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TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC THỦY LỢITrung tâm Đào tạo Quốc tế - Bộ môn Tiếng Anh

Môn học: VIẾT NÂNG CAO 1

Tên giảng viên: Vũ Thị Thu HươngEmail: vuhuong@tlu.edu.vn

ĐT: 0988.205.366

Chapter 1: Types of sentences

Main points & Unit objectives

• Kinds of clauses: dependent clauses / independent clauses / noun clauses/adjective clauses…

• Kinds of sentences: simple / compound / complex…

• Sentence problems: fragments, run-ons, comma splices, choppy and stringy sentences

• Using Parallelism and Fixing sentence Problems

I Kinds and features of clauses

Independent clause (IC) Dependent Clause (DC)

 contains a subject and a verb

 express a complete thought

 can stand alone as a sentence by itself

 S + V

 contains a subject and a verb

 does not express a complete thought

 can not stand alone as a sentence by itself

I. Kinds and features of clauses

• What are the subordinators of DC?

After Before That When Which Although Even though Though Whenever While

As, just as How Unless Where Who

As if If Until Wherever Whom

As soon as since what Whether Whose

Because So that

I Kinds and features of clauses

Practice 1:

1 Distinguish IC and DC (Prac 1 – p.3)

2 Complete sentences, using IC or DC (Handout)

(compound sent.)

property, they could not vote

until 1920.

(complex sent.)

Although women in the United States could own property, they could not vote until 1920; and after 1920, their vote was legal.

(compound-complex sent.)

II 1 Simple Sentences

Features:

• Have one Independent clause (IC)

• End with a stop (.)

• Basic form: S + V

• Eg:

Freshwater boils at 100 degrees Celsius at sea level.

Freshwater boils at 100 degrees and freezes at 0 degrees Celsius Notes : There exist some variations of simple sentences

Practice 2: Read the paragraphs and decide what variation each sentence belongs to

Practice 3 : Write sentences - Topic: the Internet

II 2 Compound Sentences

• two or more independent clauses joined together

• end with a stop (.)

• basic forms:

 IC, coordinator IC

 IC; conjunctive adverb, IC

 IC; IC

• Coordinators (coordinating conjunctions)

For (to add a reason)

And (to add more ideas)

Nor (to add a negative equal idea)

Or (to add an unexpected or surprising continuation)

Yet (to add an unexpected or surprising continuation)

So (to add an expected result)

• Conjunctive Adverbs

Practice 4

• Ex.3, 4, 5 & 6 (p.5)

II.3 Complex Sentences

• Contain one independent clause and one (more) dependent clauses

• Independent clauses: more important ideas /dependent clause: less important ideas

• 3 kinds of dependent clauses: noun clause, adjective clause, adverb clauses.

Examples:

Although women in the United States could own property, they could not vote until 1920.

Dependent adverb clause Independent clause

Who are not married are called bachelors.

Dependent Adjective Clause

That there is a hole in the ozone layer of Earth’s atmosphere is well known

Dependent noun clause

Practice 5

• Ex 8, 9, 10 (p.10)

IV Parallelism

What?

each item in a list or comparison follows the same grammatical pattern

Eg:

1.My English conversation class is made up of Chinese, Spaniards, and some are from Bosnia.

parallel parallel not parallel

2 My English conversation class is made up of Chinese, Spaniards, and Bosnians

parallel parallel parallel

Note :

I Parallelism

What for?

1) economy 2) clarity3) equality 4) delight

I Parallelism

How to form parallelism?

1 Use parallel structure with elements joined by Coordinators (and, or, but)

2 Use parallel structure with elements joined by Correlative (Paired)

Conjunctions

3 Use parallel structure with elements joined by a linking verb or a verb of

being

II, Sentence Problems

1 Sentence Fragments: incomplete sentences/ parts of

sentences

2 Choppy sentences: too short sentences

3 Stringy sentences too many independent clauses

4 Run-on sentences and comma splies: clauses written with

no punctuation or without a coordinating conjunction

Practice 1: Identifying sentence problems (p.15- p.21)

II Ways to correct sentence problems

• Examples

II Ways to correct sentence problems

Examples:

Practice 2: Correct sentences (p.15-21)

TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC THỦY LỢITrung tâm Đào tạo Quốc tế - Bộ môn Tiếng Anh

Môn học: VIẾT NÂNG CAO 1

Tên giảng viên: Vũ Thị Thu HươngEmail: vuhuong@tlu.edu.vn

ĐT: 0988.205.366

Notes:

1 Position

That-clauses (akward in spoken E.)

 they often rewrite such sentences by putting it at the beginning

and moving the noun clause to the end

Eg

• Awkward That Earth is getting warmer is certain.

