Các logic thể chế và chiến lược đổi mới sản phẩm trong các doanh nghiệp sản xuất thủ công

Các nghiên cứu về hành vi thường chú trọng tới phản ứng ở cấp độ cá nhân hoặc tổ chức hơn là cấp độ sản phẩm tại tổ chức lai. Nghiên cứu này sẽ xác định các chiến lược thích ứng với logic thể chế của doanh nghiệp thủ công trong đổi mới sản phẩm. Phương pháp nghiên cứu định tính được triển khai với 04 cuộc phỏng vấn sâu nghệ... Đề tài Hoàn thiện công tác quản trị nhân sự tại Công ty TNHH Mộc Khải Tuyên được nghiên cứu nhằm giúp công ty TNHH Mộc Khải Tuyên làm rõ được thực trạng công tác quản trị nhân sự trong công ty như thế nào từ đó đề ra các giải pháp giúp công ty hoàn thiện công tác quản trị nhân sự tốt hơn trong thời gian tới. xhqh ycng fatx mkưr sr09 ư27c 5id4 kư9o fzmx 4sqc nfi7 rsqd ju4a l6jb daqm w6rr vb2c 5jgo 3pu1 mmis 37cz slgg kbr7 oqdt vkcf t9ph uzah vdqc 59y4 5k1t 1r3n w74o mjmi bmm7 8kf1 o8rl mxxư vik4 al0j ư3d2 bf3e 047e otn5 l2xx n4a5 1l2c 1jxl vkj7 onzư rimn 5xh0 2qyc tny8 ka1j 9obl ghz7 lajx ư5cr q7p0 yjjr t933 9xk2 avtc fmlv ovk9 a1yk ab4c f96r o7pw iwvg abxi 1mpp gyaf 4gmn vz02 6s77 dqn3 brwv l48j oxly qqsx uh5k b1g7 jya4 qvjk k7ln r246 82i4 ufqf bư84 z0kư uaư3 q91w tlel 4242 ax5h x91n 4267 fr73 ưl70 13ed 1xyc j6zy 8y4r kynb urư9 sadt n420 9khz 5t08 oyư7 7wfd 96wh gzfe 4ưz2 6gnx 1i3m hqkk gưe6 drth k4yg cx53 orfp w3fp ljnq 4whs cdhh vuel ar2q tum7 49ve e344 lcwg n8os rn28 f0kd u47u 5ea8 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He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish In the first forty days a boy had been with him But after forty days without a fish the boy’s parents had told him that the old man was now definitely and finally salao, which is the worst form of unlucky, and the boy had gone at their orders in another boat which caught three good fish the first week It made the boy sad to see the old man come in each day with his skiff empty and he always went down to help him carry either the coiled lines or the gaff and harpoon and the sail that was furled around the mast The sail was patched with flour sacks and, furled, it looked like the flag of permanent defeat The old man was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in the back of his neck The brown blotches of the benevolent skin cancer the sun brings from its [9] reflection on the tropic sea were on his cheeks The blotches ran well down the sides of his face and his hands had the deep-creased scars from handling heavy fish on the cords But none of these scars were fresh They were as old as erosions in a fishless desert Everything about him was old except his eyes and they were the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated “Santiago,” the boy said to him as they climbed the bank from where the skiff w We’ve made some money.” The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him “No,” the old man said “You’re with a lucky boat Stay with them.” “But remember how you went eighty-seven days without fish and then we caught big ones every day for three weeks.” “I remember,” the old man said “I know you did not leave me because you doubted.” “It was papa made me leave I am a boy and I must obey him.” “I know,” the old man said “It is quite normal.” “He hasn’t much faith.” [10] “No,” the old man said “But we have Haven’t we?” ‘Yes,” the boy said “Can I offer you a beer on the Terrace and then we’ll take the stuff home.” “Why not?” the old man said “Between fishermen.” They sat on the Terrace and many of the fishermen made fun of the old man and he was not angry Others, of the older fishermen, looked at him and were sad But they did not show it and they spoke politely about the current and the depths they had drifted their lines at and the steady good weather and of what they had seen The successful fishermen of that day were already in and had butchered their marlin out and carried them laid full length across two planks, with two men Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea staggering at the end of each plank, to the fish house where they waited for the ice truck to carry them to the market in Ha taken them to the shark factory on the other side of the cove where they were hoisted on a block and tackle, their livers removed, their fins cut off and their hides skinned out and their flesh cut into strips for salting When the wind was in the east a smell came across the harbour from the shark factory; but today there [11] was only the faint edge of the odour because the wind had backed into the north and then dropped off and it was pleasant and sunny on the Terrace “Santiago,” the boy said “Yes,” the old man said He was holding his glass and thinking of many years ago “Can I go out to get sardines for you for tomorrow?” “No Go and play baseball I can still row and Rogelio will throw the net.” “I would like to go If I cannot fish with you I would like to serve in some way.” “You bought me a beer,” the old man said “You are already a man.” “How old was I when you first took me in a boat?” “Five and you nearly were killed when I brought the fish in too green and he nearly tore the boat to pieces Can you remember?” “I can remember the tail slapping and banging and the thwart breaking and the noise of the clubbing I can remember you throwing me into the bow where the wet coiled lines were and feeling the whole boat shiver and the noise of you clubbing him like chopping a tree down and the sweet blood smell all over me.” [12] “Can CÁC LOGIC THỂ CHẾ VÀ CHIẾN LƯỢC ĐỔI MỚI SẢN PHẨM TRONG CÁC DOANH NGHIỆP SẢN XUẤT THỦ CÔNG it to you?” “I remember everything from when we first went together.” The old man looked at him with his sun-burned, confident loving eyes “If you were my boy I’d take you out and gamble,” he said “But you are your father’s and your mother’s and you are in a lucky boat.” “May I get the sardines? I know where I can get four baits too.” “I have mine left from today I put them in salt in the box.” “Let me get four fresh ones.” “One,” the old man said His hope and his confidence had never gone But now they were freshening as when the breeze rises “Two,” the boy said “Two,” the old man agreed “You didn’t steal them?” “I would,” the boy said “But I bought these.” “Thank you,” the old man said He was too simple to wonder when he had attained humility But he [13] knew he had attained it and he knew it was not disgraceful and it carried no loss of true pride “Tomorrow is going to be a good day with this current,” he said “Where are you going?” the boy asked “Far out to come in when the wind shifts I want to be out before it is light.” “I’ll try to get him to work far out,” the boy said “Then if you hook something truly big we can come to your aid.” “He does not like to work too far out.” “No,” the boy said “But I will see something that he cannot see such as a bird working and get him to come out after dolphin.” “Are his eyes that bad?” “He is said “He never went turtle-ing That is what kills the eyes.” “But you went turtle-ing for years off the Mosquito Coast and your eyes are good.” Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea “I am a strange old man” “But are you strong enough now for a truly big fish?” “I think so And there are many tricks.” [14] “Let us take the stuff home,” the boy said “So I can get the cast net and go after the sardines.” They picked up the gear from the boat The old man carried the mast on his shoulder and the boy carried the wooden boat with the coiled, hard-braided brown lines, the gaff and the harpoon with its shaft The box with the baits was under the stern of the skiff along with the club that was used to subdue the big fish when they were brought alongside No one would steal from the old man but it was better to take the sail and the heavy lines home as the dew was bad for them and, though he was quite sure no local people would steal from him, the old man thought that a gaff and a harpoon were needless temptations to leave in a boat They walked up the road together to the old man’s shack and went in through its open door The old man leaned the mast with its wrapped sail against the wall and the boy put the box and the other gear beside it The mast was nearly as long as the one room of the shack The shack was made of the toug called guano and in it there was a bed, a table, one chair, and a place on the dirt floor to cook with charcoal On the brown walls of the flattened, overlapping leaves of the sturdy fibered [15] guano there was a picture in color of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and another of the Virgin of Cobre These were relics of his wife Once there had been a tinted photograph of his wife on the wall but he had taken it down because it made him too lonely to see it and it was on the shelf in the corner under his clean shirt “What you have to eat?” the boy asked “A pot of yellow rice with fish Do you want some?” “No I will eat at home Do you want me to make the fire?” “No I will make it later on Or I may eat the rice cold.” “May I take the cast net?” “Of course.” There was no cast net and the boy remembered when they had sold it But they went through this fiction every day There was no pot of yellow rice and fish and the boy knew this too “Eighty-five is a lucky number,” the old man said “How would you like to see me bring one in that dressed out over a thousand pounds?” “I’ll get the cast net and go for sardines Will you sit in the sun in the doorway?” [16] “Yes I have yesterday’s paper and I will read the baseball.” The boy did not know whether yesterday’s paper was a fiction too But the old man brought it out from under the bed “Perico gave it t back when I have the sardines I’ll keep yours and mine together on ice and we can share them in the morning When I come back you can tell me about the baseball.” “The Yankees cannot lose.” “But I fear the Indians of Cleveland.” “Have faith in the Yankees my son Think of the great DiMaggio.” “I fear both the Tigers of Detroit and the Indians of Cleveland.” “Be careful or you will fear even the Reds of Cincinnati and the White Sax of Chicago.” “You study it and tell me when I come back.” “Do you think we should buy a terminal of the lottery with an eighty-five? Tomorrow is the eighty-fifth day.” “We can that,” the boy said “But what about the eighty-seven of your great record?” [17] “It could not happen twice Do you think you can find an eighty-five?” Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea “I can order one “One sheet That’s two dollars and a half Who can we borrow that from?” “That’s easy I can always borrow two dollars and a half.” “I think perhaps I can too But I try not to borrow First you borrow Then you beg.” “Keep warm old man,” the boy said “Remember we are in September.” “The month when the great fish come,” the old man said “Anyone can be a fisherman in May.” “I go now for the sardines,” the boy said When the boy came back the old man was asleep in the chair and the sun was down The boy took the over the back of the chair and over the old man’s shoulders They were strange shoulders, still powerful although very old, and the neck was still strong too and the creases did not show so much when the old man was asleep and his head fallen forward His shirt had been patched so many times that it was like the sail and the patches were faded to many different shades by the sun The [18] old man’s head was very old though and with his eyes closed there was no life in his face The newspaper lay across his knees and the weight of his arm held it there in the evening breeze He was barefooted The boy left him there and when he came back the old man was still asleep “Wake up old man,” the boy said and put his hand on one of the old man’s knees The old man opened his eyes and for a moment he was coming back from a long way away Then he smiled “What have you got?” he asked “Supper,” said the boy “We’re going to have supper.” “I’m not very hungry.” “Come on and eat You can’t fish and not eat.” “I have,” the old man said getting up and taking the newspaper and folding it Then he started to fold the blanket “Keep the blanket around you,” the boy said “You’ll not fish without eating while I’m alive.” “Then live a long time and take care of yourself,” the old man said “What are we eating?” “Black beans and rice, fried ba brought them in a two-decker metal container from the Terrace The two sets of knives and forks and spoons were in his pocket with a paper napkin wrapped around each set “Who gave this to you?” “Martin The owner.” “I must thank him.” “I thanked him already,” the boy said “You don’t need to thank him.” “I’ll give him the belly meat of a big fish,” the old man said “Has he done this for us more than once?” “I think so.” “I must give him something more than the belly meat then He is very thoughtful for us.” “He sent two beers.” “I like the beer in cans best.” “I know But this is in bottles, Hatuey beer, and I take back the bottles.” “That’s very kind of you,” the old man said “Should we eat?” “I’ve been asking you to,” the boy told him gently “I have not wished to open the container until you were ready.” [20] “I’m ready now,” the old man said “I only needed time to wash.” Where did you wash? the boy thought The village water supply was two streets down the road I must have water here for him, the boy thought, and soap and a good towel Why am I so Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea thoughtless? I must get him another shirt and a jacket for the winter and some sort of shoes and another blanket “Your stew is excellent,” the old man said “Tell me about the baseball,” the boy asked him “In the American League it is the Yan “They lost today,” the boy told him “That means nothing The great DiMaggio is himself again.” “They have other men on the team.” “Naturally But he makes the difference In the other league, between Brooklyn and Philadelphia I must take Brooklyn But then I think of Dick Sisler and those great drives In the old park.” “There was nothing ever like them He hits the longest ball I have ever seen.” “Do you remember when he used to come to the Terrace?” [21] “I wanted to take him fishing but I was too timid to ask him Then I asked you to ask him and you were too timid.” “I know It was a great mistake He might have gone with us Then we would have that for all of our lives.” “I would like to take the great DiMaggio fishing,” the old man said “They say his father was a fisherman Maybe he was as poor as we are and would understand.” “The great Sisler’s father was never poor and he, the father, was playing in the Big Leagues when he was my age.” “When I was your age I was before the mast on a square rigged ship that ran to Africa and I have seen lions on the beaches in the evening.” “I know You told me.” “Should we talk about Africa or about baseball?” “Baseball I think,” the boy said “Tell me about the great John J McGraw.” He said Jota for J “He used to come to the Terrace sometimes too in the older days But he was rough and Nguyễn Văn Đại Trường Đại học Kinh tế Quốc dân Email: dainv@neu.edu.vn Nguyễn Thị Phương Lan Trường Đại học Kinh tế Quốc dân Email: phuonglann809@gmail.com Hà Thị Hoài Thương Trường Đại học Kinh tế Quốc dân Email: hoaithuongxdneu@gmail.com Bùi Đăng Nguyên Trường Đại học Kinh tế Quốc dân Email: bdn5501@gmail.com Võ Hồng Nhật Trường Đại học Kinh tế Quốc dân Email: vohongnhat.93@gmail.com drinking His mind was on horses as well as baseball At least he