Lecture Development policy: Human development

Lecture Development policy: Human development includes content: before the Human Development approach: Gunnar Myrdal and “Cumulative Causation”; Postwar Asia: Independence, growth, improvements to human health and education; Human development in history;... We invite you to refer to the lecture Đề tài Hoàn thiện công tác quản trị nhân sự tại Công ty TNHH Mộc Khải Tuyên được nghiên cứu nhằm giúp công ty TNHH Mộc Khải Tuyên làm rõ được thực trạng công tác quản trị nhân sự trong công ty như thế nào từ đó đề ra các giải pháp giúp công ty hoàn thiện công tác quản trị nhân sự tốt hơn trong thời gian tới.

FULBRIGHT SCHOOL OF PUBLIC POLICY AND MANAGEMENT

Human Development

Development Policy

Summer 2023

Before the Human Development approach: Gunnar

Myrdal and “Cumulative Causation”

• Asian Drama: An Inquiry into the Poverty of Nations

(1968)

• 2,500 pages, 3 volumes on the mutual-reinforcing challenges of

South and Southeast Asia

• Low productivity, low capital per worker, low levels of

education, poor health and states captured by elites

development.

• Pessimistic view of South and Southeast Asian development

• Forerunner of Why Nations Fail: Development captured by

selfish elites

Gunnar Myrdal

Postwar Asia: Independence, growth, improvements to

human health and education

2.000

4.000

6.000

8.000

10.000

12.000

14.000

16.000

18.000

1600 1700 1820 1870 1890 1900 1913 1929 1938 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2010 2018

GDP pre capita (2011 USD, PPP)

Source: Groeningen Growth Center

0 50 100 150 200 250

Under 5 mortality rate (per 1,000 births)

Source: World Development Indicators

Asian Drama

Human development in history

• Lives of poverty and

early death the

historical norm

• 20 th century

developments

• Global markets

• The nation state

and the idea of

equality in

citizenship

• Conditions of human

existence transformed

10.000 20.000 30.000 40.000 50.000 60.000

GDP per capita, 2011 constant PPP dollars

IND VNM IDN CHN THA GBR JPN USA

But average income conceals vast differences in living

conditions, even within countries

▪ Redistribution with Growth (1974)

advocated investment on health and

education to give the poor the assets they

need to prosper.

foreshadows “Leave No One Behind” of the

Sustainable Development Goals (2015)

redistribution to stabilization and structural

adjustment programs.

Human Development was a response to the failures of

structural adjustment

Human Development Report in 1990

Amartya Sen.

environment for people to enjoy long, healthy and creative

lives.’

Southeast Asian countries have performed well in HDI terms

0,4

0,45

0,5

0,55

0,6

0,65

0,7

0,75

0,8

1990 2018

Close relationship between HDI and GDP per capita in

Purchasing Power Parity terms

Burundi Central African Republic

Congo (Democratic Republic of the) Mozambique

Chad Madagascar Malawi

Kiribati

Gambia, The Zimbabwe

Mali

Togo

Burkina Faso

Rwanda Uganda Lesotho Ethiopia Tanzania (United Republic of)

Guinea

Vanuatu Haiti Congo

Benin Senegal Cameroon Sudan

Nepal Tajikistan

Myanmar

Sao Tome and Principe Cambodia

Kenya Kyrgyzstan

Djibouti Nigeria

Tuvalu Timor-Leste Pakistan

Samoa

Angola Bangladesh Tonga

India Lao People's Democratic Republic

Morocco Philippines

Guatemala Namibia

Tunisia Fiji Vietnam

Ecuador Dominica Bhutan

Algeria Egypt Indonesia

Peru Ukraine Lebanon South Africa

Sri Lanka Palau Moldova (Republic of) Armenia

Equatorial Guinea

Suriname

Iran (Islamic Republic of) Colombia

Thailand China Maldives

Serbia Belarus Costa Rica Mauritius Montenegro Argentina

Guyana

Uruguay Trinidad and Tobago Bulgaria

Chile Kazakhstan Malaysia

St Kitts and Nevis Türkiye Greece Seychelles Panama Russian Federation Bahamas, The

Slovak Republic Latvia Croatia Portugal Romania Hungary Oman Poland

Spain Japan Estonia Lithuania

Israel Slovenia Cyprus Czechia Italy Korea, Rep New Zealand Saudi Arabia

Malta United Kingdom France Canada Bahrain

Finland Australia Iceland Germany Sweden Belgium Austria Netherlands Denmark Hong Kong SAR, China Brunei Darussalam

United States United Arab Emirates Switzerland Norway

Qatar

Ireland Singapore Luxembourg

y = 0,1807x - 2,0571

R² = 0,9037

(1,00)

(0,80)

(0,60)

(0,40)

(0,20)

0,20

HDI and growth, 1970-2014

the virtuous circle category

countries in the HD lopsided quadrant

the vicious circle quadrant

economic growth lopsided category

Historic progress, deepening inequalities

gave rise to massive inequalities

unequal distribution of social reproduction work

• Elite capture: India and Indonesia as examples of governments that protect

elite interests

• Bureaucratic capacity to develop health and education services

• Covid-19 pandemic again exposed the degree of commitment to equality and

bureaucratic capacity of Southeast Asian governments

Life expectancy and GDP per capita

• Epidemiological transition:

from infectious disease to

chronic illness (heart disease

and cancer)

