Ngu am am vi học về assimilation

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Definition of Assimilation

1 Definition

Assimilation is a feature of connected speech, which specifically is a sound change to become more similar to a following sound In other words, assimilation is the

influence of one phoneme on another neighbouring phoneme to make it similar to the previous one.

It is important to note that, in its extent, assimilation is a variable phenomenon “It

is more likely to be found in rapid, casual speech and less likely in slow, careful speech The cases that have most been described are assimilations affecting

consonants” (Roach 110, 2009).

Assimilation has 3 types: assimilation of place and assimilation of manner and assimilation of voice.

2 Assimilation relating to direction of change

Kenworthy (1990) describes 7 basic rules for direction of change 5 for regressive assimilation and 2 for progressive assimilation.

 Regressive assimilation

Regressive assimilation is the assimilation in which the first consonant of the second word influences the articulation of the last consonant at the end of the first word.

5 rules of regressive assimilation.

 /t/, /d/ and /n/ often become bilabial before bilabial consonants /p/, /b/, /m/

o "fat boy" /t/->/p/

o "good boy" /d/→/b/

o “ten men” /n/ -> /m/

 /t/ assimilates into /k/ before /k/ or /g/, /d/ assimilates into /g/ before /k/or /g/

o “that cat” /t/->/k/

o “that girl” /t/->/k/

o “good concert” /d/->/g/

 /n/can assimilate to /n/ before /g/ or /k/:

o “I can go swimming”

o “Her own car”

 /s/ can assimilate to /S/ before /S/:

o "this shiny"

 /z/ can assimilate to /3/ before/3/:

o "cheese shop"

 Progressive assimilation

Progressive assimilation is the assimilation where the two consonants merge to create a sound that shares the characteristics of both of the consonants.

2 rules of progressive assimilation

• /t/ and /j/ coalesce to from /tʃ/:

“last year”

“didn‟t you?”

• /d/ and /j/ coalesce to form /dʒ/

“would you?”

3 Assimilation relating to way phoneme changes.

3.1 Assimilation of place.

When a sound changes its place of articulation to another place, it is called assimilation of place.

There are different types of assimilation of place, including:

 Assimilation to bilabial place

 Assimilation to velar place

 Assimilation to post-alveolar place

a) Assimilation to bilabial place

 /t/ becomes [p] before bilabials

Example:

 /d/ becomes [b] before bilabials

Example Original transcription Assimilation

 /n/ becomes [m] before bilabials

Example:

bilabial place.

b) Assimilation to velar place

 /t/ becomes [k] before /k/ &/g/

Example:

 /d/ becomes [g] before /k/ &/g/

Example:

 /n/ becomes [ŋ] before /k/ &/g/

Example

In summarize, we have a table about assimilation to velar place.

c) Assimilation to post-alveolar place

 /s/ becomes [ʃ] before /ʃ/ or /j/

Example:

 /z/ becomes /ʒ/ before /ʃ/ or /j/

Example:

In summarize, we have a table about assimilation to velar place.

3.2 Assimilation of manner

Assimilation of manner, in phonetics, refers to a type of phonemic assimilation where a sound changes its manner of articulation to match that of a neighboring sound This is less noticeable and is only found in the most rapid and casual speech.

a Plosive /t, d/ + fricative /s, z/=> fricative

Rules Examples Original transcription Assimilation

/t/ + /s/ => /s/ That side /ðæt saɪd/ /ðæs saɪd/

/t/ + /z/ => /z/ that zoo /ðæt zuː/ /ðæz zuː/

/d/ + s/ => /s/ good song /ɡʊd sɒŋ/ /ɡʊs sɒŋ/

b Plosive (/t/ or /d/) + nasal (/n/)=> nasal

Examples Original transciption Assimilation

good news

c Plosive (/t/ or /d/) + nasal (/n/)=> nasal

Examples Original transciption Assimilation

3.3 Assimilation of voice

Assimilation of voice, in phonetics, refers to a type of phonemic assimilation where a sound changes its voicing to match that of a neighboring sound This is particularly noticeable when voiced fricatives appear word-finally and they are followed by a voiceless consonant in the word-initial position of an immediately following word.

Recall that word-final voiced plosives, fricatives and affricates are particularly prone to being de-voiced when they appear in words spoken in isolation When voiced fricatives appear word-finally and they are followed by a voiceless consonant

in the word-initial position of an immediately following word, they typically become fully voiceless They assimilate the full voicelessness of the consonant.

Example

those shoes /ðəʊz ʃuz/ [ðəʊs ʃuːz̥]

2.