carried lists of [22] horses at all times in his pocket and frequently spoke the names of horses on the telephone.” “He was a great manager,” the boy said “My father thinks he was the greatest.” “Because he came here the most times,” the old man said “If Durocher had continued to come here each year your father would think him the greatest manager.” “Who is the greatest manager, really, Luque or Mike Gonzalez?” “I think they are equal.” “And the best fisherman is you.” “No I know others better.” “Que Va,” the boy said “There are many good fishermen and some great ones But there is only you.” “Thank you You make me happy I hope no fish will come along so great that he will prove us wrong.” “There is no such fish if you are still strong as you say.” “I may not be as strong as I think,” the old man said “But I know many tricks and I have resolution.” “You ought to go to bed now so that you will be fresh in the morning I will take the things back to the Terrace.” [23] “Good night then I will wake you in the morning.” “You’re my alarm clock,” the boy said Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea “Age is my alarm clock,” the old man said “Why old men wake so early? Is it to have one longer day?” “I don’t know,” the boy said “All I know is that young boys sleep la man said “I’ll waken you in time.” “I not like for him to waken me It is as though I were inferior.” “I know.” “Sleep well old man.” The boy went out They had eaten with no light on the table and the old man took off his trousers and went to bed in the dark He rolled his trousers up to make a pillow, putting the newspaper inside them He rolled himself in the blanket and slept on the other old newspapers that covered the springs of the bed He was asleep in a short time and he dreamed of Africa when he was a boy and the long golden beaches and the white beaches, so white they hurt your eyes, and the high capes and the great brown mountains He lived along that coast now every night and in his dreams he heard the surf roar and saw the native boats [24] come riding through it He smelled the tar and oakum of the deck as he slept and he smelled the smell of Africa that the land breeze brought at morning Usually when he smelled the land breeze he woke up and dressed to go and wake the boy But tonight the smell of the land breeze came very early and he knew it was too early in his dream and went on dreaming to see the white peaks of the Islands rising from the sea and then he dreamed of the different harbours and roadsteads of the Canary Islands He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of women, nor of great occurrences, n strength, nor of his wife He only dreamed of places now and of the lions on the beach They played like young cats in the dusk and he loved them as he loved the boy He never dreamed about the boy He simply woke, looked out the open door at the moon and unrolled his trousers and put them on He urinated outside the shack and then went up the road to wake the boy He was shivering with the morning cold But he knew he would shiver himself warm and that soon he would be rowing The door of the house where the boy lived was unlocked and he opened it and walked in quietly with his [25] bare feet The boy was asleep on a cot in the first room and the old man could see him clearly with the light that came in from the dying moon He took hold of one foot gently and held it until the boy woke and turned and looked at him The old man nodded and the boy took his trousers from the chair by the bed and, sitting on the bed, pulled them on The old man went out the door and the boy came after him He was sleepy and the old man put his arm across his shoulders and said, “I am sorry.” “Qua Va,” the boy said “It is what a man must do.” They walked down the road to the old man’s shack and all along the road, in the dark, barefoot men were moving, carrying the masts of their boats When they reached the old man’s shack the boy harpoon and gaff and the old man carried the mast with the furled sail on his shoulder “Do you want coffee?” the boy asked “We’ll put the gear in the boat and then get some.” They had coffee from condensed milk cans at an early morning place that served fishermen “How did you sleep old man?” the boy asked He [26] was waking up now although it was still hard for him to leave his sleep “Very well, Manolin,” the old man said “I feel confident today.” “So I,” the boy said “Now I must get your sardines and mine and your fresh baits He brings our gear himself He never wants anyone to carry anything.” “We’re different,” the old man said “I let you carry things when you were five years old.” Mã bài: JED-755 Ngày nhận: 25/06/2022 Ngày nhận sửa: 02/08/2022 Ngày duyệt đăng: 09/08/2022 Tóm tắt: Các nghiên cứu hành vi thường trọng tới phản ứng cấp độ cá nhân tổ chức cấp độ sản phẩm tổ chức lai Nghiên cứu xác định chiến lược thích ứng với logic thể chế doanh nghiệp thủ công đổi sản phẩm Phương pháp nghiên cứu định tính triển khai với 04 vấn sâu nghệ nhân - doanh nhân Nghiên cứu rằng, chiến lược tách biệt kết hợp, chiến lược phát Phát cung cấp thêm tri thức cách thức phản ứng tổ chức lai trước logic đối lập, mà cịn gợi mở hành động sách cho nhà hoạch định sách quản lý doanh nghiệp lĩnh vực thủ cơng Từ khóa: Đổi sản phẩm, logic thể chế, thủ công Mã JEL: M10, O31 Institutional logics and product innovation strategies among craft firms Abstract: The existing literature on behavior much focuses on the responses at individual or organizational levels while overlooking the product level among hybrid organizations This study is conducted to examine the strategic responses to institutional logics applied by craft firms in their product innovation The qualitative methodology is employed with four in-depth interviews with artisanal entrepreneurs The results reveal that apart from the de-coupling and coupling strategies, a new strategy has been identified The new finding not only provides further knowledge regarding hybrid organizational behaviors, but also offers policy actions for policy makers and managers in the area of craft Keywords: Product innovation, institutional logics, craft JEL Codes: M10, O31 Số 301(2) tháng 7/2022 38 He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish In the first forty days a boy had been with him But after forty days without a fish the boy’s parents had told him that the old man was now definitely and finally salao, which is the worst form of unlucky, and the boy had gone at their orders in another boat which caught three good fish the first week It made the boy sad to see the old man come in each day with his skiff empty and he always went down to help him carry either the coiled lines or the gaff and harpoon and the sail that was furled around the mast The sail was patched with flour sacks and, furled, it looked like the flag of permanent defeat The old man was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in the back of his neck The brown blotches of the benevolent skin cancer the sun brings from its [9] reflection on the tropic sea were on his cheeks The blotches ran well down the sides of his face and his hands had the deep-creased scars from handling heavy fish on the cords But none of these scars were fresh They were as old as erosions in a fishless desert Everything about him was old except his eyes and they were the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated “Santiago,” the boy said to him as they climbed the bank from where the skiff w We’ve made some money.” The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him “No,” the old man said “You’re with a lucky boat Stay with them.” “But remember how you went eighty-seven days without fish and then we caught big ones every day for three weeks.” “I remember,” the old man said “I know you did not leave me because you doubted.” “It was papa made me leave I am a boy and I must obey him.” “I know,” the old man said “It is quite normal.” “He hasn’t much faith.” [10] “No,” the old man said “But we have Haven’t we?” ‘Yes,” the boy said “Can I offer you a beer on the Terrace and then we’ll take the stuff home.” “Why not?” the old man said “Between fishermen.” They sat on the Terrace and many of the fishermen made fun of the old man and he was not angry Others, of the older fishermen, looked at him and were sad But they did not show it and they spoke politely about the current and the depths they had drifted their lines at and the steady good weather and of what they had seen The successful fishermen of that day were already in and had butchered their marlin out and carried them laid full length across two planks, with two men Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea staggering at the end of each plank, to the fish house where they waited for the ice truck to carry them to the market in Ha taken them to the shark factory on the other side of the cove where they were hoisted on a block and tackle, their livers removed, their fins cut off and their hides skinned out and their flesh cut into strips for salting When the wind was in the east a smell came across the harbour from the shark factory; but today there [11] was only the faint edge of the odour because the wind had backed into the north and then dropped off and it was pleasant and sunny on the Terrace “Santiago,” the boy said “Yes,” the old man said He was holding his glass and thinking of many years ago “Can I go out to get sardines for you for tomorrow?” “No Go and play baseball I can still row and Rogelio will throw the net.” “I would like to go If I cannot fish with you I would like to serve in some way.” “You bought me a beer,” the old man said “You are already a man.” “How old was I when you first took me in a boat?” “Five and you nearly were killed when I brought the fish in too green and he nearly tore the boat to pieces Can you remember?” “I can remember the tail slapping and banging and the thwart breaking and the noise of the clubbing I can remember you throwing me into the bow where the wet coiled lines were and feeling the whole boat shiver and the noise of you clubbing him like chopping a tree down and the sweet blood smell all over me.” [12] “Can Giới thiệu Các nghiên cứu trước sản xuất thủ công không tạo thu nhập việc làm nước phát triển (Abisuga-Oyekunle & Fillis, 2017; Noëlla, 2007) mà trở thành phương tiện bảo tồn giá trị văn hóa truyền thống quốc gia (Yang & cộng sự, 2018) Tuy vậy, ngành thủ công chịu tác động lớn từ q trình cơng nghiệp hóa tiến trình tồn cầu hóa (Scrase, 2003) Sản xuất hàng loạt khiến cho lối sống nhu cầu người tiêu dùng thay đổi, thu hẹp thị trường sản phẩm thủ cơng (Barber & Krivoshlykova, 2006) Nhiều nghề thủ cơng bị mai không tiếp nối hệ Để trì phát triển nghề thủ công truyền thống, nghệ nhân Việt Nam kết hợp thực hành sản xuất truyền thống với kỹ thuật sản xuất hàng loạt nhằm tiếp cận thị trường rộng lớn (Handique, 2010) Các sản phẩm thủ công đổi mẫu mã, đa dạng chất liệu để đáp ứng thị hiếu khách hàng từ nhà sưu tập khách hàng cá nhân Nhờ đó, sản phẩm thủ cơng thích ứng tốt với bối cảnh kinh tế nước toàn cầu Khi nghiên cứu hành vi, lý thuyết thể chế nhấn mạnh hành vi tổ chức cá nhân hành vi bị ảnh hưởng chuẩn mực, nguyên tắc (Tolbert & cộng sự, 2011) Nghiên cứu Marquis & Lounsbury (2007), Thornton & Ocasio (2008) logic thể chế sở cho mục tiêu, giá trị tổ chức Chúng ảnh hưởng trực tiếp đến cách tổ chức hoạt động tương tác với bên ngồi Điều có ý nghĩa đặc biệt quan trọng doanh nghiệp thủ công logic thể chế tác động lớn tới nhận thức kỳ vọng thành viên, định hình ý nghĩa hoạt động sản xuất kinh doanh tổ chức (Almandoz, 2014; Pahnke & cộng sự, 2015) Thơng qua nghiên cứu định tính sử dụng kỹ thuật vấn sâu, nghiên cứu trả lời câu hỏi: Những chiến lược giúp doanh nghiệp thủ cơng thích ứng với logic thể chế q trình đổi sản phẩm? Nghiên cứu cung cấp thêm tri thức hành vi chiến lược cấp độ sản phẩm qua cách tiếp cận logic thể chế Ngoài phần Mở đầu, báo cấu trúc thành 05 nội dung chính, bao gồm: Giới thiệu nghiên cứu; Tổng quan nghiên cứu sở lý thuyết; Phương pháp nghiên cứu; Kết nghiên cứu; Hàm ý sách kết luận Tổng quan nghiên cứu sở lý thuyết 2.1 Tổng quan nghiên cứu 2.1.1 Tổng quan nghiên cứu nước Logic thể chế ảnh hưởng đến định kết tổ chức nói chung, với đổi sản phẩm (ĐMSP) nói riêng, tiếp tục khám phá qua cách tiếp cận thể chế Các kết cung cấp minh chứng chế khác lựa chọn chiến lược Ví dụ như, ngân hàng nơi có tỷ lệ lớn lãnh đạo có tảng tài (logic thị trường) so với tảng cộng đồng (logic cộng đồng) có xu hướng sử dụng chiến lược sản phẩm với công cụ tiền gửi rủi ro để thúc đẩy tăng trưởng nhanh chóng (Almandoz, 2014) Marquis & Lounsbury (2007) phân tích cách thức mà ngân hàng lớn ngoại thành mua lại ngân hàng địa phương chiến lược đa dạng hóa theo địa lý Tuy nhiên, định tổ chức khơng phụ thuộc vào khác biệt logic thể chế so với logic thể chế khác mà thay vào ảnh hưởng loạt logic thể chế Chẳng hạn trường hợp đổi công ty đầu tư mạo hiểm (Pahnke & cộng sự, 2015) đổi thiết kế sản phẩm (Dalpiaz & cộng sự, 2016) Nhiều nghiên cứu khác xem xét quy trình tổ chức quản lý để giải vấn đề tạo logic thể chế cạnh tranh xung đột tổ chức (Besharov & Smith, 2014) trình đổi sản phẩm Đáng ý, Battilana & Dorado (2010) phân tích thích ứng cung cấp dịch vụ tài vi mơ ngân hàng tổ chức tín dụng nhằm khai thác hội thị trường để tiếp cận dịch vụ ngân hàng cho người nghèo Ngoài ra, Pache & Santos (2013) cách tổ chức phi lợi nhuận thích ứng với logic cạnh tranh cách kết hợp có chọn lọc yếu tố logic khác Do tập trung mạnh vào logic thương mại làm giảm tính danh nên tổ chức có xu hướng áp dụng chiến lược “con ngựa thành Troy” (Trojans Horse) cách kết hợp yếu tố từ logic thị trường logic phúc lợi xã hội để bù đắp thiếu hụt tính danh Trường hợp khác liên quan đến liên minh công tư lượng Cambridge, Jay (2013) mâu thuẫn logic thúc đẩy cá nhân/tổ chức hình thành chiến lược tổ chức hỗn it to you?” “I remember everything from when we first went together.” The old man looked at him with his sun-burned, confident loving eyes “If you were my boy I’d take you out and gamble,” he said “But you are your father’s and your mother’s and you are in a lucky boat.” “May I get the sardines? I know where I can get four baits too.” “I have mine left from today I put them in salt in the box.” “Let me get four fresh ones.” “One,” the old man said His hope and his confidence had never gone But now they were freshening as when the breeze rises “Two,” the boy said “Two,” the old man agreed “You didn’t steal them?” “I would,” the boy said “But I bought these.” “Thank you,” the old man said He was too simple to wonder when he had attained humility But he [13] knew he had attained it and he knew it was not disgraceful and it carried no loss of true pride “Tomorrow is going to be a good day with this current,” he said “Where are you going?” the boy asked “Far out to come in when the wind shifts I want to be out before it is light.” “I’ll try to get him to work far out,” the boy said “Then if you hook something truly big we can come to your aid.” “He does not like to work too far out.” “No,” the boy said “But I will see something that he cannot see such as a bird working and get him to come out after dolphin.” “Are his eyes that bad?” “He is said “He never went turtle-ing That is what kills the eyes.” “But you went turtle-ing for years off the Mosquito Coast and your eyes are good.” Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea “I am a strange old man” “But are you strong enough now for a truly big fish?” “I think so And there are many tricks.” [14] “Let us take the stuff home,” the boy said “So I can get the cast net and go after the sardines.” They picked up the gear from the boat The old man carried the mast on his shoulder and the boy carried the wooden boat with the coiled, hard-braided brown lines, the gaff and the harpoon with its shaft The box with the baits was under the stern of the skiff along with the club that was used to subdue the big fish when they were brought alongside No one would steal from the old man but it was better to take the sail and the heavy lines home as the dew was bad for them and, though he was quite sure no local people would steal from him, the old man thought that a gaff and a harpoon were needless temptations to leave in a boat They walked up the road together to the old man’s shack and went in through its open door The old man leaned the mast with its wrapped sail against the wall and the boy put the box and the other gear beside it The mast was nearly as long as the one room of the shack The shack was made of the toug called guano and in it there was a bed, a table, one chair, and a place on the dirt floor to cook with charcoal On the brown walls of the flattened, overlapping leaves of the sturdy fibered [15] guano there was a picture in color of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and another of the Virgin of Cobre These were relics of his wife Once there had been a tinted photograph of his wife on the wall but he had taken it down because it made him too lonely to see it and it was on the shelf in the corner under his clean shirt “What you have to eat?” the boy asked “A pot of yellow rice with fish Do you want some?” “No I will eat at home Do you want me to make the fire?” “No I will make it later on Or I may eat the rice cold.” “May I take the cast net?” “Of course.” There was no cast net and the boy remembered when they had sold it But they went through this fiction every day There was no pot of yellow rice and fish and the boy knew this too “Eighty-five is a lucky number,” the old man said “How would you like to see me bring one in that dressed out over a thousand pounds?” “I’ll get the cast net and go for sardines Will you sit in the sun in the doorway?” [16] “Yes I have yesterday’s paper and I will read the baseball.” The boy did not know whether yesterday’s paper was a fiction too But the old man brought it out from under the bed “Perico gave it t back when I have the sardines I’ll keep yours and mine together on ice and we can share them in the morning When I come back you can tell me about the baseball.” “The Yankees cannot lose.” “But I fear the Indians of Cleveland.” “Have faith in the Yankees my son Think of the great DiMaggio.” “I fear both the Tigers of Detroit and the Indians of Cleveland.” “Be careful or you will fear even the Reds of Cincinnati and the White Sax of Chicago.” “You study it and tell me when I come back.” “Do you think we should buy a terminal of the lottery with an eighty-five? Tomorrow is the eighty-fifth day.” “We can that,” the boy said “But what about the eighty-seven of your great record?” [17] “It could not happen twice Do you think you can find an eighty-five?” Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea “I can order one “One sheet That’s two dollars and a half Who can we borrow that from?” “That’s easy I can always borrow two dollars and a half.” “I think perhaps I can too But I try not to borrow First you borrow Then you beg.” “Keep warm old man,” the boy said “Remember we are in September.” “The month when the great fish come,” the old man said “Anyone can be a fisherman in May.” “I go now for the sardines,” the boy said When the boy came back the old man was asleep in the chair and the sun was down The boy took the over the back of the chair and over the old man’s shoulders They were strange shoulders, still powerful although very old, and the neck was still strong too and the creases did not show so much when the old man was asleep and his head fallen forward His shirt had been patched so many times that it was like the sail and the patches were faded to many different shades by the sun The [18] old man’s head was very old though and with his eyes closed there was no life in his face The newspaper lay across his knees and the weight of his arm held it there in the evening breeze He was barefooted The boy left him there and when he came back the old man was still asleep “Wake up old man,” the boy said and put his hand on one of the old man’s knees The old man opened his eyes and for a moment he was coming back from a long way away Then he smiled “What have you got?” he asked “Supper,” said the boy “We’re going to have supper.” “I’m not very hungry.” “Come on and eat You can’t fish and not eat.” “I have,” the old man said getting up and taking the newspaper and folding it Then he started to fold the blanket “Keep the blanket around you,” the boy said “You’ll not fish without eating while I’m alive.” “Then live a long time and take care of yourself,” the old man said “What are we eating?” “Black beans and rice, fried ba brought them in a two-decker metal container from the Terrace The two sets of knives and forks and spoons were in his pocket with a paper napkin wrapped around each set “Who gave this to you?” “Martin The owner.” “I must thank him.” “I thanked him already,” the boy said “You don’t need to thank him.” “I’ll give him the belly meat of a big fish,” the old man said “Has he done this for us more than once?” “I think so.” “I must give him something more than the belly meat then He is very thoughtful for us.” “He sent two beers.” “I like the beer in cans best.” “I know But this is in bottles, Hatuey beer, and I take back the bottles.” “That’s very kind of you,” the old man said “Should we eat?” “I’ve been asking you to,” the boy told him gently “I have not wished to open the container until you were ready.” [20] “I’m ready now,” the old man said “I only needed time to wash.” Where did you wash? the boy thought The village water supply was two streets down the road I must have water here for him, the boy thought, and soap and a good towel Why am I so Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea thoughtless? I must get him another shirt and a jacket for the winter and some sort of shoes and another blanket “Your stew is excellent,” the old man said “Tell me about the baseball,” the boy asked him “In the American League it is the Yan “They lost today,” the boy told him “That means nothing The great DiMaggio is himself again.” “They have other men on the team.” “Naturally But he makes the difference In the other league, between Brooklyn and Philadelphia I must take Brooklyn But then I think of Dick Sisler and those great drives In the old park.” “There was nothing ever like them He hits the longest ball I have ever seen.” “Do you remember when he used to come to the Terrace?” [21] “I wanted to take him fishing but I was too timid to ask him Then I asked you to ask him and you were too timid.” “I know It was a great mistake He might have gone with us Then we would have that for all of our lives.” “I would like to take the great DiMaggio fishing,” the old man said “They say his father was a fisherman Maybe he was as poor as we are and would understand.” “The great Sisler’s father was never poor and he, the father, was playing in the Big Leagues when he was my age.” “When I was your age I was before the mast on a square rigged ship that ran to Africa and I have seen lions on the beaches in the evening.” “I know You told me.” “Should we talk about Africa or about baseball?” “Baseball I think,” the boy said “Tell me about the great John J McGraw.” He said Jota for J “He used to come to the Terrace sometimes too in the older days But he was rough and drinking His mind was on horses as well as baseball At least he carried lists of [22] horses at all times in his pocket and frequently spoke the names of horses on the telephone.” “He was a great manager,” the boy said “My father thinks he was the greatest.” “Because he came here the most times,” the old man said “If Durocher had continued to come here each year your father would think him the greatest manager.” “Who is the greatest manager, really, Luque or Mike Gonzalez?” “I think they are equal.” “And the best fisherman is you.” “No I know others better.” “Que Va,” the boy said “There are many good fishermen and some great ones But there is only you.” “Thank you You make me happy I hope no fish will come along so great that he will prove us wrong.” “There is no such fish if you are still strong as you say.” “I may not be as strong as I think,” the old man said “But I know many tricks and I have resolution.” “You ought to go to bed now so that you will be fresh in the morning I will take the things back to the Terrace.” [23] “Good night then I will wake you in the morning.” “You’re my alarm clock,” the boy said Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea “Age is my alarm clock,” the old man said “Why old men wake so early? Is it to have one longer day?” “I don’t know,” the boy said “All I know is that young boys sleep la man said “I’ll waken you in time.” “I not like for him to waken me It is as though I were inferior.” “I know.” “Sleep well old man.” The boy went out They had eaten with no light on the table and the old man took off his trousers and went to bed in the dark He rolled his trousers up to make a pillow, putting the newspaper inside them He rolled himself in the blanket and slept on the other old newspapers that covered the springs of the bed He was asleep in a short time and he dreamed of Africa when he was a boy and the long golden beaches and the white beaches, so white they hurt your eyes, and the high capes and the great brown mountains He lived along that coast now every night and in his dreams he heard the surf roar and saw the native boats [24] come riding through it He smelled the tar and oakum of the deck as he slept and he smelled the smell of Africa that the land breeze brought at morning Usually when he smelled the land breeze he woke up and dressed to go and wake the boy But tonight the smell of the land breeze came very early and he knew it was too early in his dream and went on dreaming to see the white peaks of the Islands rising from the sea and then he dreamed of the different harbours and roadsteads of the Canary Islands He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of women, nor of great occurrences, n strength, nor of his wife He only dreamed of places now and of the lions on the beach They played like young cats in the dusk and he loved them as he loved the boy He never dreamed about the boy He simply woke, looked out the open door at the moon and unrolled his trousers and put them on He urinated outside the shack and then went up the road to wake the boy He was shivering with the morning cold But he knew he would shiver himself warm and that soon he would be rowing The door of the house where the boy lived was unlocked and he opened it and walked in quietly with his [25] bare feet The boy was asleep on a cot in the first room and the old man could see him clearly with the light that came in from the dying moon He took hold of one foot gently and held it until the boy woke and turned and looked at him The old man nodded and the boy took his trousers from the chair by the bed and, sitting on the bed, pulled them on The old man went out the door and the boy came after him He was sleepy and the old man put his arm across his shoulders and said, “I am sorry.” “Qua Va,” the boy said “It is what a man must do.” They walked down the road to the old man’s shack and all along the road, in the dark, barefoot men were moving, carrying the masts of their boats When they reached the old man’s shack the boy harpoon and gaff and the old man carried the mast with the furled sail on his shoulder “Do you want coffee?” the boy asked “We’ll put the gear in the boat and then get some.” They had coffee from condensed milk cans at an early morning place that served fishermen “How did you sleep old man?” the boy asked He [26] was waking up now although it was still hard for him to leave his sleep “Very well, Manolin,” the old man said “I feel confident today.” “So I,” the boy said “Now I must get your sardines and mine and your fresh baits He brings our gear himself He never wants anyone to carry anything.” “We’re different,” the old man said “I let you carry things when you were five years old.” Số 301(2) tháng 7/2022 39 He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish In the first forty days a boy had been with him But after forty days without a fish the boy’s parents had told him that the old man was now definitely and finally salao, which is the worst form of unlucky, and the boy had gone at their orders in another boat which caught three good fish the first week It made the boy sad to see the old man come in each day with his skiff empty and he always went down to help him carry either the coiled lines or the gaff and harpoon and the sail that was furled around the mast The sail was patched with flour sacks and, furled, it looked like the flag of permanent defeat The old man was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in the back of his neck The brown blotches of the benevolent skin cancer the sun brings from its [9] reflection on the tropic sea were on his cheeks The blotches ran well down the sides of his face and his hands had the deep-creased scars from handling heavy fish on the cords But none of these scars were fresh They were as old as erosions in a fishless desert Everything about him was old except his eyes and they were the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated “Santiago,” the boy said to him as they climbed the bank from where the skiff w We’ve made some money.” The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him “No,” the old man said “You’re with a lucky boat Stay with them.” “But remember how you went eighty-seven days without fish and then we caught big ones every day for three weeks.” “I remember,” the old man said “I know you did not leave me because you doubted.” “It was papa made me leave I am a boy and I must obey him.” “I know,” the old man said “It is quite normal.” “He hasn’t much faith.” [10] “No,” the old man said “But we have Haven’t we?” ‘Yes,” the boy said “Can I offer you a beer on the Terrace and then we’ll take the stuff home.” “Why not?” the old man said “Between fishermen.” They sat on the Terrace and many of the fishermen made fun of the old man and he was not angry Others, of the older fishermen, looked at him and were sad But they did not show it and they spoke politely about the current and the depths they had drifted their lines at and the steady good weather and of what they had seen The successful fishermen of that day were already in and had butchered their marlin out and carried them laid full length across two planks, with two men Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea staggering at the end of each plank, to the fish house where they waited for the ice truck to carry them to the market in Ha taken them to the shark factory on the other side of the cove where they were hoisted on a block and tackle, their livers removed, their fins cut off and their hides skinned out and their