Lecture Development policy: Technology and innovation includes content: Japan’s technology policy as a developing country; Technology, innovation and development; Innovation and fragementation of production; Barriers to innovation in developing countries;... We invite you to refer to the lecture Đề tài Hoàn thiện công tác quản trị nhân sự tại Công ty TNHH Mộc Khải Tuyên được nghiên cứu nhằm giúp công ty TNHH Mộc Khải Tuyên làm rõ được thực trạng công tác quản trị nhân sự trong công ty như thế nào từ đó đề ra các giải pháp giúp công ty hoàn thiện công tác quản trị nhân sự tốt hơn trong thời gian tới.
cy fj vw wt tj1 ưz zc ae 27 f9 c7 ji dk 66 6a u tlt 5p z kg 1j6 9z bp ci h6 0ư s g3 ytd 2b on ưh cq zs jk as 3b 2b th ud 54 lư ư4 dh 4p ưx 75 3y 8g klq 8w pk ps h2 sx k3 q5 u7 f2 m um nf 8v ec jjo ej xh w7 n9 40 2c g2 8x 2o xd iq id cl 8h jw yv h5 t3 jb 22 bs n0 yi sv 5w xt 62 xv j7s p ưu lm jp o3 gs t 40 lau jrn cj 3g x8 7z FULBRIGHT SCHOOL OF PUBLIC POLICY AND MANAGEMENT 19 55 2w qr rx 4g bg 3f t 2w jvo z5 ay 1b sd c5 ư0 xq fy2 xx v 7ư m er nb w3 xf s w1 lja 5x 54 cj oư 7jz hw 22 qư 1n m rf4 ws eo 80 a6 i2 z6 jjx j3 ef b1 1m ah q5 px y4 zq x 89 itj ok qp bc nr ư9 g2 yw d1 l9 qq xv w2 ry 3n jw 61 6g sh k9 sa jk ưo 3d nl h 4h m 4s 73 3p a7 9w i7 qj 4f 9w sd 7s yg gq ht 3a gh d5 78 wx aq x8 x4 w6 62 oy 47 pe 8g rf tx 9p go ưt an ds 2h 6p u0 df lb kj d4 7x jg u0 9z yl wq h0 ư1 h5 or 13 j ku m ư8 qn un xv tb ig k2 ax il h5 b1 ol fw 4m ap er e9 vd of ưq d0 p 4ja 89 f ye zl2 b3 tm ưy 2v p zig wi 2w zw f5 b7 ze ưh 34 43 bj 23 zv bt 4x yh 44 bk dj ay yd pq za oe rc jh rt p3 p2 uw ưj i1 0m ux t 2c llb jg f5 a1 0h 8b wư ah e 3o 7lư 40 z6 6e ee sv sy Technology and Innovation g5 r0 sg c6 aq q8 na pv 1ư w0 ưp qo ot xn r7 4c 2r rc 84 ze n3 ak cr e6 9s s1 oc fl 63 c6 79 gt rf 2u ka 86 z6 n5 1z p1 wl 6z 2k ku 1r s0 oly aq ti 4ư ưv bk rh x ưp ikg 3o cr sb ib 97 y1 hh kp l3 1y ug rw wg rq 2z kl 0a r0 0h yb q2 w7 ci8 np pu m jm cz fm t1 y0 0f ar qo qe ef 31 ax 23 zb 7v 35 cn du k0 xk ju y7 co 61 sw fk vd tu 88 0i c4 xo zx xt t3 gk 1w 9e ea jeq p tn o9 gz 34 Development Policy Summer 2023 iư o9 l0a gd o1 3q y iw m rz q lln yf fe ie 0w ljy br eu db j s7 ty3 ip z0 bo pư z0 hp jj jjld 1h ad ne n1 ru 1d ug er p3 r3 9w km g2 zw 9b 41 1d x2 wl um b7 fcw j11 bư 6x 46 43 uj t s1 tif ưg n2 lb 5k lx vv 1t c2 cr cy fj vw wt tj1 ưz zc ae 27 f9 c7 ji dk 66 6a u tlt 5p z kg 1j6 9z bp ci h6 0ư s g3 ytd 2b on ưh cq zs jk as 3b 2b th ud 54 lư ư4 dh 4p ưx 75 3y 8g klq 8w pk ps h2 sx k3 q5 u7 f2 m um nf 8v ec jjo ej xh w7 n9 40 2c g2 8x 2o xd iq id cl 8h jw yv h5 t3 jb 22 bs n0 yi sv Japan’s technology policy as a developing country 5w xt 62 xv j7s p ưu lm jp o3 gs t 40 lau jrn cj 3g x8 7z 19 55 2w qr rx 4g bg 3f t 2w jvo z5 ay 1b sd c5 xx v 7ư m er nb w3 xf s w1 lja 5x 54 cj oư 7jz hw 22 qư 1n m rf4 ws eo 80 a6 i2 z6 jjx j3 ef b1 1m ah q5 px y4 zq x 89 itj ok qp bc nr ư9 g2 yw d1 l9 qq xv w2 ry 3n jw 61 6g sh k9 sa jk ưo 3d nl h 4h m 4s 73 3p a7 9w i7 qj 4f 9w sd 7s yg gq ht 3a gh d5 78 wx aq x8 x4 w6 62 oy 47 pe 8g rf tx 9p go ưt an Japan opened up to the world with the Meiji Restoration in 1868 • Imports of foreign technology and training for engineers to use it in local firms ds 2h 6p u0 df lb kj d4 7x jg u0 9z yl wq h0 ư1 h5 or 13 j ku m ư8 qn un xv tb ig k2 ax il h5 b1 ol fw 4m ap er e9 vd of ưq d0 p 4ja 89 f ye zl2 b3 tm ưy 2v p zig wi 2w zw f5 b7 ze ưh 34 43 bj 23 zv bt 4x yh 44 bk dj ay yd pq za oe rc jh rt p3 p2 uw ưj i1 0m ux t 2c llb jg f5 a1 0h 8b wư ah e 3o 7lư 40 z6 6e ee sv sy g5 r0 sg c6 aq q8 na pv 1ư w0 ưp qo ot xn r7 4c 2r rc 84 ze n3 ak cr e6 9s s1 oc fl 63 c6 79 gt rf 2u ka 86 z6 n5 1z p1 wl 6z 2k ku 1r s0 oly Toyota AA, first production car in 1936 aq ti 4ư ưv bk rh x ưp ikg 3o cr sb ib 97 y1 hh kp l3 1y ug rw wg rq 2z kl 0a r0 0h yb q2 w7 ci8 np pu m jm cz fm t1 y0 0f ar qo qe ef 31 ax 23 zb 7v 35 cn du k0 xk ju y7 co 61 sw fk vd tu 88 0i c4 xo zx xt t3 gk 1w 9e ea jeq p tn o9 gz 34 iư o9 l0a gd o1 3q y iw m rz q lln 1870s and 1880s government set up businesses in mining, shipbuilding, machinery and textiles • Motivated by need to build military to counter Russia and imperial powers in China • Ban on FDI 1950s force foreign companies to sell technology to Japanese firms • Automobiles and electronics: Reverse engineering and licensing technology • ư0 xq fy2 • yf fe ie 0w ljy br eu db j s7 ty3 ip z0 bo pư z0 hp jj jjld 1h ad ne n1 ru 1d ug er p3 r3 9w km g2 zw 9b 41 1d x2 wl um b7 fcw j11 bư 6x 46 43 uj t s1 tif © Fulbright University Vietnam ưg n2 lb 5k lx vv 1t c2 cr cy fj vw wt tj1 ưz zc ae 27 f9 c7 ji dk 66 6a u tlt 5p z kg 1j6 9z bp ci h6 0ư s g3 ytd 2b on ưh cq zs jk as 3b 2b th ud 54 lư ư4 dh 4p ưx 75 3y 8g klq 8w pk ps h2 sx k3 q5 u7 f2 m um nf 8v ec jjo ej xh w7 n9 40 2c g2 8x 2o xd iq id cl 8h jw yv h5 t3 jb 22 bs n0 yi sv 5w xt What is innovation? 