TOPIC IMPORTANT HISTORICAL EVENTS AND FIGURES

TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC THƯƠNG MẠI KHOA MARKETING  SUBJECT : ENGLISH 3 TOPIC IMPORTANT HISTORICAL EVENTS AND FIGURES Group : 5 Lecturer : Mrs Trần Anh Thư Class : 231_ENTH1611_07 Ha Noi, 2023 CONTENTS CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION 3 CHAPTER II - BACKGROUND 4 2.1 Overview of the Twin Towers (World Trade Center) 4 2.2 Al-Qaeda and Osama bin Laden .4 2.2.1 Al-Qaeda 4 2.2.2 Osama bin Laden 4 2.2.2.1 Bin Laden’s Extremist Roots 4 2.2.2.2 The Attacks of 9/11 5 CHAPTER III - TIMELINE OF EVENTS .6 3.1 Morning of September 11, 2001 6 3.1.1 American Airlines Flight 11 6 3.1.2 United Airlines Flight 175 6 3.2 Response and confusion 7 3.2.1 Initial emergency response .7 3.2.2 Evacuation of the Twin Towers 7 3.2.3 Communication breakdowns 8 CHAPTER IV - CASUALTIES AND DAMAGE 9 4.1 Human toll 9 4.1.1 Number of lives lost 9 4.1.2 Injuries and long-term health effects .9 4.2 Economic impact 9 4.2.1 Destruction of the Twin Towers .9 4.2.2 Damage to surrounding buildings 10 4.2.3 Impact on the financial sector .10 CHAPTER V - COMMEMORATION AND REMEMBRANCE 11 5.1 Annual observance of 9/11 .11 5.2 Building of memorials at Ground Zero 12 CHAPTER VI - INVESTIGATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF PERPETRATORS 13 6.1 Identification of the hijackers 13 6.2 Tracing the origins of the plot 13 CHAPTER VII - CONCLUSION 14 SOURCES 15 1 GROUP MEMBERS Mùi Hạ Linh ( Leader ) 21D120117 Chapter IV Lê Khánh Linh 21D120021 Chapter II ( 2.2.2 ) Phạm Thị Trà My 21D120517 Chapter III ( 3.2 ) Hoàng Thị Tuyết Linh 21D120222 Chapter VI Bùi Hoài Linh 21D120256 Chapter I + II ( 2.1 ) + VII Nguyễn Khánh Linh 21D220123 Chapter III ( 3.1 ) CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION 2 On September 11, 2001, 2,977 people were killed in the deadliest terrorist attacks in American history The moment shocked the nation Two planes, hijacked by Islamic jihadists vowing death to all Americans, plowed into both towers at the World Trade Center in New York Another plane was flown into the Pentagon in Washington, DC A fourth plane, presumably headed for the White House or the U.S Capitol, was heroically diverted by passengers and ended up crashing in an empty field in Pennsylvania After reports of the first plane hitting the North Tower, millions watched the second plane hit the South Tower on live television It was a terrifying, startling, and humbling event for the country The 9/11 attacks were the deadliest on American soil since the shock attack at Pearl Harbor 60 years before, and the sense of outrage was reminiscent of that moment The attacks in New York occurred in the country’s busiest city on a busy workday The staggered nature of the attacks meant that news footage captured almost everything, ensuring that millions of Americans saw the events precisely as they unfolded 3 CHAPTER II - BACKGROUND 2.1 Overview of the Twin Towers (World Trade Center) The Twin Towers were the centerpieces of the World Trade Center complex At 110 stories each, 1 WTC (North Tower) and 2 WTC (South Tower) provided nearly 10 million square feet of office space for about 35,000 people and 430 companies They were the tallest buildings in New York City, and for a brief period upon their completion, they were the tallest buildings in the world They attracted roughly 70,000 tourists and commuters every day 2.2 Al-Qaeda and Osama bin Laden 2.2.1 Al-Qaeda Al-Qaeda, Arabic al-Qāʿidah (“the Base”), is a broad-based militant Islamist organization founded by Osama bin Laden in the late 1980s Al-Qaeda began as a logistical network to support Muslims fighting against the Soviet Union during the Afghan War; members were recruited throughout the Islamic world When the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan in 1989, the organization dispersed but continued to oppose what its leaders considered corrupt Islamic regimes and foreign (i.e., U.S.) presence in Islamic lands Based in Sudan for a period in the early 1990s, the group eventually reestablished its headquarters in Afghanistan (c 1996) under the patronage of the Taliban militia 2.2.2 Osama bin Laden Osama bin Laden—also known as Usama bin Laden—was a violent terrorist and mass murderer who used bombings and bloodshed to advance his extremist goals After founding the terrorist organization al Qaeda, he engineered a series of attacks in multiple countries that killed thousands of men, women, and children, often ordinary c citizens just going about their daily lives 2.2.2.1 Bin Laden’s Extremist Roots Born in 1957 in Saudi Arabia, bin Laden was the son of a wealthy Saudi businessman Following the Soviet Union’s