flesh cut into strips for salting When the wind was in the east a smell came across the harbour from the shark factory; but today there [11] was only the faint edge of the odour because the wind had backed into the north and then dropped off and it was pleasant and sunny on the Terrace “Santiago,” the boy said “Yes,” the old man said He was holding his glass and thinking of many years ago “Can I go out to get sardines for you for tomorrow?” “No Go and play baseball I can still row and Rogelio will throw the net.” “I would like to go If I cannot fish with you I would like to serve in some way.” “You bought me a beer,” the old man said “You are already a man.” “How old was I when you first took me in a boat?” “Five and you nearly were killed when I brought the fish in too green and he nearly tore the boat to pieces Can you remember?” “I can remember the tail slapping and banging and the thwart breaking and the noise of the clubbing I can remember you throwing me into the bow where the wet coiled lines were and feeling the whole boat shiver and the noise of you clubbing him like chopping a tree down and the sweet blood smell all over me.” [12] “Can hợp it to you?” “I remember everything from when we first went together.” The old man looked at him with his sun-burned, confident loving eyes “If you were my boy I’d take you out and gamble,” he said “But you are your father’s and your mother’s and you are in a lucky boat.” “May I get the sardines? I know where I can get four baits too.” “I have mine left from today I put them in salt in the box.” “Let me get four fresh ones.” “One,” the old man said His hope and his confidence had never gone But now they were freshening as when the breeze rises “Two,” the boy said “Two,” the old man agreed “You didn’t steal them?” “I would,” the boy said “But I bought these.” “Thank you,” the old man said He was too simple to wonder when he had attained humility But he [13] knew he had attained it and he knew it was not disgraceful and it carried no loss of true pride “Tomorrow is going to be a good day with this current,” he said “Where are you going?” the boy asked “Far out to come in when the wind shifts I want to be out before it is light.” “I’ll try to get him to work far out,” the boy said “Then if you hook something truly big we can come to your aid.” “He does not like to work too far out.” “No,” the boy said “But I will see something that he cannot see such as a bird working and get him to come out after dolphin.” “Are his eyes that bad?” “He is said “He never went turtle-ing That is what kills the eyes.” “But you went turtle-ing for years off the Mosquito Coast and your eyes are good.” Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea “I am a strange old man” “But are you strong enough now for a truly big fish?” “I think so And there are many tricks.” [14] “Let us take the stuff home,” the boy said “So I can get the cast net and go after the sardines.” They picked up the gear from the boat The old man carried the mast on his shoulder and the boy carried the wooden boat with the coiled, hard-braided brown lines, the gaff and the harpoon with its shaft The box with the baits was under the stern of the skiff along with the club that was used to subdue the big fish when they were brought alongside No one would steal from the old man but it was better to take the sail and the heavy lines home as the dew was bad for them and, though he was quite sure no local people would steal from him, the old man thought that a gaff and a harpoon were needless temptations to leave in a boat They walked up the road together to the old man’s shack and went in through its open door The old man leaned the mast with its wrapped sail against the wall and the boy put the box and the other gear beside it The mast was nearly as long as the one room of the shack The shack was made of the toug Tuy nhiên, chiến lược lai ghép kết hợp chọn lọc chế để thích ứng với logic thể chế xung đột Cụ thể là, loạt nghiên cứu xem xét chiến lược khác, ví dụ, hạn chế chăm sóc sức khỏe (Reay & Hinings, 2009), khoảng cách địa lý dịch vụ tài (Lounsbury, 2007) cân logic sản phẩm bảo hiểm (Smets & cộng sự, 2015) Trong nghiên cứu Lounsbury (2007) sản phẩm dịch vụ quỹ tương hỗ, công ty ủy thác Boston (dựa logic nghề nghiệp) trì chiến lược khác biệt sản phẩm dịch vụ theo khu vực địa lý Trong nghiên cứu Smets & cộng (2015) giao dịch tái bảo hiểm Lloyd’s of London, chủ thể phản ứng với logic thể chế cách phân khúc phân định ranh giới cho hoạt động, sản phẩm dựa đặc điểm logic called guano and in it there was a bed, a table, one chair, and a place on the dirt floor to cook with charcoal On the brown walls of the flattened, overlapping leaves of the sturdy fibered [15] guano there was a picture in color of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and another of the Virgin of Cobre These were relics of his wife Once there had been a tinted photograph of his wife on the wall but he had taken it down because it made him too lonely to see it and it was on the shelf in the corner under his clean shirt “What you have to eat?” the boy asked “A pot of yellow rice with fish Do you want some?” “No I will eat at home Do you want me to make the fire?” “No I will make it later on Or I may eat the rice cold.” “May I take the cast net?” “Of course.” There was no cast net and the boy remembered when they had sold it But they went through this fiction every day There was no pot of yellow rice and fish and the boy knew this too “Eighty-five is a lucky number,” the old man said “How would you like to see me bring one in that dressed out over a thousand pounds?” “I’ll get the cast net and go for sardines Will you sit in the sun in the doorway?” [16] “Yes I have yesterday’s paper and I will read the baseball.” The boy did not know whether yesterday’s paper was a fiction too But the old man brought it out from under the bed “Perico gave it t back when I have the sardines I’ll keep yours and mine together on ice and we can share them in the morning When I come back you can tell me about the baseball.” “The Yankees cannot lose.” “But I fear the Indians of Cleveland.” “Have faith in the Yankees my son Think of the great DiMaggio.” “I fear both the Tigers of Detroit and the Indians of Cleveland.” “Be careful or you will fear even the Reds of Cincinnati and the White Sax of Chicago.” “You study it and tell me when I come back.” “Do you think we should buy a terminal of the lottery with an eighty-five? Tomorrow is the eighty-fifth day.” “We can that,” the boy said “But what about the eighty-seven of your great record?” [17] “It could not happen twice Do you think you can find an eighty-five?” Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea “I can order one “One sheet That’s two dollars and a half Who can we borrow that from?” “That’s easy I can always borrow two dollars and a half.” “I think perhaps I can too But I try not to borrow First you borrow Then you beg.” “Keep warm old man,” the boy said “Remember we are in September.” “The month when the great fish come,” the old man said “Anyone can be a fisherman in May.” “I go now for the sardines,” the boy said When the boy came back the old man was asleep in the chair and the sun was down The boy took the over the back of the chair and over the old man’s shoulders They were strange shoulders, still powerful although very old, and the neck was still strong too and the creases did not show so much when the old man was asleep and his head fallen forward His shirt had been patched so many times that it was like the sail and the patches were faded to many different shades by the sun The [18] old man’s head was very old though and with his eyes closed there was no life in his face The newspaper lay across his knees and the weight of his arm held it there in the evening breeze He was barefooted The boy left him there and when he came back the old man was still asleep “Wake up old man,” the boy said and put his hand on one of the old man’s knees The old man opened his eyes and for a moment he was coming back from a long way away Then he smiled “What have you got?” he asked “Supper,” said the boy “We’re going to have supper.” “I’m not very hungry.” “Come on and eat You can’t fish and not eat.” “I have,” the old man said getting up and taking the newspaper and folding it Then he started to fold the blanket “Keep the blanket around you,” the boy said “You’ll not fish without eating while I’m alive.” “Then live a long time and take care of yourself,” the old man said “What are we eating?” “Black beans and rice, fried ba brought them in a two-decker metal container from the Terrace The two sets of knives and forks and spoons were in his pocket with a paper napkin wrapped around each set “Who gave this to you?” “Martin The owner.” “I must thank him.” “I thanked him already,” the boy said “You don’t need to thank him.” “I’ll give him the belly meat of a big fish,” the old man said “Has he done this for us more than once?” “I think so.” “I must give him something more than the belly meat then He is very thoughtful for us.” “He sent two beers.” “I like the beer in cans best.” “I know But this is in bottles, Hatuey beer, and I take back the bottles.” “That’s very kind of you,” the old man said “Should we eat?” “I’ve been asking you to,” the boy told him gently “I have not wished to open the container until you were ready.” [20] “I’m ready now,” the old man said “I only needed time to wash.” Where did you wash? the boy thought The village water supply was two streets down the road I must have water here for him, the boy thought, and soap and a good towel Why am I so Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea thoughtless? I must get him another shirt and a jacket for the winter and some sort of shoes and another blanket “Your stew is excellent,” the old man said “Tell me about the baseball,” the boy asked him “In the American League it is the Yan “They lost today,” the boy told him “That means nothing The great DiMaggio is himself again.” “They have other men on the team.” “Naturally But he makes the difference In the other league, between Brooklyn and Philadelphia I must take Brooklyn But then I think of Dick Sisler and those great drives In the old park.” “There was nothing ever like them He hits the longest ball I have ever seen.” “Do you remember when he used to come to the Terrace?” [21] “I wanted to take him fishing but I was too timid to ask him Then I asked you to ask him and you were too timid.” “I know It was a great mistake He might have gone with us Then we would have that for all of our lives.” “I would like to take the great DiMaggio fishing,” the old man said “They say his father was a fisherman Maybe he was as poor as we are and would understand.” “The great Sisler’s father was never poor and he, the father, was playing in the Big Leagues when he was my age.” “When I was your age I was before the mast on a square rigged ship that ran to Africa and I have seen lions on the beaches in the evening.” “I know You told me.” “Should we talk about Africa or about baseball?” “Baseball I think,” the boy said “Tell me about the great John J McGraw.” He said Jota for J “He used to come to the Terrace sometimes too in the older days But he was rough and drinking His mind was on horses as well as baseball At least he carried lists of [22] horses at all times in his pocket and frequently spoke the names of horses on the telephone.” “He was a great manager,” the boy said “My father thinks he was the greatest.” “Because he came here the most times,” the old man said “If Durocher had continued to come here each year your father would think him the greatest manager.” “Who is the greatest manager, really, Luque or Mike Gonzalez?” “I think they are equal.” “And the best fisherman is you.” “No I know others better.” “Que Va,” the boy said “There are many good fishermen and some great ones But there is only you.” “Thank you You make me happy I hope no fish will come along so great that he will prove us wrong.” “There is no such fish if you are still strong as you say.” “I may not be as strong as I think,” the old man said “But I know many tricks and I have resolution.” “You ought to go to bed now so that you will be fresh in the morning I will take the things back to the Terrace.” [23] “Good night then I will wake you in the morning.” “You’re my alarm clock,” the boy said Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea “Age is my alarm clock,” the old man said “Why old men wake so early? Is it to have one longer day?” “I don’t know,” the boy said “All I know is that young boys sleep la man said “I’ll waken you in time.” “I not like for him to waken me It is as though I were inferior.” “I know.” “Sleep well old man.” The boy went out They had eaten with no light on the table and the old man took off his trousers and went to bed in the dark He rolled his trousers up to make a pillow, putting the newspaper inside them He rolled himself in the blanket and slept on the other old newspapers that covered the springs of the bed He was asleep in a short time and he dreamed of Africa when he was a boy and the long golden beaches and the white beaches, so white they hurt your eyes, and the high capes and the great brown mountains He lived along that coast now every night and in his dreams he heard the surf roar and saw the native boats [24] come riding through it He smelled the tar and oakum of the deck as he slept and he smelled the smell of Africa that the land breeze brought at morning Usually when he smelled the land breeze he woke up and dressed to go and wake the boy But tonight the smell of the land breeze came very early and he knew it was too early in his dream and went on dreaming to see the white peaks of the Islands rising from the sea and then he dreamed of the different harbours and roadsteads of the Canary Islands He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of women, nor of great occurrences, n strength, nor of his wife He only dreamed of places now and of the lions on the beach They played like young cats in the dusk and he loved them as he loved the boy He never dreamed about the boy He simply woke, looked out the open door at the moon and unrolled his trousers and put them on He urinated outside the shack and then went up the road to wake the boy He was shivering with the morning cold But he knew he would shiver himself warm and that soon he would be rowing The door of the house where the boy lived was unlocked and he opened it and walked in quietly with his [25] bare feet The boy was asleep on a cot in the first room and the old man could see him clearly with the light that came in from the dying moon He took hold of one foot gently and held it until the boy woke and turned and looked at him The old man nodded and the boy took his trousers from the chair by the bed and, sitting on the bed, pulled them on The old man went out the door and the boy came after him He was sleepy and the old man put his arm across his shoulders and said, “I am sorry.” “Qua Va,” the boy said “It is what a man must do.” They walked down the road to the old man’s shack and all along the road, in the dark, barefoot men were moving, carrying the masts of their boats When they reached the old man’s shack the boy harpoon and gaff and the old man carried the mast with the furled sail on his shoulder “Do you want coffee?” the boy asked “We’ll put the