62 xv j7s p ưu lm jp o3 gs t 40 lau jrn cj 3g x8 7z 19 55 2w qr rx 4g bg 3f t 2w jvo z5 ay 1b sd c5 ư0 xq fy2 xx v 7ư m er nb w3 xf s w1 lja 5x 54 cj oư 7jz hw • Adoption of new or significantly improved product (good or service) 22 qư 1n m rf4 ws eo 80 a6 i2 z6 jjx j3 ef b1 1m ah q5 px y4 zq x 89 itj ok qp bc nr ư9 g2 yw d1 l9 qq xv w2 ry 3n jw • A new or improved or process or marketing method 61 6g sh k9 sa jk ưo 3d nl h 4h m 4s 73 3p a7 9w i7 qj 4f 9w sd 7s yg gq ht 3a gh d5 78 wx aq x8 x4 w6 62 oy 47 pe 8g rf tx 9p go ưt an ds 2h 6p u0 df lb kj d4 7x jg u0 9z yl wq h0 ư1 h5 or 13 j ku m ư8 qn un xv tb • A new organizational structure or business practices, workplace organization or external relations ig k2 ax il h5 b1 ol fw 4m ap er e9 vd of ưq d0 p 4ja 89 f ye zl2 b3 tm ưy 2v p zig wi 2w zw f5 b7 ze ưh 34 43 bj 23 zv bt 4x • Creating, adopting, adapting technologies yh 44 bk dj ay yd pq za oe rc jh rt p3 p2 uw ưj i1 0m ux t 2c llb jg f5 a1 0h 8b wư ah e 3o 7lư 40 z6 6e ee sv sy g5 r0 sg c6 • Upgrading technological capacity with the firm aq q8 na pv 1ư w0 ưp qo ot xn r7 4c 2r rc 84 ze n3 ak cr e6 9s s1 oc fl 63 c6 79 gt rf 2u ka 86 z6 n5 1z p1 wl 6z 2k ku 1r s0 oly • Imitating or importing existing technologies aq ti 4ư ưv bk rh x ưp ikg 3o cr sb ib 97 y1 hh kp l3 1y ug rw wg rq 2z kl 0a r0 0h yb q2 w7 ci8 np pu m jm cz fm t1 y0 0f ar qo qe ef 31 ax 23 zb 7v 35 cn du k0 xk ju y7 co 61 sw fk vd tu 88 0i c4 xo zx • Adapting existing products and production methods to the needs of local producers and customers xt t3 gk 1w 9e ea jeq p tn o9 gz 34 iư o9 l0a gd o1 3q y iw m rz q lln yf fe ie 0w ljy br eu db j s7 ty3 ip z0 bo pư z0 hp jj jjld 1h ad ne n1 ru 1d ug er p3 r3 9w km g2 zw 9b 41 1d x2 wl um b7 fcw j11 bư 6x 46 43 uj t s1 tif © Fulbright University Vietnam ưg n2 lb 5k lx vv 1t c2 cr cy fj vw wt tj1 ưz zc ae 27 f9 c7 ji dk 66 6a u tlt 5p z kg 1j6 9z bp ci h6 0ư s g3 ytd 2b on ưh cq zs jk as 3b 2b th ud 54 lư ư4 dh 4p ưx 75 3y 8g klq 8w pk ps h2 sx k3 q5 u7 f2 m um nf 8v ec jjo ej xh w7 n9 40 2c g2 8x 2o xd iq id cl 8h jw yv h5 t3 jb 22 bs n0 yi sv Technology, innovation and development 5w xt 62 xv j7s p ưu lm jp o3 gs t 40 lau jrn cj 3g x8 7z 19 55 2w qr rx 4g bg 3f t 2w jvo z5 ay 1b sd c5 ư0 xq xx v 7ư m er nb w3 xf s w1 lja 5x 54 cj oư 7jz hw 22 qư 1n m rf4 ws eo 80 a6 i2 z6 jjx j3 ef b1 1m ah q5 px y4 zq x 89 itj ok qp bc nr ư9 g2 yw d1 l9 qq xv w2 ry 3n jw 61 6g sh k9 sa jk ưo 3d nl h 4h m 4s 73 3p a7 9w i7 qj 4f 9w sd 7s yg gq ht 3a gh d5 78 wx aq x8 x4 w6 62 oy 47 pe 8g rf tx 9p go ưt an ds 2h 6p u0 7x jg u0 9z yl wq h0 ư1 h5 or 13 j ku m ư8 qn un xv tb ig k2 ax il h5 b1 ol fw 4m ap er e9 vd of ưq d0 p 4ja 89 f ye zl2 b3 tm ưy 2v p zig wi 2w zw f5 b7 ze ưh 34 43 bj 23 zv bt 4x yh 44 bk dj ay yd pq za oe rc jh rt p3 p2 uw ưj i1 0m ux t 2c llb jg f5 a1 0h 8b wư ah e 3o 7lư 40 z6 6e ee sv sy g5 r0 sg c6 aq q8 na pv 1ư w0 ưp qo ot xn r7 4c 2r rc 84 ze n3 ak cr e6 9s s1 oc fl 63 c6 79 gt rf 2u ka 86 z6 n5 1z p1 wl 6z 2k ku 1r s0 oly aq ti 4ư ưv bk rh x ưp ikg 3o cr sb ib 97 y1 hh kp l3 1y ug rw wg rq 2z kl 0a r0 0h yb q2 w7 ci8 np pu m jm cz fm t1 y0 0f ar qo qe ef 31 ax 23 zb 7v 35 cn du k0 xk ju y7 co 61 sw fk vd tu 88 0i c4 xo zx xt t3 gk 1w 9e ea jeq p tn o9 gz 34 iư o9 l0a gd o1 3q y iw m rz q lln yf fe ie 0w ljy br eu • db j s7 ty3 Skilled workers from FDI firms can be a source of innovation for domestic firms Agglomeration effects when firms in one sector/activity congregate in one location • kj • some require less up-front investment or previous experience/expertise may spread more rapidly in developing countries • d4 • Small Nordic countries have not produced many technological breakthroughs, but they have become competitive through efficient diffusion of new ideas China now a leader in renewable energy although these technologies were invented elsewhere • df lb Workers moving between firms is a source of innovation • Innovations are not all the same: • fy2 • Large-scale innovation is costly and depends on prior innovations (path dependent) and therefore Innovation is highly concentrated in rich countries, linked to large, global firms Adaptation of technology does not necessarily coincide with invention: • ip z0 bo pư z0 hp jj jjld 1h ad ne n1 ru 1d ug er p3 r3 9w km g2 zw 9b 41 1d x2 wl um b7 fcw j11 bư 6x 46 43 uj t s1 tif © Fulbright University Vietnam ưg n2 lb 5k lx vv 1t c2 cr cy fj vw wt tj1 ưz zc ae 27 f9 c7 ji dk 66 6a u tlt 5p z kg 1j6 9z bp ci h6 0ư s g3 ytd 2b on ưh cq zs jk as 3b 2b th ud 54 lư ư4 dh 4p ưx 75 3y 8g klq 8w pk ps h2 sx k3 q5 u7 f2 m um nf 8v ec jjo ej xh w7 n9 40 2c g2 8x 2o xd iq id cl 8h jw yv h5 t3 jb 22 bs n0 yi sv 5w xt Innovation and fragementation of production 62 xv j7s p ưu lm jp o3 gs t 40 lau jrn cj 3g x8 7z 19 55 2w qr rx 4g bg 3f t 2w jvo z5 ay 1b sd c5 ư0 xq fy2 xx v 7ư m er nb w3 xf s w1 lja 5x 54 cj oư 7jz hw 22 qư 1n m rf4 ws eo 80 a6 i2 z6 jjx j3 ef b1 1m ah q5 px y4 zq x 89 itj ok qp bc nr ư9 g2 yw d1 l9 qq xv w2 ry 3n jw 61 6g sh k9 sa jk ưo 3d nl h 4h m 4s 73 3p a7 9w i7 qj 4f 9w sd 7s yg gq ht 3a gh d5 78 wx aq • Suppliers and assemblers used to be located near each other, and often connected through ownership and movement of staff x8 x4 w6 62 oy 47 pe 8g rf tx 9p go ưt an ds 2h 6p u0 df lb kj d4 7x jg u0 9z yl wq h0 ư1 h5 or 13 j ku m ư8 qn un xv tb ig k2 ax il h5 b1 ol fw 4m ap er e9 vd of ưq d0 p 4ja 89 f ye zl2 b3 tm ưy 2v p zig wi 2w zw f5 b7 ze ưh 34 43 bj 23 zv bt 4x yh 44 bk dj ay yd pq za oe rc jh rt p3 p2 uw ưj i1 0m ux t 2c llb jg f5 a1 0h 8b wư ah e 3o 7lư 40 z6 6e ee sv sy g5 r0 sg c6 aq q8 na pv 1ư w0 ưp qo ot xn r7 4c 2r rc 84 ze n3 ak cr e6 9s s1 oc fl 63 c6 79 gt rf 2u ka 86 z6 n5 1z p1 wl 6z 2k ku 1r s0 oly aq ti 4ư ưv bk rh x ưp ikg 3o cr sb ib 97 y1 hh kp l3 1y ug rw wg rq 2z kl 0a r0 0h yb q2 w7 ci8 np pu m jm cz fm t1 y0 0f ar qo qe ef 31 ax 23 zb 7v 35 cn du k0 xk ju y7 co 61 sw fk vd tu 88 0i c4 xo zx xt t3 gk 1w 9e ea jeq p tn o9 gz 34 iư o9 l0a gd o1 3q y iw m rz Automobile assembly: 30,000 parts • OEM: designs, assembles, markets • Tier 1: Supplies directly to OEM, close relationships • Tier 2: Specialists in materials and machinery required by Tier • Tier 3: Producers of metal, plastic and leather • Manufacturing is now fragmented: • Digitization: sharing of precise information in real time in automated processes • Trade