invasion of Afghanistan in late 1979, bin Laden began providing financial and logistical support to the Islamic fighters battling the Soviets In 1988, after Soviet forces were defeated and withdrew from Afghanistan, bin Laden founded an organization called al Qaeda, or “the Base,” to continue the cause of jihad (holy war) through violence and aggression 4 During this time, bin Laden was becoming increasingly hostile to the United States In particular, he opposed the U.S military presence in Saudi Arabia and Somalia and sought to drive our nation’s personnel out of these areas by force After centering his operations in Sudan in the early 1990s, bin Laden began formulating plans to attack the West with an evolving, deadly new brand of jihad Bin Laden and other members of al Qaeda also began issuing fatwas—rulings on Islamic law—indicating that attacks on the U.S and its citizens were both proper and necessary Bin Laden later openly declared war on the United States 2.2.2.2 The Attacks of 9/11 During the attacks of 9/11, bin Laden and al Qaeda plotted to attack America in a more direct and deadly way On October 10, 2001, Osama bin Laden was added to the newly-launched Most Wanted Terrorists List The U.S and other nations joined military operations in Afghanistan to find him and other al Qaeda terrorists, but bin Laden managed to elude capture In August 2010, U.S intelligence agencies developed information that Osama bin Laden was likely living in a compound in northern Pakistan On May 2, 2011, under orders from President Obama, a special operations unit raided the compound and killed bin Laden In announcing the successful operation, President Obama said, “Bin Laden was not a Muslim leader; he was a mass murderer of Muslims Indeed, al Qaeda has slaughtered scores of Muslims in many countries, including our own So his demise should be welcomed by all who believe in peace and dignity.” 5 CHAPTER III - TIMELINE OF EVENTS 3.1 Morning of September 11, 2001 3.1.1 American Airlines Flight 11 Early on the morning of September 11, 2001, 19 hijackers took control of four commercial airliners (two Boeing 757s and two Boeing 767s) en route to California (three to LAX in Los Angeles, and one aircraft to SFO in San Francisco) after taking off from Logan International Airport in Boston (Massachusetts) The four flights include : American Airlines Flight 11 United Airlines Flight 175 American Airlines Flight 77 United Airlines Flight 93 3.1.1.1 Departure and hijacking 7:59 AM – Flight 11 takes off from Boston, headed for Los Angeles, California There are 76 passengers, 11 crew members, and 5 hijackers on board 8:19 AM – A flight attendant on Flight 11, Betty Ann Ong, alerts ground personnel that a hijacking is underway and that the cockpit is unreachable 8:37 AM – After hearing the broadcast from Atta on Flight 11, Boston air traffic control alerts the US Air Force’s Northeast Defense Sector, who then mobilize the Air National Guard to follow the plane 3.1.1.2 Crash into the North Tower 8:46 AM – Flight 11 crashes into the World Trade Center’s North Tower All passengers aboard are instantly killed, and employees of the WTC are trapped above the 91st floor 10:28 AM – The North Tower of the World Trade Center collapses 3.1.2 United Airlines Flight 175 3.1.2.1 Departure and hijacking 8:15 AM – United Airlines Flight 175 takes off from Boston, also headed for Los Angeles There are 51 passengers, 9 crew members, and 5 hijackers on board 3.1.2.2 Crash into the South Tower 9:03 AM – Flight 175 crashes into the WTC’s South Tower All passengers aboard are killed instantly and so are an unknown number of people in the tower 6 3.2 Response and confusion 3.2.1 Initial emergency response Immediately following the collapse of the Twin Towers on September 11, 2001, an initial emergency response was launched to provide immediate assistance and support Here are some key elements of the initial emergency response to the World Trade Center (WTC) attacks: 3.2.1.1 Command and control Incident command systems were established to enabling effective communication, resource allocation, and decision-making They used trained dogs, sonar equipment, and specialized tools to locate and extricate survivors 3.2.1.2 Search and rescue operations Specialized search and rescue teams, including urban search and rescue (USAR) teams, were deployed to search for survivors in the debris 3.2.1.3 Medical treatment and triage Medical personnel set up triage areas to quickly evaluate and prioritize medical care for the injured, providing immediate treatment on-site and coordinating transportation to hospitals based on the severity of injuries 3.2.1.4 Establishing a perimeter and securing the