gear in the boat and then get some.” They had coffee from condensed milk cans at an early morning place that served fishermen “How did you sleep old man?” the boy asked He [26] was waking up now although it was still hard for him to leave his sleep “Very well, Manolin,” the old man said “I feel confident today.” “So I,” the boy said “Now I must get your sardines and mine and your fresh baits He brings our gear himself He never wants anyone to carry anything.” “We’re different,” the old man said “I let you carry things when you were five years old.” Các sản phẩm thủ cơng có tính đặc thù riêng có Dựa nghiên cứu Hartman Group (2016), sản phẩm thủ công định nghĩa sản phẩm tạo thợ thủ cơng vừa hàng hóa vừa sản phẩm văn hóa, nghệ thuật, mỹ thuật, chí trở thành di sản văn hóa mang sắc văn hóa vùng lãnh thổ hay quốc gia Sản phẩm thủ cơng đóng góp trực tiếp công cụ quan trọng việc tạo ra, phản ánh lưu trữ giá trị văn hóa xã hội (Manifold, 2009; Pöllänen, 2011; Yang cộng sự, 2018) Định nghĩa Pưllänen (2013) thủ cơng đặt q trình suy nghĩ, cảm nhận chế tạo trình sản xuất sản phẩm thủ cơng vị trí trung tâm Trong cách tiếp cận logic thể chế đổi sản phẩm dành quan tâm nghiên cứu nhiều học giả, đổi sản phẩm thủ cơng nghiên cứu khía cạnh rời rạc nghiên cứu chưa trọng tới hành động mang tính chiến lược tổ chức trình đổi sản phẩm Các nghiên cứu doanh nghiệp thủ cơng giới thiệu sản phẩm làm sản phẩm tương tự để thỏa mãn nhu cầu khách hàng thay đổi thiết kế tính sản phẩm (Khan & Creazza, 2009) Tóm lại, nghiên cứu cung cấp nhóm chiến lược nhằm thích ứng với logic xung đột, bao gồm: Lai ghép (Battilana & Dorado, 2010), kết hợp chọn lọc (Pache & Santos, 2013), tách biệt địa lý (Lounsbury, 2007), cân (Smets & cộng sự, 2015), hành vi khác biệt tương tác biểu tượng (Jourdan & cộng sự, 2017) 2.1.2 Các nghiên cứu Việt Nam Tại Việt Nam, nghiên cứu sản phẩm thủ công Một nghiên cứu nghiên cứu Fanchette & Stedman (2009) dựa khảo sát tài liệu lịch sử liệu thứ cấp mô tả lịch sử hình thành phát triển làng nghề truyền thống Việt Nam 600 năm Một số nghiên cứu khác học giả Việt Nam sản phẩm thủ cơng tập trung phân tích khía cạnh nhiễm mơi trường (Vũ Hồng Hoa & Phan Vân Yên, 2008; Nguyễn Văn Đoàn, 2015), thể chế nhà nước, vốn xã hội (Phan Thị Thu Hà, 2018), sức khỏe lao động, Khoảng trống nghiên cứu Trên giới có nhiều nghiên cứu nghề thủ công, đặc điểm sản xuất thủ công với nghiên cứu logic thể chế ảnh hưởng chúng lên hành vi tổ chức Tuy nhiên, nghiên cứu chưa tập trung phân tích chiến lược thích ứng với logic doanh nghiệp thủ cơng q trình đổi sản phẩm họ Nói cách khác, hành vi mang tính chiến lược tổ chức cấp độ sản phẩm chưa phân tích làm rõ Điều tạo hai vấn đề lớn tri thức Một là, đứng góc độ cách tiếp cận logic thể chế, chưa hiểu rõ cách thức tầm chiến lược doanh nghiệp doanh nghiệp đối mặt với logic có tính xung đột Hai là, câu hỏi ‘hành vi tổ chức thể qua đổi sản phẩm doanh nghiệp thủ cơng’ có tương đồng với loại hình doanh nghiệp khác?’ chưa trả lời thấu đáo Vì vậy, nghiên cứu với mục tiêu khám phá chiến lược thích ứng với logic thể chế trình đổi sản phẩm doanh nghiệp thủ cơng góp phần làm sáng tỏ hành vi chiến lược nhóm doanh nghiệp với đặc thù riêng có Ngồi ra, câu hỏi từ khoảng trống nghiên cứu trả lời thấu đáo gợi ý thay đổi hành động sách liên quan tới sản phẩm, sản xuất kinh doanh doanh nghiệp thủ công rộng với làng nghề thủ công truyền thống Việt Nam nói riêng, giới nói chung 2.2 Khung lý thuyết logic thể chế đổi sản phẩm 2.2.1 Logic thể chế Số 301(2) tháng 7/2022 40 He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish In the first forty days a boy had been with him But after forty days without a fish the boy’s parents had told him that the old man was now definitely and finally salao, which is the worst form of unlucky, and the boy had gone at their orders in another boat which caught three good fish the first week It made the boy sad to see the old man come in each day with his skiff empty and he always went down to help him carry either the coiled lines or the gaff and harpoon and the sail that was furled around the mast The sail was patched with flour sacks and, furled, it looked like the flag of permanent defeat The old man was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in the back of his neck The brown blotches of the benevolent skin cancer the sun brings from its [9] reflection on the tropic sea were on his cheeks The blotches ran well down the sides of his face and his hands had the deep-creased scars from handling heavy fish on the cords But none of these scars were fresh They were as old as erosions in a fishless desert Everything about him was old except his eyes and they were the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated “Santiago,” the boy said to him as they climbed the bank from where the skiff w We’ve made some money.” The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him “No,” the old man said “You’re with a lucky boat Stay with them.” “But remember how you went eighty-seven days without fish and then we caught big ones every day for three weeks.” “I remember,” the old man said “I know you did not leave me because you doubted.” “It was papa made me leave I am a boy and I must obey him.” “I know,” the old man said “It is quite normal.” “He hasn’t much faith.” [10] “No,” the old man said “But we have Haven’t we?” ‘Yes,” the boy said “Can I offer you a beer on the Terrace and then we’ll take the stuff home.” “Why not?” the old man said “Between fishermen.” They sat on the Terrace and many of the fishermen made fun of the old man and he was not angry Others, of the older fishermen, looked at him and were sad But they did not show it and they spoke politely about the current and the depths they had drifted their lines at and the steady good weather and of what they had seen The successful fishermen of that day were already in and had butchered their marlin out and carried them laid full length across two planks, with two men Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea staggering at the end of each plank, to the fish house where they waited for the ice truck to carry them to the market in Ha taken them to the shark factory on the other side of the cove where they were hoisted on a block and tackle, their livers removed, their fins cut off and their hides skinned out and their flesh cut into strips for salting When the wind was in the east a smell came across the harbour from the shark factory; but today there [11] was only the faint edge of the odour because the wind had backed into the north and then dropped off and it was pleasant and sunny on the Terrace “Santiago,” the boy said “Yes,” the old man said He was holding his glass and thinking of many years ago “Can I go out to get sardines for you for tomorrow?” “No Go and play baseball I can still row and Rogelio will throw the net.” “I would like to go If I cannot fish with you I would like to serve in some way.” “You bought me a beer,” the old man said “You are already a man.” “How old was I when you first took me in a boat?” “Five and you nearly were killed when I brought the fish in too green and he nearly tore the boat to pieces Can you remember?” “I can remember the tail slapping and banging and the thwart breaking and the noise of the clubbing I can remember you throwing me into the bow where the wet coiled lines were and feeling the whole boat shiver and the noise of you clubbing him like chopping a tree down and the sweet blood smell all over me.” [12] “Can Thuật ngữ “logic thể chế” đưa Alford & Friedland (1985) để mô tả thực tiễn niềm tin tồn cố hữu thể chế xã hội phương Tây tiếp tục Friedland & Alford (1991) phát triển thêm bối cảnh khám phá mối quan hệ cá nhân, tổ chức xã hội Jackall (1988) phát triển khái niệm riêng logic thể chế, nhấn mạnh khía cạnh quy chuẩn thể chế mâu thuẫn nội tổ chức Tiếp đó, Thornton & Ocasio (1999) định nghĩa logic thể chế “mô thức xã hội gắn với bối cảnh lịch sử thực hành mang tính vật chất, giả định, giá trị, niềm tin, quy tắc mà qua chủ thể xếp thời gian không gian, tạo ý nghĩa cho thực hành xã hội họ” Thornton & cộng (2012) phát triển khung lý thuyết ban đầu Friedland & Alford (1991) hệ thống liên thể chế 07 trật tự thể chế, khu vực có logic riêng Campbell & Pedersen (2001) định nghĩa logic thị trường tập hợp quan điểm, thực hành quy định sách nhằm bảo vệ quyền tự cá nhân theo đuổi lợi ích kinh tế họ, nắm bắt giải pháp thị trường tự cho vấn đề kinh tế xã hội Logic thị trường khuyến khích doanh nghiệp tư nhân theo đuổi mục tiêu tối đa hóa lợi nhuận, tăng trưởng doanh nghiệp cách áp dụng nhiều chiến lược từ tăng trưởng dựa vào quy mơ, giảm chi phí so với đối thủ cạnh tranh định hướng khách hàng (Albert, 1993; Campbell Pedersen, 2001; Przeworski & cộng sự, 1995) Khác với nghiên cứu logic thị trường thường lấy bối cảnh tổ chức, nghiên cứu logic văn hóa thường xem xét cấp độ cá nhân Adams & Markus (2003) cá nhân tuân theo chuẩn mực giá trị nơi họ sinh sống Vì vậy, người ln xã hội hóa văn hóa Logic văn hóa định nghĩa q trình mà người sử dụng giả định giống cách hiệu để diễn giải hành động – tức là, đưa giả thuyết động ý định Nói cách khác, logic văn hóa dựa giả định “hệ sinh thái” cá nhân, nhấn mạnh phụ thuộc lẫn dựa khái niệm thực hành văn hóa (Enfield, 2000) Tương tự logic thị trường logic văn hóa, logic nghề nghiệp phạm trù học giả quan tâm nghiên cứu Logic nghề nghiệp đại diện cho tôn nghề nghiệp Đó cách mà cơng việc họ tổ chức, thực thi đánh giá (Gadolin, 2018) Tổ chức lai Battilana & Dorado (2010) định nghĩa “tổ chức lai tổ chức tích hợp thành tố từ logic thể chế khác logic thường logic cạnh tranh” Các doanh nghiệp sản xuất thủ công coi tổ chức lai vừa hoạt động theo mơ hình doanh nghiệp (logic thị trường chi phối) vừa chịu ảnh hưởng lớn nghềthời nghiệp/văn hóavà(đặc chủ nghệ nhân) Trong chứcthích lai tồn laibởi tồnlogic đồng nhiều logic giữabiệt cáclàlogic nàydoanh tồn tạinghiệp hai đặclàtính chủ yếu tính tổ tương đồng vàchức lai cácđược logiccho nàyrằng tồn tính chủ yếu lược tính tính tính đặc trungthù tâm tính thời trungnhiều tâm.logic Các tổ hai cần đặc có chiến đểtương thích thích ứng với Các tổ chức lai cho cần có chiến lược để thích ứng với tính đặc thù này it to you?” “I remember everything from when we first went together.” The old man looked at him with his sun-burned, confident loving eyes “If you were my boy I’d take you out and gamble,” he said “But you are your father’s and your mother’s and you are in a lucky boat.” “May I get the sardines? I know where I can get four baits too.” “I have mine left from today I put them in salt in the box.” “Let me get four fresh ones.” “One,” the old man said His hope and his confidence had never gone But now they were freshening as when the breeze rises “Two,” the boy said “Two,” the old man agreed “You didn’t steal them?” “I would,” the boy said “But I bought these.” “Thank you,” the old man said He was too simple to wonder when he had attained humility But he [13] knew he had attained it and he knew it was not disgraceful and it carried no loss of true pride “Tomorrow is going to be a good day with this current,” he said “Where are you going?” the boy asked “Far out to come in when the wind shifts I want to be out before it is light.” “I’ll try to get him to work far out,” the boy said “Then if you hook something truly big we can come to your aid.” “He does not like to work too far out.” “No,” the boy said “But I will see something that he cannot see such as a bird working and get him to come out after dolphin.” “Are his eyes that bad?” “He is said “He never went turtle-ing That is what kills the eyes.” “But you went turtle-ing for years off the Mosquito Coast and your eyes are good.” Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea “I am a strange old man” “But are you strong enough now for a truly big fish?” “I think so And there are many tricks.” [14] “Let us take the stuff home,” the boy said “So I can get the cast net and go after the sardines.” They picked up the gear from the boat The old man carried the mast on his shoulder and the boy carried the wooden boat with the coiled, hard-braided brown lines, the gaff and the harpoon with its shaft The box with the baits was under the stern of the skiff along with the club that was used to subdue the big fish when they were brought alongside No one would steal from the old man but it was better to take the sail and the heavy lines home as the dew was bad for them and, though he was quite sure no local people would steal from him, the old man thought that a gaff and a harpoon were needless temptations to leave in a boat They walked up the road together to the old man’s shack and went in through its open door The old man leaned the mast with its wrapped sail against the wall and the boy put the box and the other gear beside it The mast was nearly as long as the one room of the shack The shack was made of the toug called guano and in it there was a bed, a table, one chair, and a place on the dirt floor to cook with charcoal On the brown walls of the flattened, overlapping leaves of the sturdy fibered [15] guano there was a picture in color of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and another of the Virgin of Cobre These were relics of his wife Once there had been a tinted photograph of his wife on the wall but he had taken it down because it made him too lonely to see it and it was on the shelf in the corner under his clean shirt “What you have to eat?” the boy asked “A pot of yellow rice with fish Do you want some?” “No I will eat at home Do you want me to make the fire?” “No I will make it later on Or I may eat the rice cold.” “May I take the cast net?” “Of course.” There was no cast net and the boy remembered when they had sold it But they went through this fiction every day There was no pot of yellow rice and fish and the boy knew this too “Eighty-five is a lucky number,” the old man said “How would you like to see me bring one in that dressed out over a thousand pounds?” “I’ll get the cast net and go for sardines Will you sit in the sun in the doorway?” [16] “Yes I have yesterday’s paper and I will read the baseball.” The boy did not know whether yesterday’s paper was a fiction too But the old man brought it out from under the bed “Perico gave it t back when I have the sardines I’ll keep yours and mine together on ice and we can share them in the morning When I come back you can tell me about the baseball.” “The Yankees cannot lose.” “But I fear the Indians of Cleveland.” “Have faith in the Yankees my son Think of the great DiMaggio.” “I fear both the Tigers of Detroit and the Indians of Cleveland.” “Be careful or you will fear even the Reds of Cincinnati and the White Sax of Chicago.” “You study it and tell me when I come back.” “Do you think we should buy a terminal of the lottery with an eighty-five? Tomorrow is the eighty-fifth day.” “We can that,” the boy said “But what about the eighty-seven of your great record?” [17] “It could not happen twice Do you think you can find an eighty-five?” Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea “I can order one “One sheet That’s two dollars and a half Who can we borrow that from?” “That’s easy I can always borrow two dollars and a half.” “I think perhaps I can too But I try not to borrow First you borrow Then you beg.” “Keep warm old man,” the boy said “Remember we are in September.” “The month when the great fish come,” the old man said “Anyone can be a fisherman in May.” “I go now for the sardines,” the boy said When the boy came back the old man was asleep in the chair and the sun was down The boy took the over the back of the chair and over the old man’s shoulders They were strange shoulders, still powerful although very old, and the neck was still strong too and the creases did not show so much when the old man was asleep and his head fallen forward His shirt had been patched so many times that it was like the sail and the patches were faded to many different shades by the sun The [18] old man’s head was very old though and with his eyes closed there was no life in his face The newspaper lay across his knees and the weight of his arm held it there in the evening breeze He was barefooted The boy left him there and when he came back the old man was still asleep “Wake up old man,” the boy said and put his hand on one of the old man’s knees The old man opened his eyes and for a moment he was coming back from a long way away Then he smiled “What have you got?” he asked “Supper,” said the boy “We’re going to have supper.” “I’m not very hungry.” “Come on and eat You can’t fish and not eat.” “I have,” the old man said getting up and taking the newspaper and folding it Then he started to fold the blanket “Keep the blanket around you,” the boy said “You’ll not fish without eating while I’m alive.” “Then live a long time and take care of yourself,” the old man said “What are we eating?” “Black beans and rice, fried ba brought them in a two-decker metal container from the Terrace The two sets of knives and forks and spoons were in his pocket with a paper napkin wrapped around each set “Who gave this to you?” “Martin The owner.” “I must thank him.” “I thanked him already,” the boy said “You don’t need to thank him.” “I’ll give him the belly meat of a big fish,” the old man said “Has he done this for us more than once?” “I think so.” “I must give him something more than the belly meat then He is very thoughtful for us.” “He sent two beers.” “I like the beer in cans best.” “I know But this is in bottles, Hatuey beer, and I take back the bottles.” “That’s very kind of you,” the old man said “Should we eat?” “I’ve been asking you to,” the boy told him gently “I have not wished to open the container until you were ready.” [20] “I’m ready now,” the old man said “I only needed time to wash.” Where did you wash? the boy thought The village water supply was two streets down the road I must have water here for him, the boy thought, and soap and a good towel Why am I so Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea thoughtless? I must get him another shirt and a jacket for the winter and some sort of shoes and another blanket “Your stew is excellent,” the old man said “Tell me about the baseball,” the boy asked him “In the American League it is the Yan “They lost today,” the boy told him “That means nothing The great DiMaggio is himself again.” “They have other men on the team.” “Naturally But he makes the difference In the other league, between Brooklyn and Philadelphia I must take Brooklyn But then I think of Dick Sisler and those great drives In the old park.” “There was nothing ever like them He hits the longest ball I have ever seen.” “Do you remember when he used to come to the Terrace?” [21] “I wanted to take him fishing but I was too timid to ask him Then I asked you to ask him and you were too timid.” “I know It was a great mistake He might have gone with us Then we would have that for all of our lives.” “I would like to take the great DiMaggio fishing,” the old man said “They say his father was a fisherman Maybe he was as poor as we are and would understand.” “The great Sisler’s father was never poor and he, the father, was playing in the Big Leagues when he was my age.” “When I was your age I was before the mast on a square rigged ship that ran to Africa and I have seen lions on the beaches in the evening.” “I know You told me.” “Should we talk about Africa or about baseball?” “Baseball I think,” the boy said “Tell me about the great John J McGraw.” He said Jota for J “He used to come to the Terrace sometimes too in the older days But he was rough and drinking His mind was on horses as well as baseball At least he carried lists of [22] horses at all times in his pocket and frequently spoke the names of horses on the telephone.” “He was a great manager,” the boy said “My father thinks he was the greatest.” “Because he came here the most times,” the old man said “If Durocher had continued to come here each year your father would think him the greatest manager.” “Who is the greatest manager, really, Luque or Mike Gonzalez?” “I think they are equal.” “And the best fisherman is you.” “No I know others better.” “Que Va,” the boy said “There are many good fishermen and some great ones But there is only you.” “Thank you You make me happy I hope no fish will come along so great that he will prove us wrong.” “There is no such fish if you are still strong as you say.” “I may not be as strong as I think,” the old man said “But I know many tricks and I have resolution.” “You ought to go to bed now so that you will be fresh in the morning I will take the things back to the Terrace.” [23] “Good night then I will wake you in the morning.” “You’re my alarm clock,” the boy said Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea “Age is my alarm clock,” the old man said “Why old men wake so early? Is it to have one longer day?” “I don’t know,” the boy said “All I know is that young boys sleep la man said “I’ll waken you in time.” “I not like for him to waken me It is as though I were inferior.” “I know.” “Sleep well old man.” The boy went out They had eaten with no light on the table and the old man took off his trousers and went to bed in the dark He rolled his trousers up to make a pillow, putting the newspaper inside them He rolled himself in the blanket and slept on the other old newspapers that covered the springs of the bed He was asleep in a short time and he dreamed of Africa when he was a boy and the long golden beaches and the white beaches, so white they hurt your eyes, and the high capes and the great brown mountains He lived along that coast now every night and in his dreams he heard the surf roar and saw the native boats [24] come riding through it He smelled the tar and oakum of the deck as he slept and he smelled the smell of Africa that the land breeze brought at morning Usually when he smelled the land breeze he woke up and dressed to go and wake the boy But tonight the smell of the land breeze came very early and he knew it was too early in his dream and went on dreaming to see the white peaks of the Islands rising from the sea and then he dreamed of the different harbours and roadsteads of the Canary Islands He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of women, nor of great occurrences, n strength, nor of his wife He only dreamed of places now and of the lions on the beach They played like young cats in the dusk and he loved them as he loved the boy He never dreamed about the boy He simply woke, looked out the open door at the moon and unrolled his trousers and put them on He urinated outside the shack and then went up the road to wake the boy He was shivering with the morning cold But he knew he would shiver himself warm and that soon he would be rowing The door of the house where the boy lived was unlocked and he opened it and walked in quietly with his [25] bare feet The boy was asleep on a cot in the first room and the old man could see him clearly with the light that came in from the dying moon He took hold of one foot gently and held it until the boy woke and turned and looked at him The old man nodded and the boy took his trousers from the chair by the bed and, sitting on the bed, pulled them on The old man went out the door and the boy came after him He was sleepy and the old man put his arm across his shoulders and said, “I am sorry.” “Qua Va,” the boy said “It is what a man must do.” They walked down the road to the old man’s shack and all along the road, in the dark, barefoot men were moving, carrying the masts of their boats When they reached the old man’s shack the boy harpoon and gaff and the old man carried the mast with the furled sail on his shoulder “Do you want coffee?” the boy asked “We’ll put the gear in the boat and then get some.” They had coffee from condensed milk cans at an early morning place that served fishermen “How did you sleep old man?” the boy asked He [26] was waking up now although it was still hard for him to leave his sleep “Very well, Manolin,” the old man said “I feel confident today.” “So I,” the boy said “Now I must get your sardines and mine and your fresh baits He brings our gear himself He never wants anyone to carry anything.” “We’re different,” the old man said “I let you carry things when you were five years old.” Bảng 1: Các đặc tính tổ chức lai Khả tương thích thấp (Các logic gây đối lập hoạt động tổ chức) Khả tương thích cao (Các logic tạo tương thích cho hoạt động tổ chức) Tính trung tâm cao (Độ mạnh logic ngang nhau) Tổ chức cạnh tranh (Competitive Organizations) Mức độ xung đột cao Tổ chức ngang hàng (Aligned Organizations) Xung đột thấp Tính trung tâm thấp (Tồn 01 logic lấn át logic lại) Tổ chức tách biệt (Estranged Organizations) Mức độ xung đột trung bình Tổ chức thống trị (Dominant Organizations) Khơng có xung đột Nguồn: Battilana & Dorado (2010) 2.2.2 Phổ đổi sản phẩm TrongPhổ khiđổi đó,mới đổi sản mớiphẩm sản phẩm tạo hàng hóa dịch vụ cải tiến đáng kể so với đặc 2.2.2 tính hoặckhi mục sử dụng Điều bao tiến đáng vềđáng thơngkểsốsokỹ thành Trong đó,đích đổi sản phẩm tạo hàng hóagồm hoặcnhững dịch vụcải cảikể tiến vớithuật, đặc phần vậtmục liệu,đích phần đượcnó.tích hợp, dùng đặc chức tính sử mềm dụng Điều nàytính baothân gồm thiện nhữngvới cảingười tiến đáng kểhoặc thông số kỹđiểm thuật, thành phần vật liệu, phần mềm tích hợp, tính thân thiện với người dùng đặc điểm chức khác (OECD, 2005) Heany (1983) 06 cấp độ đổi sản phẩm xếp theo mức độ rủi ro: khác (OECD, 2005) Heany (1983) 06 cấp độ đổi sản phẩm xếp theo mức độ rủi Hiện đổi sản phẩm yếu tố sống doanh nghiệp mang lại lợi ro: Số 301(2) tháng 7/2022 Bảng 2: Phổ đổi41mới sản phẩm Phổ đổi sản phẩm Sự thay đổi doanh 2.2.2 Phổ đổi sản phẩm Trong đó, đổi sản phẩm tạo hàng hóa dịch vụ cải tiến đáng kể so với đặc tính mục đích sử dụng Điều bao gồm cải tiến đáng kể thông số kỹ thuật, thành phần vật liệu, phần mềm tích hợp, tính thân thiện với người dùng đặc điểm chức khác (OECD, 2005) Heany (1983) 06 cấp độ đổi sản phẩm xếp theo mức độ rủi ro: He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish In the first forty days a boy had been with him But after forty days without a fish the boy’s parents had told him that the old man was now definitely and finally salao, which is the worst form of unlucky, and the boy had gone at their orders in another boat which caught three good fish the first week It made the boy sad to see the old man come in each day with his skiff empty and he always went down to help him carry either the coiled lines or the gaff and harpoon and the sail that was furled around the mast The sail was patched with flour sacks and, furled, it looked like the flag of permanent defeat The old man was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in the back of his neck The brown blotches of the benevolent skin cancer the sun brings from its [9] reflection on the tropic sea were on his cheeks The blotches ran well down the sides of his face and his hands had the deep-creased scars from handling heavy fish on the cords But none of these scars were fresh They were as old as erosions in a fishless desert Everything about him was old except his eyes and they were the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated “Santiago,” the boy said to him as they climbed the bank from where the skiff w We’ve made some money.” The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him “No,” the old man said “You’re with a lucky boat Stay with them.” “But remember how you went eighty-seven days without fish and then we caught big ones every day for three weeks.” “I remember,” the old man said “I know you did not leave me because you doubted.” “It was papa made me leave I am a boy and I must obey him.” “I know,” the old man said “It is quite normal.” “He hasn’t much faith.” [10] “No,” the old man said “But we have Haven’t we?” ‘Yes,” the boy said “Can I offer you a beer on the Terrace and then we’ll take the stuff home.” “Why not?” the old man said “Between fishermen.” They sat on the Terrace and many of the fishermen made fun of the old man and he was not angry Others, of the older fishermen, looked at him and were sad But they did not show it and they spoke politely about the current and the depths they had drifted their lines at and the steady good weather and of what they had seen The successful fishermen of that day were already in and had butchered their marlin out and carried them laid full length across two planks, with two men Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea staggering at the end of each plank, to the fish house where they waited for the ice truck to carry them to the market in Ha taken them to the shark factory on the other side of the cove where they were hoisted on a block and tackle, their livers removed, their fins cut off and their hides skinned out and their flesh cut into strips for salting When the wind was in the east a smell came across the harbour from the shark factory; but today there [11] was only the faint edge of the odour because the wind had backed into the north and then dropped off and it was pleasant and sunny on the Terrace “Santiago,” the boy said “Yes,” the old man said He was holding his glass and thinking of many years ago “Can I go out to get sardines for you for tomorrow?” “No Go and play baseball I can still row and Rogelio will throw the net.” “I would like to go If I cannot fish with you I would like to serve in some way.” “You bought me a beer,” the old man said “You are already a man.” “How old was I when you first took me in a boat?” “Five and you nearly were killed when I brought the fish in too green and he nearly tore the boat to pieces Can you remember?” “I can remember the tail slapping and banging and the thwart breaking and the noise of the clubbing I can remember you throwing me into the bow where the wet coiled lines were and feeling the whole boat shiver and the noise of you clubbing him like chopping a tree down and the sweet blood smell all over me.” [12] “Can it to you?” “I remember everything from when we first went together.” The old man looked at him with his sun-burned, confident loving eyes “If you were my boy I’d take you out and gamble,” he said “But you are your father’s and your mother’s and you are in a lucky boat.” “May I get the sardines? I know where I can get four baits too.” “I have mine left from today I put them in salt in the box.” “Let me get four fresh ones.” “One,” the old man said His hope and his confidence had never gone But now they were freshening as when the breeze rises “Two,” the boy said “Two,” the old man agreed “You didn’t steal them?” “I would,” the boy said “But I bought these.” “Thank you,” the old man said He was too simple to wonder when he had attained humility But he [13] knew he had attained it and he knew it was not disgraceful and it carried no loss of true pride “Tomorrow is going to be a good day with this current,” he said “Where are you going?” the boy asked “Far out to come in when the wind shifts I want to be out before it is light.” “I’ll try to get him to work far out,” the boy said “Then if you hook something truly big we can come to your aid.” “He does not like to work too far out.” “No,” the boy said “But I will see something that he cannot see such as a bird working and get him to come out after dolphin.” “Are his eyes that bad?” “He is Bảng 2: Phổ đổi sản phẩm said “He never went turtle-ing That is what kills the eyes.” “But you went turtle-ing for years off the Mosquito Coast and your eyes are good.” Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea “I am a strange old man” “But are you strong enough now for a truly big fish?” “I think so And there are many tricks.” [14] “Let us take the stuff home,” the boy said “So I can get the cast net and go after the sardines.” They picked up the gear from the boat The old man carried the mast on his shoulder and the boy carried the wooden boat with the coiled, hard-braided brown lines, the gaff and the harpoon with its shaft The box with the baits was under the stern of the skiff along with the club that was used to subdue the big fish when they were brought alongside No one would steal from the old man but it was better to take the sail and the heavy lines home as the dew was bad for them and, though he was quite sure no local people would steal from him, the old man thought that a gaff and a harpoon were needless temptations to leave in a boat They walked up the road together to the old man’s shack and went in through its open door The old man leaned the mast with its wrapped sail against the wall and the boy put the box and the other gear beside it The mast was nearly as long as the one room of the shack The shack was made of the toug called guano and in it there was a bed, a table, one chair, and a place on the dirt floor to cook with charcoal On the brown walls of the flattened, overlapping leaves of the sturdy fibered [15] guano there was a picture in color of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and another of the Virgin of Cobre These were relics of his wife Once there had been a tinted photograph of his wife on the wall but he had taken it down because it made him too lonely to see it and it was on the shelf in the corner under his clean shirt “What you have to eat?” the boy asked “A pot of yellow rice with fish Do you want some?” “No I will eat at home Do you want me to make the fire?” “No I will make it later on Or I may eat the rice cold.” “May I take the cast net?” “Of course.” There was no cast net and the boy remembered when they had sold it But they went through this fiction every day There was no pot of yellow rice and fish and the boy knew this too “Eighty-five is a lucky number,” the old man said “How would you like to see me bring one in that dressed out over a thousand pounds?” “I’ll get the cast net and go for sardines Will you sit in the sun in the doorway?” [16] “Yes I have yesterday’s paper and I will read the baseball.” The boy did not know whether yesterday’s paper was a fiction too But the old man brought it out from under the bed “Perico gave it t Phổ đổi sản phẩm back when I have the sardines I’ll keep yours and mine together on ice and we can share them in the morning When I come back you can tell me about the baseball.” “The Yankees cannot lose.” “But I fear the Indians of Cleveland.” “Have faith in the Yankees my son Think of the great DiMaggio.” “I fear both the Tigers of Detroit and the Indians of Cleveland.” “Be careful or you will fear even the Reds of Cincinnati and the White Sax of Chicago.” “You study it and tell me when I come back.” “Do you think we should buy a terminal of the lottery with an eighty-five? Tomorrow is the eighty-fifth day.” “We can that,” the boy said “But what about the eighty-seven of your great record?” [17] “It could not happen twice Do you think you can find an eighty-five?” Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea “I can order one “One sheet That’s two dollars and a half Who can we borrow that from?” “That’s easy I can always borrow two dollars and a half.” “I think perhaps I can too But I try not to borrow First you borrow Then you beg.” “Keep warm old man,” the boy said “Remember we are in September.” “The month when the great fish come,” the old man said “Anyone can be a fisherman in May.” “I go now for the sardines,” the boy said When the boy came back the old man was asleep in the chair and the sun was down The boy took the over the back of the chair and over the old man’s shoulders They were strange shoulders, still powerful although very old, and the neck was still strong too and the creases did not show so much when the old man was asleep and his head fallen forward His shirt had been patched so many times that it was like the sail and the patches were faded to many different shades by the sun The [18] old man’s head was very old though and with his eyes closed there was no life in his face The newspaper lay across his knees and the weight of his arm held it there in the evening breeze He was barefooted The boy left him there and when he came back the old man was still asleep “Wake up old man,” the boy said and put his hand on one of the old man’s knees The old man opened his eyes and for a moment he was coming back from a long way away Then he smiled “What have you got?” he asked “Supper,” said the boy “We’re going to have supper.” “I’m not very hungry.” “Come on and eat You can’t fish and not eat.” “I have,” the old man said getting up and taking the newspaper and folding it Then he started to fold the blanket “Keep the blanket around you,” the boy said “You’ll not fish without eating while I’m alive.” “Then live a long time and take care of yourself,” the old man said “What are we eating?” “Black beans and rice, fried ba Sự diện doanh nghiệp thị trường Nhận thức khách hàng sản phẩm Sự thay đổi doanh nghiệp brought them in a two-decker metal container from the Terrace The two sets of knives and forks and spoons were in his pocket with a paper napkin wrapped around each set “Who gave this to you?” “Martin The owner.” “I must thank him.” “I thanked him already,” the boy said “You don’t need to thank him.” “I’ll give him the belly meat of a big fish,” the old man said “Has he done this for us more than once?” “I think so.” “I must give him something more than the belly meat then He is very thoughtful for us.” “He sent two beers.” “I like the beer in cans best.” “I know But this is in bottles, Hatuey beer, and I take back the bottles.” “That’s very kind of you,” the old man said “Should we eat?” “I’ve been asking you to,” the boy told him gently “I have not wished to open the container until you were ready.” [20] “I’m ready now,” the old man said “I only needed time to wash.” Where did you wash? the boy thought The village water supply was two streets down the road I must have water here for him, the boy thought, and soap and a good towel Why am I so Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea thoughtless? I must get him another shirt and a jacket for the winter and some sort of shoes and another blanket “Your stew is excellent,” the old man said “Tell me about the baseball,” the boy asked him “In the American League it is the Yan Thị trường cho sản phẩm Cấp độ đổi “They lost today,” the boy told him “That means nothing The great DiMaggio is himself again.” “They have other men on the team.” “Naturally But he makes the difference In the other league, between Brooklyn and Philadelphia I must take Brooklyn But then I think of Dick Sisler and those great drives In the old park.” “There was nothing ever like them He hits the longest ball I have ever seen.” “Do you remember when he used to come to the Terrace?” [21] “I wanted to take him fishing but I was too timid to ask him Then I asked you to ask him and you were too timid.” “I know It was a great mistake He might have gone with us Then we would have that for all of our lives.” “I would like to take the great DiMaggio fishing,” the old man said “They say his father was a fisherman Maybe he was as poor as we are and would understand.” “The great Sisler’s father was never poor and he, the father, was playing in the Big Leagues when he was my age.” “When I was your age I was before the mast on a square rigged ship that ran to Africa and I have seen lions on the beaches in the evening.” “I know You told me.” “Should we talk about Africa or about baseball?” “Baseball I think,” the boy said “Tell me about the great John J McGraw.” He said Jota for J “He used to come to the Terrace sometimes too in the older days But he was rough and drinking His mind was on horses as well as baseball At least he carried lists of [22] horses at all times in his pocket and frequently spoke the names of horses on the telephone.” “He was a great manager,” the boy said “My father thinks he was the greatest.” “Because he came here the most times,” the old man said “If Durocher had continued to come here each year your father would think him the greatest manager.” “Who is the greatest manager, really, Luque or Mike Gonzalez?” “I think they are equal.” “And the best fisherman is you.” “No I know others better.” “Que Va,” the boy said “There are many good fishermen and some great ones But there is only you.” “Thank you You make me happy I hope no fish will come along so great that he will prove us wrong.” “There is no such fish if you are still strong as you say.” “I may not be as strong as I think,” the old man said “But I know many tricks and I have resolution.” “You ought to go to bed now so that you will be fresh in the morning I will take the things back to the Terrace.” [23] “Good night then I will wake you in the morning.” “You’re my alarm clock,” the boy said Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea “Age is my alarm clock,” the old man said “Why old men wake so early? Is it to have one longer day?” “I don’t know,” the boy said “All I know is that young boys sleep la Sản phẩm Quy trình man said “I’ll waken you in time.” “I not like for him to waken me It is as though I were inferior.” “I know.” “Sleep well old man.” The boy went out They had eaten with no light on the table and the old man took off his trousers and went to bed in the dark He rolled his trousers up to make a pillow, putting the newspaper inside them He rolled himself in the blanket and slept on the other old newspapers that covered the springs of the bed He was asleep in a short time and he dreamed of Africa when he was a boy and the long golden beaches and the white beaches, so white they hurt your eyes, and the high capes and the great brown mountains He lived along that coast now every night and in his dreams he heard the surf roar and saw the native boats [24] come riding through it He smelled the tar and oakum of the deck as he slept and he smelled the smell of Africa that the land breeze brought at morning Usually when he smelled the land breeze he woke up and dressed to go and wake the boy But tonight the smell of the land breeze came very early and he knew it was too early in his dream and went on dreaming to see the white peaks of the Islands rising from the sea and then he dreamed of the different harbours and roadsteads of the Canary Islands He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of women, nor of great occurrences, n strength, nor of his wife He only dreamed of places now and of the lions on the beach They played like young cats in the dusk and he loved them as he loved the boy He never dreamed about the boy He simply woke, looked out the open door at the moon and unrolled his trousers and put them on He urinated outside the shack and then went up the road to wake the boy He was shivering with the morning cold But he knew he would shiver himself warm and that soon he would be rowing The door of the house where the boy lived was unlocked and he opened it and walked in quietly with his [25] bare feet The boy was asleep on a cot in the first room and the old man could see him clearly with the light that came in from the dying moon He took hold of one foot gently and held it until the boy woke and turned and looked at him The old man nodded and the boy took his trousers from the chair by the bed and, sitting on the bed, pulled them on The old man went out the door and the boy came after him He was sleepy and the old man put his arm across his shoulders and said, “I am sorry.” “Qua Va,” the boy said “It is what a man must do.” They walked down the road to the old man’s shack and all along the road, in the dark, barefoot men were moving, carrying the masts of their boats When they reached the old man’s shack the boy Đã có Đã có Đã có Thay đổi nhỏ Khơng Thay đổi kiểu dáng Đã có Đã có Đã có Thay đổi nhỏ Thay đổi nhỏ Cải tiến sản phẩm Đã có Đã có Đã có Đáng kể Thay đổi nhỏ Mở rộng dịng sản phẩm Đã có Đã có Đã có Thay đổi lớn Thay đổi lớn Sản phẩm Đã có Chưa có Chưa có Thay đổi lớn Thay đổi lớn “Start-up” Chưa có Chưa có Chưa có Thay đổi lớn Thay đổi lớn Đổi toàn diện harpoon and gaff and the old man carried the mast with the furled sail on his shoulder “Do you want coffee?” the boy asked “We’ll put the gear in the boat and then get some.” They had coffee from condensed milk cans at an early morning place that served fishermen “How did you sleep old man?” the boy asked He [26] was waking up now although it was still hard for him to leave his sleep “Very well, Manolin,” the old man said “I feel confident today.” “So I,” the boy said “Now I must get your sardines and mine and your fresh baits He brings our gear himself He never wants anyone to carry anything.” “We’re different,” the old man said “I let you carry things when you were five years old.” Nguồn: Heany (1983) cạnh tranh cho doanh nghiệp, SMEs (Falahat & cộng sự, 2020) Khơng có ý nghĩa cạnh tranh, đổi sản phẩm cịn tạo mơi trường phát triển lành mạnh, tạo động lực để kinh tế phát triển giai đoạn (Phùng Xuân Nhạ & Lê Quân, 2013) Trong lĩnh vực thủ công, phần lớn doanh nghiệp thủ công SMEs, đổi sản phẩm đóng vai trị trọng yếu yêu cầu tất yếu để doanh nghiệp thủ công tồn phát triển (Harel & cộng sự, 2019; Fox & cộng sự, 2000) Phương pháp nghiên cứu Cách tiếp cận chiến lược nghiên cứu Nhóm nghiên cứu sử dụng phương pháp nghiên cứu định tính Nghiên cứu định tính thường gắn liền với triết lý diễn giải (Denzin & Lincoln, 2018) nhà nghiên cứu cần hiểu ý nghĩa chủ quan mang tính xã hội tượng nghiên cứu Chiến lược nghiên cứu phát triển theo nghiên cứu điển hình (case study) Nghiên cứu điển hình nhằm khám phá sâu chủ đề tượng bối cảnh thực tế (Yin, 2018) Một chiến lược nghiên cứu điển hình có khả tạo hiểu biết sâu sắc tượng, mang lại mơ tả phong phú, mang tính thực nghiệm phát triển lý thuyết (Eisenhardt Graebner, 2007; Yin, 2018) Kỹ thuật vấn sâu sử dụng để thu thập liệu nghiên cứu Ý nghĩa tạo quan điểm diễn giải người tham gia đồng thời người vấn phản hồi quan điểm người tham gia giải thích kết liệu q trình phân tích (Denzin, 2001) Trong nghiên cứu này, 04 vấn sâu thực với 04 chủ sở sản xuất, kinh doanh làng nghề Bát Tràng 04 chủ sở sản xuất thỏa mãn điều kiện đặt nhằm phù hợp với câu hỏi vấn đề nghiên cứu, cụ thể là: (i) chủ doanh nghiệp; (ii) có chứng nghệ nhân; (iii) sinh trưởng làng nghề Các câu hỏi vấn cấu trúc dạng ‘bán cấu trúc’ nhằm tạo tính linh hoạt q trình