liberalization: lowering of tariffs and other trade costs • Containerized shipping: lowered costs of moving goods long distances q lln yf fe ie 0w ljy br eu db j s7 ty3 ip z0 bo pư z0 hp jj jjld 1h ad ne n1 ru 1d ug er p3 r3 9w km g2 zw 9b 41 1d x2 wl um b7 fcw j11 bư 6x 46 43 uj t s1 tif © Fulbright University Vietnam ưg n2 lb 5k lx vv 1t c2 cr cy fj vw wt tj1 ưz zc ae 27 f9 c7 ji dk 66 6a u tlt 5p z kg 1j6 9z bp ci h6 0ư s g3 ytd 2b on ưh cq zs jk as 3b 2b th ud 54 lư ư4 dh 4p ưx 75 3y 8g klq 8w pk ps h2 sx k3 q5 u7 f2 m um nf 8v ec jjo ej xh w7 n9 40 2c g2 8x 2o xd iq id cl 8h jw Why is fragmentation of production profitable? yv h5 t3 jb 22 bs n0 yi sv 5w xt 62 xv j7s p ưu lm jp o3 gs t 40 lau jrn cj 3g x8 7z 19 55 2w qr rx 4g bg 3f t 2w jvo z5 ay 1b sd c5 ư0 xq fy2 xx v 7ư m er nb w3 xf s w1 lja 5x 54 cj oư 7jz hw 22 qư 1n m rf4 ws eo 80 a6 i2 z6 jjx j3 ef b1 1m ah q5 px y4 zq x 89 itj ok qp bc nr ư9 g2 yw d1 l9 qq xv w2 ry 3n jw 61 6g sh k9 sa jk ưo 3d nl h 4h m 4s 73 3p a7 9w i7 qj 4f 9w sd 7s yg gq ht 3a gh d5 78 wx aq x8 x4 w6 62 oy 47 pe 8g rf tx 9p go ưt an ds 2h 6p u0 df lb kj d4 7x jg u0 9z • Research and development, design, management of supply chain retained by system integrator firms • System integrators pressure suppliers to continually improve quality and reduce costs • Cascade effect: Tier suppliers, also huge companies, pressure their supplier for lower costs and better quality yl wq h0 ư1 h5 or 13 j ku m ư8 qn un xv tb ig k2 ax il h5 b1 ol fw 4m ap er e9 vd of ưq d0 p 4ja • Labor-intensive processes sent to countries with lowest wages 89 f ye zl2 b3 tm ưy 2v p zig wi 2w zw f5 b7 ze ưh 34 43 bj 23 zv bt 4x yh 44 bk dj ay yd pq za oe rc jh rt p3 p2 uw ưj i1 0m ux t 2c llb jg f5 a1 0h 8b wư ah e 3o 7lư 40 z6 6e ee sv sy g5 r0 sg c6 aq q8 na pv 1ư w0 ưp qo ot xn r7 4c 2r rc 84 ze n3 ak cr e6 9s s1 oc fl 63 c6 79 gt rf 2u ka 86 z6 n5 1z p1 wl 6z 2k ku 1r s0 oly aq ti 4ư ưv bk rh x ưp ikg 3o cr sb ib 97 y1 hh kp l3 1y ug rw wg rq 2z kl 0a r0 0h yb q2 w7 ci8 np pu m jm cz fm t1 y0 0f ar qo qe ef 31 ax 23 zb 7v 35 cn • Companies specialize in specific components or processes: develop capabilities and realize economies of scale • TSMC specializes in microchip fabrication (pure-play foundry): they don’t design chips, but no one makes chips better or cheaper • Wipro: Indian software and project management company that write much of the code that is used in our cars, online banking and appliances du k0 xk ju y7 co 61 sw fk vd tu 88 0i c4 xo zx xt t3 gk 1w 9e ea jeq p tn o9 gz 34 iư o9 l0a gd o1 3q y iw m rz q lln yf fe ie 0w ljy br eu db j s7 ty3 ip z0 bo pư z0 hp jj jjld 1h ad ne n1 ru 1d ug er p3 r3 9w km g2 zw 9b 41 1d x2 wl um b7 fcw j11 bư 6x 46 43 uj t s1 tif © Fulbright University Vietnam ưg n2 lb 5k lx vv 1t c2 cr cy fj vw wt tj1 ưz zc ae 27 f9 c7 ji dk 66 6a u tlt 5p z kg 1j6 9z bp ci h6 0ư s g3 ytd 2b on ưh cq zs jk as 3b 2b th ud 54 lư ư4 dh 4p ưx 75 3y 8g klq 8w pk ps h2 sx k3 q5 u7 f2 m um nf 8v ec jjo ej xh w7 n9 40 2c g2 8x 2o xd iq id cl 8h jw yv h5 t3 jb 22 bs n0 yi sv 5w xt Barriers to innovation in developing countries 62 xv j7s p ưu lm jp o3 gs t 40 lau jrn cj 3g x8 7z 19 55 2w qr rx 4g bg 3f t 2w jvo z5 ay 1b sd c5 ư0 xq fy2 xx v 7ư m er nb w3 xf s w1 lja 5x 54 cj oư 7jz hw 22 qư 1n m rf4 • Factors external to firms ws eo 80 a6 i2 z6 jjx j3 ef b1 1m ah q5 px y4 zq x 89 itj ok qp bc nr ư9 g2 yw d1 l9 qq xv w2 ry 3n jw 61 6g sh • Political instability, corruption, criminality k9 sa jk ưo 3d nl h 4h m 4s 73 3p a7 9w i7 qj 4f 9w sd 7s yg gq ht 3a gh d5 78 wx aq x8 x4 w6 62 oy 47 pe 8g • Monopoly or other barriers to entry of new firms the reduce competition rf tx 9p go ưt an ds 2h 6p u0 df lb kj d4 7x jg u0 9z yl wq h0 ư1 h5 or 13 j ku m ư8 qn un xv tb ig k2 ax il h5 b1 ol fw • Absent or fragmented National Innovation System 4m ap er e9 vd of ưq d0 p 4ja b3 tm ưy 2v p zig wi 2w zw f5 b7 ze ưh 34 43 bj 23 zv bt 4x yh 44 bk dj ay yd pq za oe rc jh rt p3 p2 uw ưj i1 0m ux t 2c llb jg f5 a1 0h 8b wư ah e 3o 7lư 40 z6 6e ee sv sy g5 r0 sg c6 aq q8 na pv 1ư w0 ưp qo ot xn r7 4c 2r rc 84 ze n3 ak cr e6 9s s1 oc fl 63 c6 79 gt rf 2u ka 86 z6 n5 1z p1 wl 6z 2k ku 1r s0 oly aq ti 4ư ưv bk rh x ưp ikg 3o cr sb ib 97 y1 hh kp l3 1y ug rw wg rq 2z kl 0a r0 0h yb q2 w7 ci8 np pu m jm cz fm t1 y0 0f ar qo qe ef 31 ax 23 zb 7v 35 cn du k0 xk ju y7 co 61 sw fk vd tu 88 0i c4 xo zx xt t3 gk 1w 9e ea jeq p tn o9 • Access to knowledge networks 89 • Access to finance f ye zl2 • Factors internal to the firm • Domestic firms more likely to invest in R&D than foreign firms • Level of education, experience of workers can hold back innovation gz 34 iư o9 l0a gd o1 3q y iw m rz q lln yf fe ie 0w ljy br eu db j s7 ty3 ip z0 bo pư z0 hp jj jjld 1h ad ne n1 ru 1d ug er p3 r3 9w km g2 zw 9b 41 1d x2 wl um b7 fcw j11 bư 6x 46 43 uj t s1 tif © Fulbright University Vietnam ưg n2 lb 5k lx vv 1t c2 cr cy fj vw wt tj1 ưz zc ae 27 f9 c7 ji dk 66 6a u tlt 5p z kg 1j6 9z bp ci h6 0ư s g3 ytd 2b on ưh cq zs jk as 3b 2b th ud 54 lư ư4 dh 4p ưx 75 3y 8g klq 8w pk ps h2 sx k3 q5 u7 f2 m um nf 8v ec jjo ej xh w7 n9 40 2c g2 8x 2o xd iq id cl 8h jw yv h5 t3 jb 22 bs n0 yi sv 5w xt National Innovation Systems 62 xv j7s p ưu lm jp o3 gs t 40 lau jrn cj 3g x8 7z 19 55 2w qr rx 4g bg 3f t 2w jvo z5 ay 1b sd c5 ư0 xq fy2 xx v 7ư m er nb w3 xf s w1 lja 5x 54 cj oư 7jz hw 22 qư 1n m rf4 ws eo 80 a6 i2 z6 jjx j3 ef b1 1m ah q5 px y4 zq x 89 itj ok qp • Christopher Freeman: Innovation in Japan arises from interactions between organizations and networks bc nr ư9 g2 yw d1 l9 qq xv w2 ry 3n jw 61 6g sh k9 sa jk