area Law enforcement agencies, including the police and National Guard, secured the affected area to ensure public safety, control access, and prevent unauthorized entry 3.2.1.5 Support services Other support services, such as mental health counseling, family assistance centers, and logistical support, were provided to help affected individuals, families, and responders cope with the aftermath of the attacks 3.2.2 Evacuation of the Twin Towers Emergency personnel, including firefighters, police, and emergency medical teams, worked quickly to evacuate survivors from the buildings and provide urgent medical care They prioritized the safe removal of people from the collapsing towers, utilizing available resources and expertise to rescue individuals trapped in the rubble 7 Roughly 99% of people on floors below the impacts managed to evacuate successfully For those who didn't, the factors linked to their deaths included delaying their evacuation, performing emergency response duties, or being unable to leave their particular floor because of damage or debris Had the buildings been fully occupied, the consequences would undoubtedly have been even worse 3.2.3 Communication breakdowns After the Twin Towers collapsed on September 11, 2001, there were several communication breakdowns that hampered the emergency response and coordination efforts 3.2.3.1 Loss of communication infrastructure The collapse of the towers caused significant damage to communication infrastructure, including cell towers, landlines, and radio communication systems, leading to disrupted or limited communication channels 3.2.3.2 Unavailability of communication channels With the increased volume of emergency calls, the telephone lines quickly became overwhelmed, making it difficult for individuals to reach emergency services or for emergency responders to coordinate their efforts effectively 3.2.3.3 Lack of Coordination and Information sharing Due to limited communication capabilities, there were challenges in coordinating response efforts between different agencies, such as fire departments, police, and medical teams This led to delays in sharing critical information and hindered the overall emergency response 3.2.3.4 Difficulty in communicating with victims and survivors The collapse of the Twin Towers made it challenging for individuals trapped or injured to communicate with rescue teams outside The noisy and chaotic environment, along with impaired communication systems, posed significant challenges in locating and rescuing survivors The collapses resulted in the loss of thousands of lives, including those aboard the hijacked planes and those inside the buildings They also caused extensive damage to surrounding structures It created a massive cloud of dust and debris that covered Lower Manhattan and led to long-term health issues for many responders and residents The events of September 11, 2001, led to significant changes in national security, foreign policies, and counterterrorism efforts worldwide 8 CHAPTER IV - CASUALTIES AND DAMAGE 4.1 Human toll 4.1.1 Number of lives lost In New York City, the attack on the World Trade Center's North Tower single- handedly made 9/11 the deadliest act of terrorism in world history Our World in Data described it as the deadliest terrorist act in human history Taken together, the four crashes caused the deaths of 2,996 people (including the hijackers) The death toll included 265 on the four planes (from which there were no survivors); 2,606 in the World Trade Center and in the surrounding area; and 125 at The Pentagon Most who died were civilians; the rest included 343 firefighters, 72 law enforcement officers, 55 military personnel, and 19 terrorists After New York, New Jersey lost the most state citizens More than 90 countries lost citizens in the attacks 4.1.2 Injuries and long-term health effects In 2007, the New York City medical examiner's office began adding people who died from illnesses caused by exposure to dust from the site to the official death toll The first victim was a woman, a civil rights attorney, who died of chronic lung disease in February 2002 In September 2009, the office added a man who died in October 2008 and in 2011, a male accountant died in December 2010 As of 2013, the Health Authority concluded that 1,140 people who worked, lived, or studied in Lower Manhattan at the time of the attack had been diagnosed with cancer as a result of "toxic exposure at Ground Zero" It is known that more than 1,400 rescue workers present at the scene in the days and months after the attack were killed At least 11 pregnant women suffered miscarriages after that attack 4.2 Economic impact 4.2.1 Destruction of the Twin