Trang 2 Academic English Grammar: Trang 3 To Trang 4 About the bookWhen we are talking about a language, we are talking about the four skills -- listening orbetter to say watching, rea
Academic English Grammar: For Intermediate and Advanced Learners Ahmad Sharifzadeh 2019 To My most beloved, Fatemeh About the book When we are talking about a language, we are talking about the four skills listening or better to say watching, reading, writing, and speaking the first two of which are receptive skills and the second two are productive skills along with the two language components (i.e., grammar and vocabulary) This book, dedicated to language components (lexicon & grammar), has a different look at grammar Although theoretically grammar and lexicon are distinct components of languages, they are in practice interwoven to a great extent so that applying grammatical rules depends on the type of words used in a sentence and in a broader context Their inextricable dependency on each other forced the author to take account of them both in this single volume In the author’s view, grammar is the same as a map (plan) in carpet weaving, which makes it possible to put the linguistic knots (i.e., words) at the intersection of the weft (syntagmatic axis) and the wrap (paradigmatic axis) syntagmatically and paradigmatically so that the intended meaning is conveyed verbally or in a written form Grammar (or better to say, syntax) lets us both produce and understand an unlimited number of sentences which are correct syntactically using a limited number of grammatical (syntactic) rules Keep in mind that although sentences might be correct grammatically, they might be semantically or pragmatically incorrect Any language is the interface between syntax[1], semantics[2], and pragmatics[3] Taking into account the fact that the readers of the book are familiar with the rudimentary concepts, this book aimed at familiarizing them with the more complicated aspects, especially those confronted in the academic and advanced texts and contexts In the first chapter of this book, with a slightly different view to language, the lexicon including word formation, word classification, parts of speech, affixes, and the like are in detail dealt with In the second chapter, syntactic structures (grammatical rules) are clarified using examples What else is planned? After the outstanding response to our release of the “Academic English Grammar: For Intermediate and Advanced Learners” as an eBook, I am developing a new English book dealing with tests driven from different international exams to help both students and teachers with their English language requirements The test book will be published as soon as possible You can access regular updates to the book now that you have purchased this copy All that is required is that you supply your username and password to begin the download You will receive regular emails when new updates are available The update subscription is valid for one year from the date you purchased the item from us To the readers Since the audience of this book are intermediate and advanced academicians, the provided examples were collected based on some criteria: each sentence has at least one point to consider, some of them are very simple and straightforward but others very difficult, they were collected throughout years selectively, all the examples were selected to present a clear picture of syntax (and semantics), and the examples provided in the book were collected from different authentic academic texts (books and articles), the sources of which were credited to the extent possible The author did his best to stick to his new view regarding teaching grammar in order to make it easily understandable by shying away from the traditional approach to teaching grammar The book is organized in a cross-linked way so that you can find the relevant information in different sections easily The order of presentation of materials in the book does not necessarily connote their being pre-requisite or post-requisite Italic shows descriptions, bold shows rules, hanging indentation shows example sentences for grammatical rules, shows wrong sentences, shows correct sentences, bold words or phrases show the focus of grammatical points, bullets show grammatical formulas, and red words/phrases/clauses show the discussed grammatical rules/structures Only proper nouns, headings, and the first letter of sentences were capitalized, otherwise words (both open-set words and close-set words) were written in lower-case letters Sometimes, footnotes and endnotes are more important than the text itself Most of the footnotes are very essential so that skipping them might result in your confusion There are some practices in the book (either as footnotes or throughout the text) in