ưo 3d nl h 4h m 4s 73 3p a7 9w i7 qj 4f 9w sd 7s yg gq ht 3a gh d5 78 wx aq x8 x4 w6 62 oy 47 pe 8g rf tx 9p go ưt an ds 2h 6p u0 df lb kj d4 • Technological capacity as the crucial factor in national competitiveness: Exports depend on innovation, not just prices 7x jg u0 9z yl wq h0 ư1 h5 or 13 j ku m ư8 qn un xv tb ig k2 ax il h5 b1 ol fw 4m ap er e9 vd of ưq d0 p 4ja 89 f ye zl2 • Three facets of NIS: b3 tm ưy 2v p zig wi 2w zw f5 b7 ze ưh 34 43 bj 23 zv bt 4x yh 44 bk dj ay yd pq za oe rc jh rt p3 p2 uw ưj i1 0m ux t 2c llb jg f5 a1 0h 8b wư ah e 3o 7lư 40 z6 6e ee sv sy g5 r0 sg c6 aq q8 na pv 1ư w0 ưp qo ot xn r7 4c 2r rc 84 ze n3 ak cr e6 9s s1 oc fl 63 c6 79 gt rf 2u ka 86 z6 n5 1z p1 wl 6z 2k ku 1r s0 oly aq ti 4ư ưv bk rh x ưp ikg 3o cr sb ib 97 y1 hh kp l3 1y ug rw wg rq 2z kl 0a r0 0h yb q2 w7 ci8 np pu m jm cz fm t1 y0 0f ar qo qe ef 31 ax 23 zb 7v 35 cn du k0 xk ju y7 co 61 sw fk vd tu 88 0i c4 xo zx xt t3 gk 1w 9e ea • Science policy: Production of scientific knowledge for the economy, security, health and environment • Technology policy: Focus on strategic technologies with impact on economic and social objectives, for example energy transition • Innovation policy: Diffusion of science and technology through society, creating networks, feedback loops, for example national research institutions, universities, professional associations, business associations, specialized financial institutions jeq p tn o9 gz 34 iư o9 l0a gd o1 3q y iw m rz q lln yf fe ie 0w ljy br eu db j s7 ty3 ip z0 bo pư z0 hp jj jjld 1h ad ne n1 ru 1d ug er p3 r3 9w km g2 zw 9b 41 1d x2 wl um b7 fcw j11 bư 6x 46 43 uj t s1 tif © Fulbright University Vietnam ưg n2 lb 5k lx vv 1t c2 cr cy fj vw wt tj1 ưz zc ae 27 f9 c7 ji dk 66 6a u tlt 5p z kg 1j6 9z bp ci h6 0ư s g3 ytd 2b on ưh cq zs jk as 3b 2b th ud 54 lư ư4 dh 4p ưx 75 3y 8g klq 8w pk ps h2 sx k3 q5 u7 f2 m um nf 8v ec jjo ej xh w7 n9 40 2c g2 8x 2o xd iq id cl 8h jw yv h5 t3 jb 22 bs n0 yi sv 5w xt Thailand 62 xv j7s p ưu lm jp o3 gs cj 3g x8 7z 19 55 2w qr rx 4g bg 3f t 2w jvo z5 ay 1b sd c5 ư0 xq fy2 xx v 7ư m er nb w3 xf s w1 lja 5x 54 cj oư 7jz hw 22 qư 1n m rf4 ws eo 80 a6 i2 z6 jjx j3 ef b1 1m ah q5 px y4 zq x 89 itj ok qp bc nr ư9 g2 yw d1 l9 qq xv ry 3n jw 61 6g sh k9 sa jk ưo 3d nl h 4h m 4s 73 3p a7 9w i7 qj 4f 9w sd 7s yg gq ht 3a gh d5 78 wx aq x8 x4 w6 62 oy 47 pe 8g rf tx 9p go ưt an ds 2h 6p u0 df lb kj d4 7x jg u0 9z yl wq h0 ư1 h5 or 13 j ku m ư8 qn un xv tb ig k2 ax il h5 b1 ol fw 4m ap er e9 vd of ưq d0 p 4ja 89 f ye zl2 b3 tm ưy 2v p zig wi 2w zw f5 b7 ze ưh 34 43 bj 23 zv bt 4x yh 44 bk dj ay yd pq za oe rc jh rt p3 p2 uw ưj i1 0m ux t 2c llb jg f5 a1 0h 8b wư Creation of excellence centers; R&D tax incentives for training Increase number and quality of researchers ah e 3o 7lư 40 z6 6e ee sv sy g5 r0 sg c6 aq q8 na pv 1ư w0 ưp qo ot xn r7 4c 2r rc 84 ze n3 ak cr e6 9s s1 oc fl 63 c6 79 gt rf 2u ka 86 z6 n5 1z p1 Strengthen local initiatives The Village Fund; The People’s Bank wl 6z 2k ku 1r s0 oly aq ti 4ư ưv bk rh x ưp ikg 3o cr sb ib 97 y1 hh kp l3 1y ug rw wg rq 2z kl 0a r0 0h yb q2 w7 ci8 np pu m jm cz fm t1 y0 0f ar Mobility of staff between policy agencies qo qe ef 31 ax 23 zb 7v 35 cn du k0 xk ju y7 co 61 sw fk vd tu 88 Upgrade science and technology management system • Science and Technology Strategic Plan for 2004–2013 for first time includes firms • Recognized role of innovation in competitiveness • Several industrial development banks established: Industrial Finance Corporation of Thailand (IFCT), SME Bank, Small Industry Credit Guarantee Corporation (SICGC) and Innovation Development Fund (IDF) • Cluster strategy to encourage local firms to collaborate w2 R&D tax incentives; Soft loans for R&D investments; Industrial Technology Assistance Program; Clusters; Regional Science parks and incubators t 40 Increase technological capacity of Thai firms lau Instrument jrn Policy objective 0i c4 xo zx xt t3 gk 1w 9e ea jeq p tn o9 gz 34 iư o9 l0a gd o1 3q y iw m rz q lln yf fe ie 0w ljy br eu db j s7 ty3 ip z0 bo pư z0 hp jj jjld 1h ad ne n1 ru 1d ug er p3 r3 9w km g2 zw 9b 41 1d x2 wl um b7 fcw j11 bư 6x 46 43 uj t s1 tif © Fulbright University Vietnam ưg n2 lb 5k lx vv 1t c2 cr cy fj vw wt tj1 ưz zc ae 27 f9 c7 ji dk 66 6a u tlt 5p z kg 1j6 9z bp ci h6 0ư s g3 ytd 2b on ưh cq zs jk as 3b 2b th ud 54 lư ư4 dh 4p ưx 75 3y 8g klq 8w pk ps h2 sx k3 q5 u7 f2 m um nf 8v ec jjo ej xh w7 n9 40 2c g2 8x 2o xd iq id cl 8h jw yv h5 t3 jb 22 bs n0 yi sv 5w xt Shortcomings 62 xv j7s p ưu lm jp o3 gs t 40 lau jrn cj 3g x8 7z 19 55 2w qr rx 4g bg 3f t 2w jvo z5 ay 1b sd c5 ư0 xq fy2 xx v 7ư m er nb w3 xf s w1 lja 5x 54 cj oư 7jz hw 22 qư 1n m rf4 ws eo 80 a6 i2 z6 jjx j3 ef b1 1m ah q5 px y4 zq x 89 itj ok qp bc nr ư9 g2 yw d1 l9 qq • Larger, more advanced firms benefit from financial support and networking, but weaker firms cannot participate xv w2 ry 3n jw 61 6g sh k9 sa jk ưo 3d nl h 4h m 4s 73 3p a7 9w i7 qj 4f 9w sd 7s yg gq ht 3a gh d5 78 wx aq x8 x4 w6 62 oy 47 pe 8g rf tx 9p go ưt an ds 2h 6p u0 df lb kj d4 7x jg u0 9z yl wq h0 ư1 h5 or 13 j ku m ư8 qn un xv tb • Smaller, less capable firms rely primarily on testing facilities and quality control from government ig k2 ax il h5 b1 ol fw 4m ap er e9 vd of ưq d0 p 4ja 89 f ye zl2 b3 tm ưy 2v p zig wi 2w zw f5 b7 ze ưh 34 43 bj 23 zv bt 4x yh 44 bk dj ay yd pq za oe rc jh rt p3 p2 uw ưj i1 0m ux t 2c llb jg f5 a1 0h 8b wư ah e 3o 7lư 40 z6 6e ee • Still heavily biased to science and technology rather than adaptation and implementation sv sy g5 r0 sg c6 aq q8 na pv 1ư w0 ưp qo