Towers The terrorists could not destroy the United States militarily, so they set their sights on symbolic targets instead The Twin Towers, as the centerpieces of the World Trade Center, symbolized globalization and America’s economic power and prosperity The fires from the impacts were intensified by the planes’ burning jet fuel They weakened the steel support trusses, which attached each of the floors to the buildings’ exterior walls Along with the initial damage to the buildings’ structural columns, this ultimately caused both towers to collapse The five other buildings in the WTC complex were also destroyed because of damage sustained when the Twin Towers fell 9 4.2.2 Damage to surrounding buildings Other neighboring buildings (including 90 West Street and the Verizon Building) suffered major damage but have been restored World Financial Center buildings, One Liberty Plaza, the Millenium Hilton, and 90 Church Street had moderate damage and have since been restored Communications equipment on top of the North Tower was also destroyed, with only WCBS-TV maintaining a backup transmitter on the Empire State Building, but media stations were quickly able to reroute the signals and resume their broadcasts 4.2.3 Impact on the financial sector The attacks had a significant economic impact on the United States and world markets The stock exchanges did not open on September 11 and remained closed until September 17 Reopening, the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) fell 684 points, or 7.1%, to 8921, a record-setting one-day point decline By the end of the week, the DJIA had fallen 1,369.7 points (14.3%), at the time its largest one-week point drop in history In 2001 dollars, U.S stocks lost $1.4 trillion in valuation for the week In New York City, about 430,000 job-months and $2.8 billion in wages were lost in the first three months after the attacks The economic effects were mainly on the economy's export sectors The city's GDP was estimated to have declined by $27.3 billion for the last three months of 2001 and all of 2002 10 CHAPTER V - COMMEMORATION AND REMEMBRANCE 5.1 Annual observance of 9/11 In response to these tragic events, President George W Bush declared September 11th as Patriot Day in 2002 The purpose of this day is to honor and remember the victims and heroes of 9/11, including the brave first responders who risked their lives to save others Every year, on Patriot Day, Americans come together to pay tribute to those who lost their lives, express gratitude to the first responders and volunteers who helped during the aftermath, and reflect on the importance of unity and resilience in times of crisis Patriot Day is an essential day of remembrance and reflection for the nation, reminding everyone of the importance of standing together and supporting one another during difficult times Here are some ways Patriot Day is observed: Moment of Silence: Many people observe a moment of silence at 8:46 AM (Eastern Time), the time when the first plane crashed into the World Trade Center's North Tower This is a time to think about those who lost their lives and show solidarity with their families and loved ones Flag Display: People display the American flag at half-mast, which means it's lowered halfway down the flagpole as a sign of mourning and respect for the victims Memorial Services: Across the country, there are various memorial services held to remember the victims and honor the heroes who responded to the attacks These services often involve speeches, prayers, and music Acts of Kindness: Some people use Patriot Day as an opportunity to perform acts of kindness and help others It's a way to show unity and support for fellow Americans Learning and Education: In schools, teachers might take some time to talk about the significance of Patriot Day and the events that took place on September 11th It's an opportunity to educate students about the importance of unity and resilience during difficult times 11 Volunteer Work: Some communities organize volunteer activities, such as helping local first responders or participating in charity events It's a way to give back to the community and support those who protect and serve 5.2 Building of memorials at Ground Zero Over the past two decades, many buildings to commemorate the victims of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attack have been built across the United States, with the message: Americans will never forget that painful moment 9/11 Memorial in New York is one of them The National September 11 Memorial (also known as the 9/11 Memorial) is a memorial in New York City commemorating the September 11 attacks of 2001 The memorial is located at the World