are going to need a bigger stim ulus W e might get lucky: m ayb e fo ur

m onths fro m now we w ill t hin k t h a t w h a t we have c o lle ctiv e ly done to sta b ili z e th e world eco n o m y is a p p ro p ria t e M o re likely not

See kin g Alpha website

1 W h a t are your personal plans for next wee k e n d?

I'm going to do some shopping on Sa turday morning, and clean my flat In the

a fternoon I’ll prob ably m eet up with some friends On Sunday my parents are coming to visit, so I'll be busy - I have to prepare some food before they arrive.

3 W h a t predictions can you make about your company tw o years from n ow?

4 W h a t predictions can you make about mobile communications ten years from n ow?

China, Brazil, India, Russia?

R e h e a rs a l f o r 4 Lo o k a g ain a t t h e d ia lo g u e in e x ercise 7.4 a n d n o tic e h o w t h e sp ea k ers use w ill a n d be going

e r e a l w o r l d f 0 Yo u r o w n boss (o r H e a d o f D e p a rt m e n t if y o u are a st u d e n t) calls y o u in t o t h e ir o ffice t o tell

y o u a b o u t so m e i m p o rt a n t pla ns f o r t h e f u t u r e a n d h o w t h e y a ff e c t y o u W r i t e t h e d ialo g u e.Boss: Come in, have a seat W e'v e been doing some thinking about future plans and there are a fe w things I'd like to discuss with you

W r it i n g :

p e rs o n a li z e d

p r a c tic e

In th e f ut ur e, co m p a nies w ill need t o search

th e world f o r the best in te lle ct u al ca p it a l, then

cr e a t e th e kinds of ch alle n gin g e nviro n m e n ts

t h a t will a llo w tale n te d p eople to d evelop and

be successful

BusinessWeek website

M Future 2

A Using when, after, until, etc.

We use the present simple or present perfect (not w ill) to refer

to the future after these words: when, after, before, unless, in

case, as soon as, until, by the time, the next time

W hen I see her, I'll pass on your message

We’ll discuss it again after you get back.

As soon as I've finished, I'll tell you

Notice that w ill can be used in the other part of the sentence.

B Fixed timetables

We often use the present simple (or present continuous)

when we talk about events in the future based on a fixed

timetable, program or calendar.

Jim's plane leaves (is leaving) at 12.20

O ur boss retires (is retiring) next year

C Future continuous

The future continuous is formed with w ill + be + the -ing

form of the verb.

I'll be seeing Konstantin this afternoon

The future continuous describes an activity in progress in the

future We often use it when we compare activities now and

in the future There is nearly always a time expression.

Next year I'll be working in our Sao Paolo office

The future continuous is often used to say that something

will definitely happen.

We'll be holding a meeting soon, so we can make a decision then

D Future perfect

The future perfect is formed with w ill + have + past participle.

By the time I retire, I'll have been in banking for over thirty years

By the time the contract expires, w hat will we have paid in

total?

We use the future perfect to look back from one point in the

or by the time with the future perfect.

By the end of the year we'll have sold around 20,000 units

By the time our supplier ships this order w e'll have run out of

inventory in the warehouse

perfect.

By the end of the year w e'll s e ll around 20,000 units

We use the continuous form of the future perfect to look back

from one point in the future at an activity in progress.

Next year w e'll have been manufacturing the same model,

without a facelift, for four years

F Other ways to talk about the future

followed by an infinitive to refer to the future.

We hope to get the contract

I'd like to discuss this in more detail when we meet

Notice the different negative forms:

I expect/hope I w o n 't

I wouldn't like to

We don't intend / plan / want to

We often use the verb think followed by ‘11:

I think I'll change my mobile network

(about the present or the future).

G Future probability

We can use modals and other phrases to talk about the probability that something will happen in the future The table below gives an overview which is developed in unit 13 (page 58) and not practised here.

not to, be likely to, be unlikely to

could

See page 243 for an overview of the English verb tense system

1 Don't forget to turn off the lights before you will leave/you leave.

2 Tomorrow I'll interview/l'll be interviewing candidates all morning

working normally again

4 Our visitors are due to arrive/due arriving at 10.30

5 You can wait here until she comes back/she will come back

7 / hope/l will hope to be able to speak at the press conference myself

8 2 M a tc h each se n te n ce 1 - 8 w it h an e n d in g a - h

Exercises

8 3 Pu t t h e v e r b s in to t h e rig h t te nse C h o ose b e t w e e n t h e p rese n t sim ple (/ do), f u t u r e

c o n tin u o u s (I'll be doing) a n d f u t u r e p e rf ect (I'll have done)

6 This time next year I (do) my part -time MBA

8 Hurry up! By the time we arrive the co n cert (start)

9 W h a t (you /learn) by the end of your course?

8 4 A n e co n o m ist has pre p are d a r e p o rt a b o u t his c o u n try n e x t ye ar C o m p le te t h e E x ecu tive

Su m m a ry b y ch o osin g t h e correct a lt e r n a t iv e fro m A, B, C or D b e lo w

Executive Summary: 12-month economic forecast

growth, and so we 2 the economy to continue growing at about 4% This means that unemployment3 in most sectors of the economy next year Exchange rates are very difficult to predict, but the currency4 remain relatively stable against the dollar This is important as 40% of our revenue is in dollars.

Some important events are 5 _take place in the political field, The president 6 _

call elections within the next twelve months, and so by the middle of next year the election campaign 7 _ The government 8 _on a platform of honesty and competence, and

it 9 -introduce reforms to the legal system so that judges can investigate the misuse

of public funds more easily When that 10 , international investor confidence should increase rapidly

8 5 It is Ja n u a r y a n d an HR D ir ecto r is e x p la in in g t h e p e rf o r m a n ce r e v i e w process t o a g r o u p

o f n e w e m p lo y e es Pu t t h e ve r b s in t o t h e rig h t te nse C h o ose b e t w e e n t h e p rese n t sim ple

Use c o n tractio n s w h e r e p ossible

Your first p erfor mance review 1 /s (b e) at the end of April I t 2 (b e)earlier but we d ecid e d to ch an g e it By the end of April we 3 _ (collect) all theinformation we need, and we will call you for an interview In the interview we 4 _(d iscuss) your p erfor mance during the first few months and any issues relating to your futureneeds, such as training By the end of that meeting I hope that we 5 _ (a gree) onyour personal objectives for the next six months in terms of key p erfor mance indicators and professional develop ment Of co urse there is always some flexibility in any targets we set,

in c a s e anything 6 _ (ha p p e n) that we cannot predict Then, after April, the nexttime that you and 17 _ (meet) formally will not be until November, although ofcourse behind the sce n es I 8 _ (talk) to your line m ana gers and monitoring yourprogress O K? Well, unless you 9 _ (have) any questions, I think that's all

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