• Better It is certain that Earth is getting warmer.

R EMEMBER

It (except be or any intransitive verb like seem or appear) is often written

in the passive voice, especially in academic writing.

Eg:

1 It is believed that carbon dioxide is responsible for global warming.

2 It was agreed that the meeting would be postponed until next week.

3 It has been proven that the world’s deserts are expanding.

You can also write these sentences in the active voice:

• Many scientists believe that carbon dioxide is responsible for global

Notes:

2 Special Tenses:

- One of the most common uses of noun clauses in academic writing is to report what someone else has said or written

- This kind of noun clause is called reported speech, indirect speech, or indirect quotation.

 If the main clause verb is simple present, present perfect, or future, the verb in the noun clause is in the tense that expresses the meaning that the main clause intends.

• The prime ministers agree that global warming is a serious world problem.

• They hope that all nations will be responsible for solving this problem.

• Scientists report that atmospheric warming has already begun.

• Measurements have indicated that the average temperature of Earth has risen in the past hundred years.

• Further research will prove that carbon dioxide is largely responsible.

• If the main clause verb is in past tense, the verb in the noun clause is usually in a past form.

• The prime ministers agreed that global warming was a serious world problem.

• They hoped that all nations would be responsible for finding a solution.

• An international group of scientists reported that Earth’s temperature had risen 1.1 °F (0.6°C) in the last century.

• Their report stated that carbon dioxide was largely responsible.

•

• Exception: The verb in the noun clause stays in the present tense when it reports a fact or a general truth:

• Researchers in the field verified that icebergs and glaciers are melting.

Notes: Subjunctive Noun clauses

After certain independent clause verbs and adjectives, you must use the subjunctive form of the verb in the following noun clause.

Eg.

1.The company president urged that the marketing department be more aggressive.

subjunctive noun clause

2 It is necessary that each salesperson work longer hours.

subjunctive noun clause

3.She insisted that the company not lose any more customers to its competitors.

subjunctive noun clause

• Verbs and Adjectives that require the subjunctive form in the noun clauses: urgency, advisability, necessity, and desirability.

Verbs Adjectives Advise Insist Request Advisable Mandatory

command Prefer Suggest Essential Urgent

direct Propose urge Important Vital

demand recommend

Practice 4 on Subjunctive clause

1.Identifying subjunctive noun clause

2.Arrange words into sentences

2 If/Whether clause

• Eg:

• The patient wanted to know whether Dr Chen practices acupuncture.

• The patient wanted to know whether or not Dr Chen practices acupuncture.

• The patent wanted to know whether Dr Chen practices acupuncture or not.

• The patient wants to know if Dr Chen practices acupuncture.

• The patient wants to know if Dr Chen practices acupuncture or not.

• Features:

Form from Yes/No questions

Introduced by If/whether

Whether is more formal than If…or not

Use SV statement word order

Form:

Whether/If - clause

3 Wh- clauses

• Features:

Formed from Wh – question,

Subordinators: (Wh-words): where, when, why, what, how……

Use SV statement order

Practice 5: Chapter 2

Classkick

TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC THỦY LỢITrung tâm Đào tạo Quốc tế - Bộ môn Tiếng Anh

Môn học: VIẾT NÂNG CAO 1

Tên giảng viên: Vũ Thị Thu HươngEmail: vuhuong@tlu.edu.vn

ĐT: 0988.205.366

Chapter 3

Adverb Clauses

 A dependent clause functions as an adverb

Eg:

She sang loudly  She sang as loudly as we expect

I worked yesterday  I worked when you dropped by my house

She will go where you tell her.