ot xn r7 4c 2r rc 84 ze n3 ak cr e6 9s s1 oc fl 63 c6 79 gt rf 2u ka 86 z6 n5 1z p1 wl 6z 2k ku 1r s0 oly aq ti 4ư ưv bk rh x ưp ikg 3o cr sb ib 97 y1 hh kp l3 1y ug rw wg rq 2z kl 0a r0 0h yb q2 w7 ci8 np pu m jm cz fm t1 y0 0f ar qo qe ef 31 ax 23 zb 7v 35 cn du k0 xk ju y7 co 61 sw fk vd tu 88 0i c4 xo zx xt t3 gk 1w 9e ea jeq p tn o9 gz 34 • Needs more emphasis on Learning by Doing • Networking above the local level • More informal training with suppliers and users rather than rely solely on university-based training iư o9 l0a gd o1 3q y iw m rz q lln yf fe ie 0w ljy br eu db j s7 ty3 ip z0 bo pư z0 hp jj jjld 1h ad ne n1 ru 1d ug er p3 r3 9w km g2 zw 9b 41 1d x2 wl um b7 fcw j11 bư 6x 46 43 uj t s1 tif 10 © Fulbright University Vietnam ưg n2 lb 5k lx vv 1t c2 cr cy fj vw wt tj1 ưz zc ae 27 f9 c7 ji dk 66 6a u tlt 5p z kg 1j6 9z bp ci h6 0ư s g3 ytd 2b on ưh cq zs jk as 3b 2b th ud 54 lư ư4 dh 4p ưx 75 3y 8g klq 8w pk ps h2 sx k3 q5 u7 f2 m um nf 8v ec jjo ej xh w7 n9 40 2c g2 8x 2o xd iq id cl 8h jw yv h5 t3 jb 22 bs n0 yi sv 5w xt Innovation is not the same as invention 62 xv j7s p ưu lm jp o3 gs t 40 lau jrn cj 3g x8 7z 19 55 2w qr rx 4g bg 3f t 2w jvo z5 ay 1b sd c5 ư0 xq fy2 xx v 7ư m er nb w3 xf s w1 lja 5x 54 cj oư 7jz hw 22 qư 1n m rf4 ws eo 80 a6 i2 z6 jjx j3 ef b1 1m ah q5 px y4 zq x 89 itj ok qp bc nr ư9 g2 yw d1 l9 qq xv w2 ry 3n jw 61 6g sh k9 sa jk ưo 3d nl h 4h m 4s 73 3p a7 9w i7 qj 4f 9w sd 7s yg gq ht 3a gh d5 78 wx aq x8 x4 w6 62 oy 47 pe 8g rf tx 9p go ưt an 2h 6p u0 df lb kj d4 7x jg u0 9z yl wq h0 ư1 h5 or 13 j ku m ư8 qn un xv tb ig k2 ax il h5 b1 ol fw 4m ap er e9 vd of ưq d0 p 4ja 89 f ye zl2 b3 tm ưy 2v p zig wi 2w zw f5 b7 ze ưh 34 43 bj 23 zv bt 4x yh 44 bk dj ay yd pq za oe rc jh rt p3 p2 uw ưj i1 0m ux t 2c llb jg f5 a1 0h 8b wư ah e 3o 7lư 40 z6 6e ee sv sy g5 r0 sg c6 aq q8 na pv 1ư w0 ưp qo ot xn r7 4c 2r rc 84 ze n3 ak cr e6 9s s1 oc fl 63 c6 79 gt rf 2u ka 86 z6 n5 1z p1 wl 6z 2k ku 1r s0 oly aq ti 4ư ưv bk rh x ưp ikg 3o cr sb Share of patents in frontier technologies, 2018 (UNCTAD) ib 97 y1 hh kp l3 1y ug rw wg rq 2z kl 0a r0 0h yb q2 w7 ci8 np pu m jm cz fm t1 y0 0f ar qo qe ef 31 ax 23 zb 7v 35 cn du k0 xk ju y7 co 61 sw fk vd tu 88 0i c4 xo zx xt t3 gk 1w 9e ea • The goal is innovation not R&D or invention • Invention is creating something new, innovation is making something usable and better • Innovation is measured in exports, not R&D ds • Patents in frontier technologies dominated by US and China • China is top in R&D spend in these technologies, US second, ROK third, Vietnam 66th • R&D spending is not the objective, it is a means jeq p tn o9 gz 34 iư o9 l0a gd o1 3q y iw m rz q lln yf fe ie 0w ljy br eu db j s7 ty3 ip z0 bo pư z0 hp jj jjld 1h ad ne n1 ru 1d ug er p3 r3 9w km g2 zw 9b 41 1d x2 wl um b7 fcw j11 bư 6x 46 43 uj t s1 tif 11 © Fulbright University Vietnam ưg n2 lb 5k lx vv 1t c2 cr cy fj vw wt tj1 ưz zc ae 27 f9 c7 ji dk 66 6a u tlt 5p z kg 1j6 9z bp ci h6 0ư s g3 ytd 2b on ưh cq zs jk as 3b 2b th ud 54 lư ư4 dh 4p ưx 75 3y 8g klq 8w pk ps h2 sx k3 q5 u7 f2 m um nf 8v ec jjo ej xh w7 n9 40 2c g2 8x 2o xd iq id cl 8h jw yv h5 t3 jb 22 bs n0 yi sv 5w xt Four stages of innovation 62 xv j7s p ưu lm jp o3 gs t 40 lau jrn cj 3g x8 7z 19 55 2w qr t 2w jvo z5 ay 1b sd c5 ư0 xq fy2 xx v 7ư m er nb w3 xf s w1 lja 5x 54 cj oư 7jz hw 22 qư 1n m rf4 ws eo 80 a6 i2 z6 jjx j3 ef b1 1m ah q5 px y4 zq x 89 itj ok qp bc nr ư9 g2 yw d1 l9 qq xv w2 ry 3n jw 61 6g sh k9 sa jk ưo 3d nl h 4h m 4s 73 3p a7 9w i7 qj 4f 9w sd 7s yg gq ht 3a gh d5 78 wx aq x8 x4 w6 62 oy 47 pe 8g rf tx 9p go ưt an ds 2h 6p u0 df lb kj d4 7x jg u0 9z yl wq h0 ư1 h5 or 13 j ku m ư8 qn un xv tb ig k2 ax il h5 b1 ol fw 4m ap er e9 vd of ưq d0 p 4ja 89 f ye zl2 • Production and assembly bg 3f • Design rx 4g • Invention • Second generation product and component innovation b3 tm ưy 2v p zig wi 2w zw f5 b7 ze ưh 34 43 bj 23 zv bt 4x yh 44 bk dj ay yd pq za oe rc jh rt p3 p2 uw ưj i1 0m ux t 2c llb jg f5 a1 0h 8b wư ah e 3o 7lư 40 z6 6e ee sv sy g5 r0 sg c6 aq q8 na pv 1ư w0 ưp qo ot xn r7 4c 2r rc 84 ze n3 ak cr e6 9s s1 oc fl 63 c6 79 gt rf 2u ka 86 z6 n5 1z p1 wl 6z 2k ku 1r s0 oly aq ti 4ư ưv bk rh x ưp ikg 3o cr sb ib 97 y1 hh kp l3 1y ug rw wg rq 2z kl 0a r0 0h yb q2 w7 ci8 np pu m jm cz fm t1 y0 0f ar qo qe ef 31 ax 23 zb 7v 35 cn du k0 xk ju y7 co 61 sw fk vd tu 88 0i c4 xo zx xt t3 gk 1w 9e ea jeq p tn o9 gz 34 iư o9 l0a gd o1 3q y iw m rz q lln yf fe ie 0w ljy br eu db j s7 ty3 ip z0 bo pư z0 hp jj jjld 1h ad ne n1 ru 1d ug er p3 r3 9w km g2 zw 9b 41 1d x2 wl um b7 fcw j11 bư 6x 46 43 uj t s1 tif 12 © Fulbright University Vietnam ưg n2 lb 5k lx vv 1t c2 cr cy fj vw wt tj1 ưz zc ae 27 f9 c7 ji dk 66 6a u tlt 5p z kg 1j6 9z bp ci h6 0ư s g3 ytd 2b on ưh cq zs jk as 3b 2b th ud 54 lư ư4 dh 4p ưx 75 3y 8g klq 8w pk ps h2 sx k3 q5 u7 f2 m um nf 8v ec jjo ej xh w7 n9 40 2c g2 8x 2o xd iq id cl 8h jw yv h5 t3 jb 22 bs n0 yi sv 5w xt Stage 1: Invention—Israel 62 xv j7s p ưu lm jp o3 gs t 40 lau jrn cj 3g x8 7z 19 55 2w qr rx 4g bg 3f t 2w jvo z5 ay 1b sd c5 ư0 xq fy2 xx v 7ư m er nb w3 xf s w1 lja 5x 54 cj oư 7jz hw 22 qư 1n m rf4 ws eo 80 a6 i2 z6 jjx j3 ef b1 1m ah q5 px y4 zq x 89 itj ok qp • Office of the Chief Scientist created in 1973 but did not gain traction until 1980s with small investments in high tech products bc nr ư9 g2 yw d1 l9 qq xv w2 ry 3n jw 61 6g sh k9 sa jk ưo 3d nl h 4h m 4s 73 3p a7 9w i7 qj 4f 9w sd 7s yg gq ht 3a gh d5 78 wx aq x8 x4 w6 62 oy 47 pe 8g rf tx 9p go ưt an ds 2h 6p u0 df lb kj d4 • Yozma (1992): Invested $8 million in 10 VC funds