Trade Center site, the former location of the Twin Towers that were destroyed during the September 11 attacks (now called Ground Zero) It is operated by a non-profit institution whose mission is to raise funds for, program, and operate the memorial at the World Trade Center site The memorial was inaugurated on September 11, 2011, exactly 10 years after the terrorist attack, and it opened to the public the following day 12 CHAPTER VI - INVESTIGATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF PERPETRATORS 6.1 Identification of the hijackers Within minutes of the attacks, the Federal Bureau of Investigation opened the largest FBI investigation in United States history, Operation PENTTBOM The suspects were identified within 72 hours because few made any attempt to disguise their names on flight and credit card records They were also among the few non-US citizens and nearly the only passengers with Arabic names on their flights, enabling the FBI to identify them using such details as dates of birth, known or possible residences, visa status, and specific identification of the suspected pilots On September 14, three days after the attacks, the FBI announced the names of 19 hijackers, and on September 27, they released photos of the hijackers, along with information about their possible nationalities and aliases In the end, the FBI reported that there were 19 hijackers in all 6.2 Tracing the origins of the plot The origins of the plot were traced back to Al-Qaeda, a terrorist organization led by Osama bin Laden Al- Qaeda held a radical ideology that aimed to establish a global Islamic caliphate and combat what they perceived as Western influence and oppression in Muslim-majority countries The United States, being a prominent Western power, was seen as a primary target The investigations revealed that the planning and coordination for the attacks took place over several years, involving multiple individuals and locations The plot was found to have been organized and executed by a network of individuals with connections to Al-Qaeda, both within the United States and abroad The attacks on the Twin Towers were intended to strike at the heart of American power and symbolize a significant blow to the nation The conspirators aimed to create fear, chaos, and disrupt the country's political, economic, and social stability However, the motivations and actions of terrorist organizations are complex and multifaceted Factors such as political grievances, religious extremism, and a desire for notoriety can contribute to their decision to carry out such acts of violence 13 It is important to note that the investigations into the September 11 attacks were complex and ongoing for an extended period of time The information provided here represents the general understanding based on available evidence and official reports CHAPTER VII - CONCLUSION The enduring impact of the events of 9/11 serves as a somber reminder of the profound lessons learned and the ongoing challenges in counterterrorism It underscores the critical importance of international cooperation, intelligence sharing, and proactive security measures in an interconnected world The legacy of September 11, 2001, reminds us of the resilience of nations and individuals in the face of adversity and the need for a steadfast commitment to safeguarding global peace and security It compels us to honor the memory of the lives lost by working together to prevent future acts of terror and by championing the values of freedom, tolerance, and unity in the face of hatred and extremism 14 SOURCES 1 The Associated Press (2023) 9/11 memorial events mark 22 years since the attacks and remember those who died CBS News https://www.cbsnews.com/news/9-11-memorial-events-22-years-since-attack- remember-those-who-died/ 2 FOX TV Station (2023) Patriot Day: Watch Sept 11 live coverage from across the country LiveNOW from FOX https://www.livenowfox.com/news/patriot-day-watch-sept-11-live-coverage- from-across-the-country 3 Twinkl (September 18th, 2023) Patriot Day https://www.twinkl.com.vn/event/patriot-day-usa-2023 4 9/11 Memorial & Museum (September 18th, 2023) About the Memorial https://www.911memorial.org/visit/memorial/about-memorial 5 FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation (2001) FBI Announces List of 19 Hijackers https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/news/pressrel/press-releases/fbi-announces- list-of-19-hijackers 6 National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (September 18th, 2023) The Attack Looms https://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Ch7.htm 7 https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/osama-bin-laden 15