He studies hard so that he can pass the examination.

 tell when, where, why, how, how long, how far, how often, and/or what purpose something happened An

adverb clause can also express a contrast.

 often began with a subordinating conjunction

I Definition

1 Time clauses (answer the question ‘When’)

Time subordinators

When While Before

As

As soon as Until

Since Whenever

Eg:

1. I’ll call you as I arrive at the airport

2. You can use my computer whenever you like.

3 Eating habits changed as soon as people stopped moving from place to place in search of food.

II Kinds of Adverb clauses

2 Place clauses (to answer the question ‘where’) Place subordinators

Where

Everywhere Anywhere

Eg:

You can go wherever you like.

Most people shop where they get the lowest prices

Anywhere Khanh goes, Minh follows

II Kinds of Adverb clauses

3 Distance, Frequency, and Manner Clause (answer the question “How far?” / “How often?” “How?” )

II Kinds of Adverb clauses

Distance, Frequency, and Manner Subordinators

as + adverb + as: distance

( far from, close to, near to, )

Fire had destroyed the trees in the forest as far as the eye could see.

as + adverb + as: frequency

( often, rarely, seldom, frequently, )

1 do not visit my parents as often as they would like me to.

as: manner

( the comparison is obvious)

We mixed the chemicals exactly as the lab instructor had told us to.

as + adverb + as: manner

(the comparison needs to be specified)

Our instructor asked us to fill out the questionnaire as carefully as we could.

as if, as though: manner

( Impossible/unreal situation

The bus’s engine sounds as if/ as though it was going to stall at any moment.

4 Reason clauses ( answers the question “Why?”)

Reason subordinators

Because Since S1 + V1, S2 + V2

As

Eg:

• We didn’t go camping as it rained heavily.

• Europeans are in some ways better environmentalists than North Americans because they are

more used to conserving energy.

II Kinds of Adverb clauses

Practice 1 (Classkick)

5 Result clauses

expresses the effect or consequence of the information in the independent clause.

II Kinds of Adverb clauses

Result Subordinators

so + adjective/adverb + that Joanna’s cookie business is so successful that she hired three new employees last week.

New orders are coming in so rapidly that she has expanded her production facilities.

such a(n) + noun + that Joanne’s cookies are such a success that she is considering franchising the business.

so much/many + noun + that Running the business takes so much time now that Joanne no longer does the baking herself.

There were so many orders for her holiday cookies that her workers were baking 24 hours a day.

so little/few + noun + that Now Joanne has so little free time that she has not taken a vacation in months.

Her cookies contain so few calories that even people on diets can enjoy them.

Practice 2

Classkick

7 Contrast clauses

• Two types: direct opposition clauses and concession clauses

Direct Opposition Subordinators whereas San Francisco Is cool during the summer, whereas Los Angeles is generally hot.

while While most homes in San Francisco do not have air conditioning, it is a necessity in Los Angeles.

Concession Subordinators although Although I had studied all night, 1 failed the test.

even though Our house is quite comfortable even though it is small.

Though Though the citizens had despised the old regime, they disliked the new government even more.

TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC THỦY LỢI

TRUNG TÂM ĐÀO TẠO QUỐC TẾ - BỘ MÔN TIẾNG ANH

MÔN HỌC: VIẾT NÂNG CAO 1

TÊN GIẢNG VIÊN: VŨ THỊ THU HƯƠNG

EMAIL: VUHUONG@TLU.EDU.VN

ĐT: 0988.205.366

Adjective Clauses

I DEFINITION

1. a dependent clause that functions as an adjective

2 modify (gives more information about) a noun or pronoun.

3 come right after its antecedent (noun/pronoun)

4 agree in number with its antecedent

Eg

 The first thanksgiving feast in the United States, which took place in 1621,

lasted three days.

 Everyone who studied for the exam passed it easily.

 The award that Mario received was for his volunteer work.

 Employees who work part-time usually receive no benefits

I DEFINITION

An adjective clause often starts with a relative pronoun or relative adverb:

P RONOUNS :

who, whom, whose, that:

which, whose, that:

A DVERBS :

when, where:

II TYPES OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

The professor who teaches my biology class won a Nobel Prize two years ago.

Professor Jones, who teaches my biology class, won a Nobel Prize two years ago.

II APPLICATION

2 Using relative pronoun as object

Eg

The address that he gave me was incorrect.



PRACTICE 1:

Ex.1: Underline the adjective clauses and name the role of relative pronouns/ the types

of relative clauses