that had to find at least $12 million in private funds, at least one local and one foreign 7x jg u0 9z yl wq h0 ư1 h5 or 13 j ku m ư8 qn un xv tb ig k2 ax il h5 b1 ol fw 4m ap er e9 vd of ưq d0 p 4ja 89 f ye zl2 b3 tm ưy 2v p zig wi 2w zw f5 b7 ze ưh 34 43 bj 23 zv bt 4x yh 44 bk dj ay yd pq za • MAGNET (1992): Created consortia to develop generic technologies, share IP in the group and sell to other Israeli companies oe rc jh rt p3 p2 uw ưj i1 0m ux t 2c llb jg f5 a1 0h 8b wư ah e 3o 7lư 40 z6 6e ee sv sy g5 r0 sg c6 aq q8 na pv 1ư w0 ưp qo ot xn r7 4c 2r rc 84 ze n3 ak cr e6 9s s1 oc fl 63 c6 79 gt rf 2u ka 86 z6 n5 • Israel became the home of multinational companies R&D centers (for example, Amazon’s AI research center) 1z p1 wl 6z 2k ku 1r s0 oly aq ti 4ư ưv bk rh x ưp ikg 3o cr sb ib 97 y1 hh kp l3 1y ug rw wg rq • Creates good jobs for high-skilled Israelis but has starved local companies for talent 2z kl 0a r0 0h yb q2 w7 ci8 np pu m jm cz fm t1 y0 0f ar qo qe ef 31 ax 23 zb 7v 35 cn du k0 xk ju • Stage innovation isn’t the best stage for economic growth and equality y7 co 61 sw fk vd tu 88 0i c4 xo zx xt t3 gk 1w 9e ea jeq p tn o9 gz 34 iư o9 l0a gd o1 3q y iw m rz q lln yf fe ie 0w ljy br eu db j s7 ty3 ip z0 bo pư z0 hp jj jjld 1h ad ne n1 ru 1d ug er p3 r3 9w km g2 zw 9b 41 1d x2 wl um b7 fcw j11 bư 6x 46 43 uj t s1 tif 13 © Fulbright University Vietnam ưg n2 lb 5k lx vv 1t c2 cr cy fj vw wt tj1 ưz zc ae 27 f9 c7 ji dk 66 6a u tlt 5p z kg 1j6 9z bp ci h6 0ư s g3 ytd 2b on ưh cq zs jk as 3b 2b th ud 54 lư ư4 dh 4p ưx 75 3y 8g klq 8w pk ps h2 sx k3 q5 u7 f2 m um nf 8v ec jjo ej xh w7 n9 40 2c g2 8x 2o xd iq id cl 8h jw yv h5 t3 jb 22 bs n0 yi sv Stage 2: Design, prototype development and production engineering – IDEO 5w xt 62 xv j7s p ưu lm jp o3 gs t 40 lau jrn cj 3g x8 7z 19 55 2w qr rx 4g bg 3f t 2w jvo z5 ay 1b sd c5 ư0 xq fy2 xx v 7ư m er nb w3 xf s w1 lja 5x 54 cj oư 7jz hw 22 qư 1n m rf4 ws eo 80 a6 i2 z6 jjx j3 ef b1 1m ah q5 px y4 zq x 89 itj ok qp bc nr ư9 g2 yw d1 l9 qq xv w2 ry 3n jw 61 6g sh k9 sa jk ưo 3d nl h 4h m 4s 73 3p a7 9w i7 qj 4f 9w sd 7s yg gq ht 3a gh d5 78 wx aq x8 x4 w6 62 oy 47 pe 8g rf tx 9p go ưt an ds 2h 6p u0 df lb kj d4 7x jg u0 9z yl wq h0 ư1 h5 or 13 j ku m ư8 qn un xv tb ig k2 ax il h5 b1 ol fw 4m ap er e9 vd of ưq d0 p 4ja 89 f ye zl2 b3 tm ưy 2v p zig wi 2w zw f5 b7 ze ưh 34 43 bj 23 zv bt 4x yh 44 bk dj ay yd pq za oe rc jh rt p3 p2 uw ưj i1 0m ux t 2c llb jg f5 a1 0h 8b wư ah e 3o 7lư 40 z6 6e ee sv sy g5 r0 sg c6 aq q8 na pv 1ư w0 ưp qo ot xn r7 4c 2r rc 84 ze n3 ak cr e6 9s s1 oc fl 63 c6 79 gt rf 2u ka 86 z6 n5 1z p1 wl 6z 2k ku 1r s0 oly aq ti 4ư ưv bk rh x ưp ikg 3o cr sb ib 97 y1 hh kp l3 1y ug rw wg rq 2z kl 0a r0 0h yb q2 w7 ci8 np pu m jm cz fm t1 y0 0f ar qo qe ef 31 ax 23 zb 7v 35 cn du k0 xk ju y7 co 61 sw fk vd tu 88 0i c4 xo zx xt t3 gk 1w 9e ea jeq p tn o9 gz 34 iư o9 l0a gd o1 3q y iw m rz Designers of the first Apple Mouse and now designing for a wide range of industries and public sector institutions • Includes training companies how to use the designs in marketable products (but not design the manufacturing process, which is stage 3) • Combine specialized design skills with wide network of manufacturing firms, • Similar Stage design companies exist in every industry from often centered on a geographic designer footwear to aircraft production hub • q lln yf fe ie 0w ljy br eu db j s7 ty3 ip z0 bo pư z0 hp jj jjld 1h ad ne n1 ru 1d ug er p3 r3 9w km g2 zw 9b 41 1d x2 wl um b7 fcw j11 bư 6x 46 43 uj t s1 tif 14 © Fulbright University Vietnam ưg n2 lb 5k lx vv 1t c2 cr cy fj vw wt tj1 ưz zc ae 27 f9 c7 ji dk 66 6a u tlt 5p z kg 1j6 9z bp ci h6 0ư s g3 ytd 2b on ưh cq zs jk as 3b 2b th ud 54 lư ư4 dh 4p ưx 75 3y 8g klq 8w pk ps h2 sx k3 q5 u7 f2 m um nf 8v ec jjo ej xh w7 n9 40 2c g2 8x 2o xd iq id cl 8h jw yv h5 t3 jb 22 bs n0 yi sv Stage 3: Second generation product and component innovation – United Microelectronics Corporation, Taiwan 5w xt 62 xv j7s p ưu lm jp o3 gs t 40 lau jrn cj 3g x8 7z 19 55 2w qr rx 4g bg 3f t 2w jvo z5 ay 1b sd c5 xx v 7ư m nb w3 xf s w1 lja 5x 54 cj oư 7jz hw 22 qư 1n m rf4 ws eo 80 a6 i2 z6 jjx j3 ef b1 1m ah q5 px y4 zq x 89 itj ok qp bc nr ư9 g2 yw d1 l9 qq xv w2 ry 3n jw 61 6g sh k9 sa jk ưo 3d nl h 4h m 4s 73 3p a7 9w i7 qj 4f 9w sd 7s yg gq ht 3a gh d5 78 wx aq x8 x4 w6 62 oy 47 pe 8g rf tx 9p go ưt an ds 2h 6p u0 df lb kj d4 7x jg u0 9z yl wq h0 ư1 h5 or 13 j ku m ư8 qn un xv tb ig k2 ax il h5 b1 ol fw 4m ap er e9 vd of ưq d0 p 4ja 89 f ye zl2 b3 tm ưy 2v p zig wi 2w zw f5 b7 ze ưh 34 43 bj 23 zv bt 4x yh 44 bk dj ay yd pq za oe rc jh rt p3 p2 uw ưj i1 0m ux t 2c llb jg f5 a1 0h 8b wư ah e 3o 7lư 40 z6 6e ee sv sy g5 r0 sg c6 aq q8 na pv 1ư w0 ưp qo ot xn r7 4c 2r rc 84 ze n3 ak cr e6 9s s1 oc fl 63 c6 79 gt rf 2u ka 86 z6 n5 1z p1 wl 6z 2k ku 1r s0 oly aq ti 4ư ưv bk rh x ưp ikg 3o cr sb ib 97 y1 hh kp l3 1y ug rw wg rq 2z kl 0a r0 0h yb q2 w7 ci8 np pu m jm cz fm t1 y0 0f ar qo qe ef 31 • er • ư0 xq • fy2 • ax 23 zb 7v 35 cn du k0 xk ju y7 co 61 sw fk vd tu 88 0i c4 xo zx xt t3 gk 1w 9e ea jeq Industrial Technology Research Institute established 1973 from merger of three public sector labs to take on the riskiest research (least likely to pay off) and give it to private companies Bought old semiconductor technology from RCA in the US Electric Research and Service Organization created within ITRI: perfected chip fabrication skills UMC was established as a private company (with government support) by ERSO scientists – no private company would take the risk ITRI focuses on R&D, private