INTRODUCTION TO ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY (EOR) PROCESSES AND BIOREMEDIATION OF OIL‐CONTAMINATED SITES ppt

INTRODUCTIONTO ENHANCEDOILRECOVERY (EOR)PROCESSES ANDBIOREMEDIATIONOF OIL‐CONTAMINATEDSITES  EditedbyLauraRomero‐Zerón            Introduction to Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Processes and Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Sites Edited by Laura Romero-Zerón Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Vana Persen Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published May, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Introduction to Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Processes and Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Sites, Edited by Laura Romero-Zerón p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0629-6    Contents  Preface IX Section 1 Introduction to Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) 1 Chapter 1 Advances in Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes 3 Laura Romero-Zerón Chapter 2 The Application of a New Polymeric Surfactant for Chemical EOR 45 Khaled Abdalla Elraies and Isa M. Tan Chapter 3 Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery 71 Hamid Rashedi, Fatemeh Yazdian and Simin Naghizadeh Chapter 4 Enhanced Oil Recovery in Fractured Reservoirs 89 Martin A. Fernø Section 2 Environmental Management Through Bioremediation 111 Chapter 5 Microorganisms and Crude Oil 113 Dorota Wolicka and Andrzej Borkowski Chapter 6 Comprehensive Perspectives in Bioremediation of Crude Oil Contaminated Environments 143 Chukwuma S. Ezeonu, Ikechukwu N.E. Onwurah and Obinna A. Oje Chapter 7 Hydrocarbon Pollution: Effects on Living Organisms, Remediation of Contaminated Environments, and Effects of Heavy Metals Co-Contamination on Bioremediation 185 Shukla Abha and Cameotra Swaranjit Singh Chapter 8 Bioremediation of Crude Oil Contaminated Soil by Petroleum-Degrading Active Bacteria 207 Jinlan Xu VI Contents Chapter 9 Microbial Outlook for the Bioremediation of Crude Oil Contaminated Environments 245 Rachel Passos Rezende, Bianca Mendes Maciel, João Carlos Teixeira Dias and Felipe Oliveira Souza Chapter 10 Crude Oil Metagenomics for Better Bioremediation of Contaminated Environments 261 Ines Zrafi-Nouira, Dalila Saidane-Mosbahi, Sghir Abdelghani, Amina Bakhrouf and Mahmoud Rouabhia Chapter 11 Oil-Spill Bioremediation, Using a Commercial Biopreparation “MicroBak” and a Consortium of Plasmid-Bearing Strains “V&O” with Associated Plants 291 Andrey Filonov, Anastasia Ovchinnikova, Anna Vetrova, Irina Puntus, Irina Nechaeva, Kirill Petrikov, Elena Vlasova, Lenar Akhmetov, Alexander Shestopalov, Vladimir Zabelin and Alexander Boronin    Preface  Worldwide,crudeoildemandisunceasinglyincreasing.Asa response,EnhancedOil Recovery(EOR)processeshavere‐gainedinterestfromtheresearchanddevelopment phasesto the oilfield EOR implementationstage. This renewed interesthas been also furthered by the current high oil price environment, the maturation of oilfields worldwide, andfewnew‐welldiscoveries.Concurrently,environmentalconcernsand public pressure related to crude oil pollution control and remediation of oil‐ contaminatedsitesarebecominggreaterthanever. This book provides a concise and accurate introduction of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes and bioremediation of oil‐contaminated environments. The book is  structuredintwosections.Thefirstsection,whichcontains4chapters,presentsabrief and simplifieddescription of the mechanisms of primary and secondaryoil recovery processes and clearly explains the need  for the implementation of EOR processes to boosttherecoveryofoiland/ortodisplaceandproducethesignificantamountsofoil left behind in the reservoir after or during the course of any primary and secondary recovery process. The mechanisms, limitations, and problems encounter during the application of EOR methods are succinctly reviewed. This section also highlights the emerging EOR technological trends and presents key EOR areas that  need to evolve throughresearchanddevelopment. Thesecondsectionofthebookfocusesontheuseofbiologicalactiontoremediatethe inevitable environmental footprint of crude oil production; such is the case of accidentaloilspillsonaqueous(i.e.marine,river)andlandenvironments.Thissection is structured in seven chapters and begins introducing specific microorganisms that are capable of living in and/or degrading crude oil. Then, it reviews the concepts of bioremediation, phytoremediation, and biomonitoring. It also provides practical information on the isolation and evaluation of petroleum degrading microorganisms and discusses the main variables affecting bioremediation of aqueous  (marine, river) and land sites contaminated with crude oil. Furthermore, it introduces crude oil metagenomics, which isan emergingbiotechnology useful to improvetheevaluation ofthe diversity, identification, isolation, and functional properties of microorganisms involved in the degradation of different petroleum compounds. The molecular analysis of the bacterial composition present in polluted sites represents an essential stage to improve the current understanding of the microorganisms involved  in the X Preface degradation of hydrocarbons. This section closes with insights on the mixture of microorganisms to formulate highly efficient bio‐consortia to target the degradation andefficientremovalofcrudeoilpollutantsfromcontaminatedenvironments. Thisbookistargettoawiderangeofreaderswhomighthavesomebasicknowledge in these  subjects but are looking for more matter‐of‐fact information. Thus, through this book practical concepts in enhanced oilrecovery methods and bioremediationof oil‐pollutedsitesweregrouped,structured,andplacedalltogetherincontextwiththe ultimategoalofbeingusefulfora non‐specializedaudience.Thus,this bookis useful for university students (undergraduate and graduate students), oilfield operators, reservoir engineers, environmental engineering professionals, oil business managers and/orexecutives,amongothers. The sources used to aid in the writing process consisted mainly on the review of the most recent scientific literature in these fields and on discussion of  current research and development conducted directly by the authors and co‐authors of some of the chapters.Themainobjectiveistoprovidestateoftheartinformationontheemerging technologicaltrendsinthefieldsofEORandbioremediation. Finally, I would liketo express my appreciation and thankfulness to the authors and coauthorswhocontributedwritingthedifferentchaptersofthebook.Ialsogratefully recognize, the effort and time devoted by the technical reviewers and editors team, whohelpedandcontributedtowardsthewritingprocessandpublishingofthisbook.  LauraRomero‐Zerón ChemicalEngineeringDepartment University ofNewBrunswick Canada . INTRODUCTION TO ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY (EOR) PROCESSES  AND BIOREMEDIATION OF OIL CONTAMINATED SITES  EditedbyLauraRomero‐Zerón            Introduction to Enhanced Oil Recovery. mechanisms of primary and secondary oil recovery processes and clearly explains the need  for the implementation of EOR processes to boostthe recovery of oil and/ or to displace and producethesignificantamounts of oil left. demonstrated to increase oil recovery. The mechanisms associated to this processes are still unclear, however the favorable oil Introduction to Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Processes and Bioremediation