order to make learners attentive Any corrective comments and suggestions will be welcomed at ahmadsharifzadeh11@gmail.com Who can use the book? The book can be useful for all the English language learners, especially for those planning to take the international language exams including IELTS, TOEFL, SAT, PTE, CAE, CPE, FCE, TOEIC, OPI, OPIC, and GRE, as well as MA applicants and students, and Ph.D candidates I am preparing another book, which will deal with sample tests accompanied by illustrative explanations based on the descriptions provided in this book The new book would clarify how users can make the most of Academic English Grammar: For Intermediate and Advanced Learners Acknowledgements I am grateful to all who helped me prepare the book, especially those MA students and Ph.D candidates whose constructive feedbacks added to the clarity of the book I am also greatly in debt to my family, especially my mother who sacrificed her today for my tomorrow I am honored to appreciate those authors whose writings were in one way or the other used throughout the book Ahmad Sharifzadeh February 2019 Contents LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS VOCABULARY Why to learn the lexicon Affixes Noun affixes Adjective affixes Verb affixes Adverb affixes List of prefixes with their meanings List of suffixes with their meanings Open set vs Close set Classification of lexicon NOUNS Function Concrete vs abstract nouns Proper vs common nouns Gerunds Compound nouns Possessive nouns Collective noun Countable nouns and uncountable nouns Countable nouns Uncountable nouns Nouns that can be both countable and uncountable VERBS Functions of the verb Classification based on transitivity Verb affixes Verb prefixes Verb suffixes Verb types A verbs B verbs C verbs D verbs Finite vs non-finite verbs Non-finite verbs Finite verbs Tenses Present tenses Past tenses Future tenses COULD/SHOULD/WOULD HAVE + P.P Tenses Simple tenses Perfect tenses Progressive tenses Perfect progressive tenses Appearance One-word (simple) verbs More-than-one-word (phrasal) verbs Separable vs inseparable phrasal verbs Separable Phrasal Verbs Inseparable phrasal verbs Particle vs preposition One-particle vs two-particle phrasal verbs Verbs clusters V VV VVV VVVV Verbs that are not usually used in the continuous form Valancy V1 V2 V3 Active voice vs passive voice Active voice Pasive voice Verb classes Main verbs Auxiliary Verbs Linking verbs List of verbs Verbs followed by verbs ADJECTIVES Function Place of adjectives Attributive Predicative Adjectives classification Simple adjectives Derivational adjectives Compound adjectives Base, comparative, and superlative adjectives Base adjectives Comparative adjectives Superlative adjectives Coordinate vs noncoordinate adjectives Coordinate adjectives Noncoordinate adjectives Adjectives comparing features Adjectives comparing equal features Adjectives comparing unequal features ADVERBS Function Appearnce of adverbs List of adverbs ending in -ly List of adverbs not ending in -ly List of two-or-more-word adverbs List of adverbs with two adverbial forms Both as an adverb and an adjective Prepositional phrases with an omitted preposition which function as an adverb Place of adverbs adv Pre-M2 (inside NP) adv NP1 NP1 adv to adv V adv Pre-M1 (inside NP) adv adj prep adv NP prep adv VP Pre-M1 adv VP as NP Between parts of a verb V adv particle Adverbs before adverbs (stacked adverbs) adv PRN Miscellaneous adv Classification of adverbs based on their function Conjunctive adverbs Intensive (emphatic) adverbs Degree adverbs Adverbs of comparison Adverbs of completeness Adverbs of certainty Frequency adverbs Adverb of manner Adverbs of place Adverbs of time Focusing adverbs Adverbs of purpose Adverbs of emphasis 16+ adverbs Comment adverbs Adverbs of reason Adverbs of affirmation and negation Intensifiers Other adverbs Absolute, comparative, and superlative adverbs Absolute adverbs Comparative vs superlative PRONOUNS Functions Anaphoric reference Cataphoric reference Exophoric reference Mixed Place Classification of pronouns Personal pronouns Expletive pronouns Relative pronouns Demonstrative pronouns Reflexive pronouns Reciprocal pronouns Interrogative pronouns 19 nouns (so-called pronouns) Other pronouns How, that, and wh- words CONJUNCTIONS Function Classification Coordinating conjunctions Correlative conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions vs coordinating and correlative conjunctions DETERMINERS Function Classification Articles Demonstrative Adjectives Quantifiers Possessive Adjectives PREPOSITIONS Classification Simple prepositions Compound prepositions Place Before NP Without NP INTERJECTIONS Place Beginning of sentences Middle or end of sentences Stand-alone Sentences GRAMMAR NOUN PHRASE (NP) Pre-M1