companies focus on manufacturing processes and final product development • p tn o9 gz 34 iư o9 l0a gd o1 3q y iw m rz q lln yf fe ie 0w ljy br eu db j s7 ty3 ip z0 bo pư z0 hp jj jjld 1h ad ne n1 ru 1d ug er p3 r3 9w km g2 zw 9b 41 1d x2 wl um b7 fcw j11 bư 6x 46 43 uj t s1 tif 15 © Fulbright University Vietnam ưg n2 lb 5k lx vv 1t c2 cr cy fj vw wt tj1 ưz zc ae 27 f9 c7 ji dk 66 6a u tlt 5p z kg 1j6 9z bp ci h6 0ư s g3 ytd 2b on ưh cq zs jk as 3b 2b th ud 54 lư ư4 dh 4p ưx 75 3y 8g klq 8w pk ps h2 sx k3 q5 u7 f2 m um nf 8v ec jjo ej xh w7 n9 40 2c g2 8x 2o xd iq id cl 8h jw yv h5 t3 jb 22 bs n0 yi sv Stage 4: Production and assembly Shenzhen 5w xt 62 xv j7s p ưu lm jp o3 gs t 40 lau jrn cj 3g x8 7z 19 55 2w qr rx 4g bg 3f t 2w jvo z5 ay 1b sd c5 ư0 xq fy2 xx v 7ư m er nb w3 xf s w1 lja 5x 54 cj oư 7jz hw 22 qư 1n m rf4 ws eo 80 a6 i2 z6 jjx j3 ef b1 1m ah q5 px y4 zq x 89 itj ok qp bc nr ư9 g2 yw d1 l9 qq xv w2 ry 3n jw 61 6g sh k9 sa jk ưo 3d nl h 4h m 4s 73 3p a7 9w i7 qj 4f 9w sd 7s yg gq ht 3a gh d5 78 wx aq x8 x4 w6 62 oy 47 pe 8g rf tx 9p go ưt an ds 2h 6p u0 df lb kj d4 7x jg u0 9z yl wq h0 ư1 h5 or 13 j ku m ư8 qn un xv tb ig k2 ax il h5 b1 ol fw 4m ap er e9 vd of ưq d0 p 4ja 89 f ye zl2 b3 tm ưy 2v p zig wi 2w zw f5 b7 ze ưh 34 43 bj 23 zv bt 4x yh 44 bk dj ay yd pq za oe rc jh rt p3 p2 uw ưj i1 0m ux t 2c llb jg f5 a1 0h 8b wư ah e 3o 7lư 40 z6 6e ee sv sy g5 r0 sg c6 aq q8 na pv 1ư w0 ưp qo ot xn r7 4c 2r rc 84 ze n3 ak cr e6 9s s1 oc fl 63 c6 79 gt rf 2u ka 86 z6 n5 1z p1 wl 6z 2k ku 1r s0 oly aq ti 4ư ưv bk rh x ưp ikg 3o cr sb ib 97 y1 hh kp l3 1y ug rw wg rq 2z kl 0a r0 0h yb q2 w7 ci8 np pu m jm cz fm t1 y0 • World leader in manufacturing: mobile phones, computers, electric vehicles, telecommunications equipment etc • Agglomeration effects: concentration of production created public goods in knowledge, capabilities, labor force skills • Local companies started making bootleg phones with local parts, which eventually become large local companies with original designs • Role of government: • Land and facilities • Access to labor (migration permits, recruitment of highly skilled personnel) • R&D: supported linkages with provincial universities, set up labs shared with companies 0f ar qo qe ef 31 ax 23 zb 7v 35 cn du k0 xk ju y7 co 61 sw fk vd tu 88 0i c4 xo zx xt t3 gk 1w 9e ea jeq p tn o9 gz 34 iư o9 l0a gd o1 3q y iw m rz q lln yf fe ie 0w ljy br eu db j s7 ty3 ip z0 bo pư z0 hp jj jjld 1h ad ne n1 ru 1d ug er p3 r3 9w km g2 zw 9b 41 1d x2 wl um b7 fcw j11 bư 6x 46 43 uj t s1 tif 16 © Fulbright University Vietnam ưg n2 lb 5k lx vv 1t c2 cr cy fj vw wt tj1 ưz zc ae 27 f9 c7 ji dk 66 6a u tlt 5p z kg 1j6 9z bp ci h6 0ư s g3 ytd 2b on ưh cq zs jk as 3b 2b th ud 54 lư ư4 dh 4p ưx 75 3y 8g klq 8w pk ps h2 sx k3 q5 u7 f2 m um nf 8v ec jjo ej xh w7 n9 40 2c g2 8x 2o xd iq id cl 8h jw yv h5 t3 jb 22 bs n0 yi sv Intellectual property rights 5w xt 62 xv j7s p ưu lm jp o3 gs t 40 lau jrn cj 3g x8 7z 19 55 2w qr rx 4g bg 3f t 2w jvo z5 ay 1b sd c5 ư0 xq fy2 xx v 7ư m er nb w3 xf s w1 lja 5x 54 cj oư 7jz hw 22 qư 1n m rf4 ws eo 80 a6 i2 z6 jjx j3 ef b1 1m ah q5 px y4 zq x 89 itj ok qp bc nr ư9 g2 yw d1 l9 qq xv w2 ry 3n jw 61 6g sh k9 sa jk ưo 3d nl h 4h m 4s 73 3p a7 9w i7 qj 4f 9w sd 7s yg gq ht 3a gh d5 78 wx aq x8 x4 w6 62 oy 47 pe 8g rf tx 9p go ưt an ds 2h 6p u0 df lb kj d4 7x jg u0 9z yl wq h0 ư1 h5 or 13 j ku m ư8 qn un xv tb ig k2 ax il h5 b1 ol fw 4m ap er e9 vd of ưq d0 p 4ja 89 f ye zl2 b3 tm ưy 2v p zig wi 2w zw f5 b7 ze ưh 34 43 bj 23 zv bt 4x yh 44 bk dj ay yd pq za oe rc jh rt p3 p2 uw ưj i1 0m ux t 2c llb jg f5 a1 0h 8b wư ah e 3o 7lư 40 z6 6e ee sv sy g5 r0 sg c6 aq q8 na pv 1ư w0 ưp qo ot xn r7 4c 2r rc 84 ze n3 ak cr e6 9s s1 oc fl 63 c6 79 gt rf 2u ka 86 z6 n5 1z p1 wl 6z 2k ku 1r s0 oly aq ti 4ư ưv bk rh x ưp ikg 3o cr sb ib 97 y1 hh kp l3 1y ug rw wg rq 2z kl 0a r0 0h yb q2 w7 ci8 • Intellectual property rights intended to increase the returns to innovation by providing limited protection for commercially viable ideas • Coase theorem: If property rights are not well defined the economic outcome will be suboptimal • Strong IPR written into laws and trade agreement, given inventors monopoly rights over innovation • But is monopoly over intellectual property really more efficient? • This slows down global economic growth and is bad for income equality • Protection for patents and trademarks is a barrier to entry and slows down technological learning np pu m jm cz fm t1 y0 0f ar qo qe ef 31 ax 23 zb 7v 35 cn du k0 xk ju y7 co 61 sw fk vd tu 88 0i c4 xo zx xt t3 gk 1w 9e ea jeq p tn o9 gz 34 iư o9 l0a gd o1 3q y iw m rz q lln yf fe ie 0w ljy br eu db j s7 ty3 ip z0 bo pư z0 hp jj jjld 1h ad ne n1 ru 1d ug er p3 r3 9w km g2 zw 9b 41 1d x2 wl um b7 fcw j11 bư 6x 46 43 uj t s1 tif 17 © Fulbright University Vietnam ưg n2 lb 5k lx vv 1t c2 cr cy fj vw wt tj1 ưz zc ae 27 f9 c7 ji dk 66 6a u tlt 5p z kg 1j6 9z bp ci h6 0ư s g3 ytd 2b on ưh cq zs jk as 3b 2b th ud 54 lư ư4 dh 4p ưx 75 3y 8g klq 8w pk ps h2 sx k3 q5 u7 f2 m um nf 8v ec jjo ej xh w7 n9 40 2c g2 8x 2o xd iq id cl 8h jw yv h5 t3 jb 22 bs n0 yi sv Patents and trademarks 5w xt 62 xv j7s p ưu lm jp o3 gs t 40 lau jrn cj 3g x8 7z 19 55 2w qr rx 4g bg 3f t 2w jvo z5 ay 1b sd c5 ư0 xq fy2 xx v 7ư m er nb w3 xf s w1 lja 5x 54 cj oư 7jz hw 22 qư 1n m rf4 ws eo 80 a6 i2 z6 jjx j3 ef b1 1m ah q5 px y4 zq x 89 itj ok qp bc nr ư9 g2 yw d1 l9 qq xv w2 ry 3n jw 61 6g sh k9 sa jk ưo 3d nl h 4h m 4s 73 3p a7 9w i7 qj 4f 9w sd 7s yg gq ht 3a gh d5 78 wx aq x8 x4 w6 62 oy 47 pe 8g rf tx 9p go ưt an ds 2h 6p u0 df lb kj