• Close correlation between

income and health outcomes

• Under-achievers: United

States, South Africa and

Equatorial Guinea are unequal

countries

• Over-achievers: Japan, Korea,

Vietnam, lower inequality

Source: Deaton 2013

Life expectancy at birth, 2018

CAR

Cote d'Ivoire

Cameroon

Burkina Faso

Gambia

Haiti

PNG

Sudan

Kenya

Senegal

India

Nepal

Bhutan

Syria

Bangladesh

Trinidad and Tobago

Nicaragua

Latvia

Honduras

Lithuania

Morocco

Algeria

Thailand

Turkey

Croatia

Cuba

Qatar

Slovenia

Netherlands

Korea

Iceland

Japan

Over and under-achievers

low life expectancy

life expectancy in may

African countries

Russia fell with fall of

Soviet Union, economic

contraction and

collapse of social

services

Source: Deaton 2013

Infant mortality and GDP per capita, 2017 (log scale)

Afghanistan

Albania Algeria Angola

Antigua Argentina Armenia

Australia Austria

Azerbaijan

Bahamas Bahrain

Bangladesh

Barbados

Belize

Benin

Bhutan Bolivia

Bosnia and Herz

Botswana

Brazil Bulgaria

Burkina Faso

Burundi

Cabo Verde Cambodia

Cameroon

Canada

Chile China

Colombia

Comoros

Congo Congo, DR

Costa Rica

Croatia Czechia Cyprus

Cote d'Ivoire

Denmark

Dominica

Dominican Republic

Ecuador

Egypt

El Salvador

Equatorial Guinea

Estonia

Eswatini Ethiopia

Fiji

Finland France

Gabon Gambia

Georgia

Germany

Ghana

Greece Grenada

Guatemala

Guinea Guinea-Bissau

Guyana Haiti

Honduras

Hungary

Iceland

India

Indonesia

Iran Iraq

Ireland Israel Italy

Jamaica

Japan

Jordan

Kazakhstan

Kenya Kiribati

Korea

Kuwait Kyrgyzstan

Laos

Latvia Lebanon

Lesotho

Liberia

Libya

Madagascar Malawi

Malaysia Maldives

Mali

Malta

Mauritania

Mauritius Mexico

Micronesia

Moldova Mongolia

Montenegro Morocco

Mozambique

Myanmar

Namibia

Nauru Nepal

Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua

Niger

Nigeria

North Macedonia

Norway Oman

Pakistan

Palau

Palestine, State of

Panama

Papua New Guinea

Paraguay Peru Philippines

Romania Russia Rwanda

San Marino Saudi Arabia Senegal

Serbia

Seychelles Sierra Leone

Singapore Slovakia

Slovenia Solomon Islands

South Africa South Sudan

Spain Sri Lanka

Sudan

Suriname

Sweden Switzerland

Tajikistan Tanzania

Thailand

Timor-Leste Togo

Tonga

Trinidad and Tobago

Turkmenistan

Tuvalu Uganda

United Kingdom United States Uruguay

Uzbekistan Vanuatu

Venezuela

Viet Nam

Yemen

Zambia

Zimbabwe

0 20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Health: Vertical vs horizontal programs

(immunization, oral rehydration therapy, anti-retrovirals)

have been extremely effective at reducing mortality and

morbidity

have faced more challenges

• Costs per patient are higher in remote locations

• Shortages of administrative and managerial capacity

• Doctors prefer to work in cities serving wealthier patients with

modern facilities

• Governments have underinvested in basic health care

Education: National building, literacy and numeracy

• Access to formal education was motivating force for nationalist

movements – colonial powers had generally restricted schooling

to the elite

• Most countries worked set a goal of universal primary education

after independence and later universal secondary education

• Creating a national culture from diverse former colonies:

Common curriculum, rituals, credentials

• Benedict Anderson’s “Imagined Communities”: Lanugage

communities, schools and print media created the idea of the

nation in former colonies

Education: Different starting points and different outcomes

• History is not destiny: Thailand started far behind but

accelerated after 1990

• Philippines began with an advantage but lost momentum

• Legacy of past enrollment patterns evident in today’s adult

population

• Traditional gender biases: Adult women have fewer

qualifications and are crowded into low skill occupations,

especially in India and Thailand

• Families underinvest in the education and health care of girls

Private secondary school enrollments

prioritized higher education

while underinvesting in

primary and secondary

gap in India and Indonesia

left by government

smaller schools, worse

facilities, underqualified

teachers

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

Policy implications

• Tremendous progress in human development but disparities remain

• Market development is uneven

• States vary in their aims and capacities

• Overachievers and underachievers in human development

• Human development and nation building: Equality of citizens under

law?

• Human development and gender inequality: Gender division of labor

and unequal burden of social reproduction

Discussion questions

1 What does the Covid-19 pandemic tell us about the role of

government and the rule of the international community in

improving human health?

2 Discuss the relationship between education, economic growth and

economic inequality.