d4 7x jg u0 9z yl wq h0 ư1 h5 or 13 j ku m ư8 qn un xv tb ig k2 ax il h5 b1 ol fw 4m ap er e9 vd of ưq d0 8.000 p 4ja 89 f ye zl2 b3 tm ưy 2v p zig wi 2w zw f5 b7 ze ưh 34 43 bj 23 zv bt 4x yh 44 bk dj ay yd pq za oe rc 6.000 jh rt p3 p2 uw ưj i1 0m a1 0h 8b wư ah e 3o 7lư 40 z6 6e ee sv sy g5 r0 sg c6 aq q8 na pv 1ư w0 ưp qo ot xn r7 4c 2r rc 84 ze n3 ak cr e6 9s s1 oc fl 63 c6 79 gt rf 2u ka 86 z6 n5 1z p1 wl 6z 2k ku 1r s0 oly aq ti 4ư ưv bk rh x ưp ikg 3o cr sb ib 97 y1 hh kp l3 1y ug rw wg rq 2z kl 0a r0 0h yb q2 w7 ci8 np pu m jm cz fm t1 y0 0f ar qo qe ef 31 ax 23 zb 7v 35 cn Other xk ju y7 co 61 sw fk vd tu 88 China du k0 0i c4 xo zx xt t3 gk 1w 9e ea jeq p tn o9 gz 34 iư o9 l0a gd o1 3q y iw m rz q lln yf fe ie 0w ljy br eu Source: World Intellectual Property Organization jg 10.000 f5 2.000 ux 4.000 t 2c 20.000 llb - 40.000 10.000 USA Other China USA 50.000 12.000 60.000 14.000 Trademarks in force Patents in force (thousands) 30.000 db j s7 ty3 ip z0 bo pư z0 hp jj jjld 1h ad ne n1 ru 1d ug er p3 r3 9w km g2 zw 9b 41 1d x2 wl um b7 fcw j11 bư 6x 46 43 uj t s1 tif 18 © Fulbright University Vietnam ưg n2 lb 5k lx vv 1t c2 cr cy fj vw wt tj1 ưz zc ae 27 f9 c7 ji dk 66 6a u tlt 5p z kg 1j6 9z bp ci h6 0ư s g3 ytd 2b on ưh cq zs jk as 3b 2b th ud 54 lư ư4 dh 4p ưx 75 3y 8g klq 8w pk ps h2 sx k3 q5 u7 f2 m um nf 8v ec jjo ej xh w7 n9 40 2c g2 8x 2o xd iq id cl 8h jw yv h5 t3 jb 22 bs n0 yi sv Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) 5w xt 62 xv j7s p ưu lm jp o3 gs t 40 lau jrn cj 3g x8 7z 19 55 2w qr rx 4g bg 3f t 2w jvo z5 ay 1b sd c5 xx nb w3 xf s w1 lja 5x 54 cj oư 7jz hw 22 qư 1n m rf4 ws eo 80 a6 i2 z6 jjx j3 ef b1 1m ah q5 px y4 zq x 89 itj ok qp bc nr ư9 g2 yw d1 l9 qq xv w2 ry 3n jw 61 6g sh k9 sa jk ưo 3d nl h 4h m 4s 73 3p a7 9w i7 qj 4f 9w sd 7s yg gq ht 3a gh d5 78 wx aq x8 x4 w6 62 oy 47 pe 8g rf tx 9p go ưt an ds 2h 6p u0 df lb kj d4 7x jg u0 9z yl wq h0 ư1 h5 or 13 j ku m ư8 qn un xv tb ig k2 ax il h5 b1 ol fw 4m ap er e9 vd of ưq d0 p 4ja 89 f ye zl2 b3 tm ưy 2v p zig wi 2w zw f5 b7 ze ưh 34 43 bj 23 zv bt 4x yh 44 bk dj ay yd pq za oe rc jh rt p3 p2 uw ưj i1 0m ux t 2c llb jg f5 a1 0h 8b wư ah e 3o 7lư 40 z6 6e ee sv sy g5 r0 sg c6 aq q8 na pv 1ư w0 ưp qo ot xn r7 4c 2r rc 84 ze n3 ak cr e6 9s s1 oc fl 63 c6 79 gt rf 2u ka 86 z6 n5 1z p1 wl 6z 2k ku 1r s0 oly aq ti 4ư ưv bk rh x ưp ikg 3o cr sb ib 97 y1 hh kp l3 1y ug rw wg rq 2z kl 0a r0 0h yb q2 w7 ci8 np pu m jm cz fm t1 y0 0f ar qo qe ef 31 ax 23 zb 7v 35 cn du k0 xk ju y7 co 61 sw fk vd tu 88 0i c4 xo zx xt t3 gk 1w 9e ea jeq p tn o9 gz 34 iư o9 l0a gd o1 3q y iw m rz • v 7ư • m • er • ư0 xq fy2 • q lln TRIPS agreements protect the incumbents (advanced countries) at the expense of developing countries Expected to increase trade because exporters would have less fear of imitation But trade volumes fell because firms behaved monopolistically (reduce supply and increase price) TRIPS provisions have reduced policy space for developing countries to design their own IPR systems Particularly damaging in health and pharmaceutical industries Developing countries should tax IPR rents accrued by FDI firms • yf fe ie 0w ljy br eu db j s7 ty3 ip z0 bo pư z0 hp jj jjld 1h ad ne n1 ru 1d ug er p3 r3 9w km g2 zw 9b 41 1d x2 wl um b7 fcw j11 bư 6x 46 43 uj t s1 tif 19 © Fulbright University Vietnam ưg n2 lb 5k lx vv 1t c2 cr cy fj vw wt tj1 ưz zc ae 27 f9 c7 ji dk 66 6a u tlt 5p z kg 1j6 9z bp ci h6 0ư s g3 ytd 2b on ưh cq zs jk as 3b 2b th ud 54 lư ư4 dh 4p ưx 75 3y 8g klq 8w pk ps h2 sx k3 q5 u7 f2 m um nf 8v ec jjo ej xh w7 n9 40 2c g2 8x 2o xd iq id cl 8h jw yv h5 t3 jb 22 bs n0 yi sv 5w xt Policy implications 62 xv j7s p ưu lm jp o3 gs t 40 lau jrn cj 3g x8 7z 19 55 2w qr rx 4g bg 3f t 2w jvo z5 ay 1b sd c5 ư0 xq fy2 xx v 7ư m er nb w3 xf s w1 lja 5x 54 cj oư 7jz hw 22 qư 1n m rf4 ws eo 80 a6 i2 z6 jjx j3 ef b1 1m ah q5 px y4 zq x 89 itj ok qp bc nr ư9 g2 • The pace of technological change is rapid and developing countries need policies to promote innovation yw d1 l9 qq xv w2 ry 3n jw 61 6g sh k9 sa jk ưo 3d nl h 4h m 4s 73 3p a7 9w i7 qj 4f 9w sd 7s yg gq ht 3a gh d5 78 wx aq x8 x4 w6 62 oy 47 pe 8g rf tx 9p go ưt an ds 2h 6p u0 df lb kj d4 7x jg u0 9z yl wq h0 ư1 h5 or • Innovation is not just about creating Silicon Valleys – that is just one of four stages of innovation 13 j ku m ư8 qn un xv tb ig k2 ax il h5 b1 ol fw 4m ap er e9 vd of ưq d0 p 4ja 89 f ye zl2 b3 tm ưy 2v p zig wi 2w zw f5 b7 ze ưh 34 43 bj 23 zv bt 4x yh 44 bk dj ay yd pq za oe rc jh rt p3 p2 uw ưj i1 0m ux t 2c llb • Countries and regions need to identify the stage of innovation that fits with their comparative advantage jg f5 a1 0h 8b wư ah e 3o 7lư 40 z6 6e ee sv sy g5 r0 sg c6 aq q8 na pv 1ư w0 ưp qo ot xn r7 4c 2r rc 84 ze n3 ak cr e6 9s s1 oc fl 63 c6 79 gt rf 2u ka 86 z6 n5 1z p1 wl 6z 2k ku 1r s0 oly aq ti 4ư ưv bk rh x ưp ikg 3o cr sb ib 97 y1 hh kp l3 1y ug rw wg rq 2z kl 0a r0 0h yb q2 w7 ci8 np pu m jm cz fm • Government has an important role to play at every stage of innovation: US government providing Intel with $50 in subsidies to bring chip foundries to Arizona and Oregon t1 y0 0f ar qo qe ef 31 ax 23 zb 7v 35 cn du k0 xk ju y7 co 61 sw fk vd tu 88 0i c4 xo zx xt t3 gk 1w 9e ea jeq p tn o9 gz 34 • Intellectual property rights can be an obstacle to technological catch-up iư o9 l0a gd o1 3q y iw m rz q lln yf fe ie 0w ljy br eu db j s7 ty3 ip z0 bo pư z0 hp jj jjld 1h ad ne n1 ru 1d ug er p3 r3 9w km g2 zw 9b 41 1d x2 wl um b7 fcw j11 bư 6x 46 43 uj t s1 tif 20 © Fulbright University Vietnam ưg n2 lb 5k lx vv 1t c2 cr