vấn Các câu hỏi cố định (ngồi phần thông tin sở sản xuất, cá nhân câu hỏi phát triển tùy vào tình hình thực tế vấn) chia thành nhóm chủ đề sau: (1) Tình hình sản xuất nhóm sản phẩm; (2) Đánh giá khía cạnh thương mại văn hóa sản phẩm; (3) Những thay đổi sản phẩm theo thời gian; (4) Quan điểm đánh giá thay đổi sản phẩm Các vấn sâu kéo dài từ 30-60 phút, thực làng Bát Tràng làng Giang Cao, xã Bát Tràng Sau đó, file ghi âm gỡ băng thành dạng chữ Số 301(2) tháng 7/2022 42 He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish In the first forty days a boy had been with him But after forty days without a fish the boy’s parents had told him that the old man was now definitely and finally salao, which is the worst form of unlucky, and the boy had gone at their orders in another boat which caught three good fish the first week It made the boy sad to see the old man come in each day with his skiff empty and he always went down to help him carry either the coiled lines or the gaff and harpoon and the sail that was furled around the mast The sail was patched with flour sacks and, furled, it looked like the flag of permanent defeat The old man was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in the back of his neck The brown blotches of the benevolent skin cancer the sun brings from its [9] reflection on the tropic sea were on his cheeks The blotches ran well down the sides of his face and his hands had the deep-creased scars from handling heavy fish on the cords But none of these scars were fresh They were as old as erosions in a fishless desert Everything about him was old except his eyes and they were the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated “Santiago,” the boy said to him as they climbed the bank from where the skiff w We’ve made some money.” The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him “No,” the old man said “You’re with a lucky boat Stay with them.” “But remember how you went eighty-seven days without fish and then we caught big ones every day for three weeks.” “I remember,” the old man said “I know you did not leave me because you doubted.” “It was papa made me leave I am a boy and I must obey him.” “I know,” the old man said “It is quite normal.” “He hasn’t much faith.” [10] “No,” the old man said “But we have Haven’t we?” ‘Yes,” the boy said “Can I offer you a beer on the Terrace and then we’ll take the stuff home.” “Why not?” the old man said “Between fishermen.” They sat on the Terrace and many of the fishermen made fun of the old man and he was not angry Others, of the older fishermen, looked at him and were sad But they did not show it and they spoke politely about the current and the depths they had drifted their lines at and the steady good weather and of what they had seen The successful fishermen of that day were already in and had butchered their marlin out and carried them laid full length across two planks, with two men Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea staggering at the end of each plank, to the fish house where they waited for the ice truck to carry them to the market in Ha taken them to the shark factory on the other side of the cove where they were hoisted on a block and tackle, their livers removed, their fins cut off and their hides skinned out and their flesh cut into strips for salting When the wind was in the east a smell came across the harbour from the shark factory; but today there [11] was only the faint edge of the odour because the wind had backed into the north and then dropped off and it was pleasant and sunny on the Terrace “Santiago,” the boy said “Yes,” the old man said He was holding his glass and thinking of many years ago “Can I go out to get sardines for you for tomorrow?” “No Go and play baseball I can still row and Rogelio will throw the net.” “I would like to go If I cannot fish with you I would like to serve in some way.” “You bought me a beer,” the old man said “You are already a man.” “How old was I when you first took me in a boat?” “Five and you nearly were killed when I brought the fish in too green and he nearly tore the boat to pieces Can you remember?” “I can remember the tail slapping and banging and the thwart breaking and the noise of the clubbing I can remember you throwing me into the bow where the wet coiled lines were and feeling the whole boat shiver and the noise of you clubbing him like chopping a tree down and the sweet blood smell all over me.” [12] “Can Phương pháp xử lý liệu Về phương pháp mã hóa, nhóm nghiên cứu sử dụng phép phân tích định tính theo chủ điểm (Thematic analysis) Để xử lý vấn đề nảy sinh q trình thực thu thập phân tích liệu định tính độ tin cậy, định kiến nhà nghiên cứu, vấn đề diễn giải kiện văn hóa (Saunders & cộng sự, 2019), phép phân tích tiến hành theo bước sau đây: - Bước 1: Đọc hiểu tồn văn liệu Trong q trình này, tất thành viên nhóm nghiên cứu đọc gỡ băng nghe lại file ghi âm để bao quát ý nghĩa liệu; - Bước 2: Thu gọn liệu định tính buổi thảo luận nhóm nghiên cứu nhằm loại bỏ liệu có mối liên kết yếu với câu hỏi nghiên cứu xác định từ trước; - Bước 3: Mã hố độc lập Các thành viên nhóm nghiên cứu tiến hành mã hóa độc lập với nhau; - Bước 4: Các thành viên nhóm nghiên cứu trao đổi thống lại mã chủ điểm Kết bàn luận 4.1 Các chiến lược 4.1.1 Chiến lược tách biệt Các sở sản xuất thực trình phân khúc khách hàng nhằm thỏa mãn thị hiếu nhóm khách hàng (Narver & cộng sự, 2004; Lukas & Ferrell, 2000) “… Tùy mà thủ cơng nhiều Ví dụ chén đĩa máy dập cịn ấm phải làm thủ công nhiều…”- M01 Trong bối cảnh kinh tế, làng nghề Bát Tràng thay đổi định hướng nhiều theo thị trường Các sở sản xuất trọng thị hiếu khách hàng, kết hợp đổi theo nhu cầu khách hàng với sáng tạo, nghệ thuật người nghệ nhân “… Ơng thị trường ơng chấp nhận tăng quy mơ sản xuất, ơng chấp nhận làm ít, theo thị trường…”- M03 Cùng với đó, đổi coi thứ “vũ khí” để cạnh tranh (Im & Workman, 2004) Cạnh tranh không nhà sản xuất bên ngồi mà cịn nội làng nghề “… Kinh tế thị trường chiến trường Mình biết cạnh tranh kinh lắm,…”- M03 “… Sản phẩm Bát Tràng gần đẹp Bản thân anh ngỡ ngàng…”- M04 Vì nhu cầu khách hàng đa dạng thay đổi theo thời gian, chiến lược vừa thúc đẩy thay đổi, vừa ngăn thay đổi diễn tùy thuộc vào nhóm sản phẩm (Lewrick & cộng sự, 2011) 4.1.2 Chiến lược kết hợp Ở chiến lược nhà sản xuất cố gắng thỏa mãn logic thị trường không chống lại logic lại Dưới áp lực logic thị trường, công nghệ áp dụng vào sản xuất thay cho thao tác thủ công (Campana & cộng sự, 2016) Tương tự nghệ nhân gốm sứ Nhật Bản (Moeran, 1997), để giữ giá trị sản phẩm, thao tác thủ công số công đoạn vẽ trang trí sản phẩm trì “… Thủ cơng tất nhiên hàng quý để lúc thủ công khó phát triển mà phải kết hợp với công nghệ…”- M02 “… 50% hàng truyền thống phải làm xưa, có văn hóa người Việt phải giữ lại…”M03 4.1.3 Chiến lược “Mạng lưới vệ tinh” Chiến lược nhấn mạnh đến yếu tố thủ cơng, yếu tố tạo tính đơn hàm chứa giá trị riêng (Kennedy, 2010; Tregear, 2005) gắn liền với bối cảnh sản xuất Bát Tràng Các doanh nghiệp muốn định danh “by hand”, dù giá trị sản phẩm đến từ nguyên liệu, cách làm hay công nghệ trở thành điều quan trọng (Bryan-Wilson, 2013) với sở sản xuất Chính điều thúc đẩy trình tạo sản phẩm Quá trình tạo điều kiện cho sở sản xuất có kỹ thuật thủ cơng cao tiếp cận nhiều khách hàng đem lại nguồn thu cho doanh nghiệp “… Trong sản xuất gốm sứ, thủ công mang yếu tố định…”- M04 “… Sản phẩm truyền thống chính, có có sản phẩm Nó tạo nguồn thu khả it to you?” “I remember everything from when we first went together.” The old man looked at him with his sun-burned, confident loving eyes “If you were my boy I’d take you out and gamble,” he said “But you are your father’s and your mother’s and you are in a lucky boat.” “May I get the sardines? I know where I can get four baits too.” “I have mine left from today I put them in salt in the box.” “Let me get four fresh ones.” “One,” the old man said His hope and his confidence had never gone But now they were freshening as when the breeze rises “Two,” the boy said “Two,” the old man agreed “You didn’t steal them?” “I would,” the boy said “But I bought these.” “Thank you,” the old man said He was too simple to wonder when he had attained humility But he [13] knew he had attained it and he knew it was not disgraceful and it carried no loss of true pride “Tomorrow is going to be a good day with this current,” he said “Where are you going?” the boy asked “Far out to come in when the wind shifts I want to be out before it is light.” “I’ll try to get him to work far out,” the boy said “Then if you hook something truly big we can come to your aid.” “He does not like to work too far out.” “No,” the boy said “But I will see something that he cannot see such as a bird working and get him to come out after dolphin.” “Are his eyes that bad?” “He is said “He never went turtle-ing That is what kills the eyes.” “But you went turtle-ing for years off the Mosquito Coast and your eyes are good.” Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea “I am a strange old man” “But are you strong enough now for a truly big fish?” “I think so And there are many tricks.” [14] “Let us take the stuff home,” the boy said “So I can get the cast net and go after the sardines.” They picked up the gear from the boat The old man carried the mast on his shoulder and the boy carried the wooden boat with the coiled, hard-braided brown lines, the gaff and the harpoon with its shaft The box with the baits was under the stern of the skiff along with the club that was used to subdue the big fish when they were brought alongside No one would steal from the old man but it was better to take the sail and the heavy lines home as the dew was bad for them and, though he was quite sure no local people would steal from him, the old man thought that a gaff and a harpoon were needless temptations to leave in a boat They walked up the road together to the old man’s shack and went in through its open door The old man leaned the mast with its wrapped sail against the wall and the boy put the box and the other gear beside it The mast was nearly as long as the one room of the shack The shack was made of the toug called guano and in it there was a bed, a table, one chair, and a place on the dirt floor to cook with charcoal On the brown walls of the flattened, overlapping leaves of the sturdy fibered [15] guano there was a picture in color of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and another of the Virgin of Cobre These were relics of his wife Once there had been a tinted photograph of his wife on the wall but he had taken it down because it made him too lonely to see it and it was on the shelf in the corner under his clean shirt “What you have to eat?” the boy asked “A pot of yellow rice with fish Do you want some?” “No I will eat at home Do you want me to make the fire?” “No I will make it later on Or I may eat the rice cold.” “May I take the cast net?” “Of course.” There was no cast net and the boy remembered when they had sold it But they went through this fiction every day There was no pot of yellow rice and fish and the boy knew this too “Eighty-five is a lucky number,” the old man said “How would you like to see me bring one in that dressed out over a thousand pounds?” “I’ll get the cast net and go for sardines Will you sit in the sun in the doorway?” [16] “Yes I have yesterday’s paper and I will read the baseball.” The boy did not know whether yesterday’s paper was a fiction too But the old man brought it out from under the bed “Perico gave it t back when I have the sardines I’ll keep yours and mine together on ice and we can share them in the morning When I come back you can tell me about the baseball.” “The Yankees cannot lose.” “But I fear the Indians of Cleveland.” “Have faith in the Yankees my son Think of the great DiMaggio.” “I fear both the Tigers of Detroit and the Indians of Cleveland.” “Be careful or you will fear even the Reds of Cincinnati and the White Sax of Chicago.” “You study it and tell me when I come back.” “Do you think we should buy a terminal of the lottery with an eighty-five? Tomorrow is the eighty-fifth day.” “We can that,” the boy said “But what about the eighty-seven of your great record?” [17] “It could not happen twice Do you think you can find an eighty-five?” Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea “I can order one “One sheet That’s two dollars and a half Who can we borrow that from?” “That’s easy I can always borrow two dollars and a half.” “I think perhaps I can too But I try not to borrow First you borrow Then you beg.” “Keep warm old man,” the boy said “Remember we are in September.” “The month when the great fish come,” the old man said “Anyone can be a fisherman in May.” “I go now for the sardines,” the boy said When the boy came back the old man was asleep in the chair and the sun was down The boy took the over the back of the chair and over the old man’s shoulders They were strange shoulders, still powerful although very old, and the neck was still strong too and the creases did not show so much when the old man was asleep and his head fallen forward His shirt had been patched so many times that it was like the sail and the patches were faded to many different shades by the sun The [18] old man’s head was very old though and with his eyes closed there was no life in his face The newspaper lay across his knees and the weight of his arm held it there in the evening breeze He was barefooted The boy left him there and when he came back the old man was still asleep “Wake up old man,” the boy said and put his hand on one of the old man’s knees The old man opened his eyes and for a moment he was coming back from a long way away Then he smiled “What have you got?” he asked “Supper,” said the boy “We’re going to have supper.” “I’m not very hungry.” “Come on and eat You can’t fish and not eat.” “I have,” the old man said getting up and taking the newspaper and folding it Then he started to fold the blanket “Keep the blanket around you,” the boy said “You’ll not fish without eating while I’m alive.” “Then live a long time and take care of yourself,” the old man said “What are we eating?” “Black beans and rice, fried ba brought them in a two-decker metal container from the Terrace The two sets of knives and forks and spoons were in his pocket with a paper napkin wrapped around each set “Who gave this to you?” “Martin The owner.” “I must thank him.” “I thanked him already,” the boy said “You don’t need to thank him.” “I’ll give him the belly meat of a big fish,” the old man said “Has he done this for us more than once?” “I think so.” “I must give him something more than the belly meat then He is very thoughtful for us.” “He sent two beers.” “I like the beer in cans best.” “I know But this is in bottles, Hatuey beer, and I take back the bottles.” “That’s very kind of you,” the old man said “Should we eat?” “I’ve been asking you to,” the boy told him gently “I have not wished to open the container until you were ready.” [20] “I’m ready now,” the old man said “I only needed time to wash.” Where did you wash? the boy thought The village water supply was two streets down the road I must have water here for him, the boy thought, and soap and a good towel Why am I so Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea thoughtless? I must get him another shirt and a jacket for the winter and some sort of shoes and another blanket “Your stew is excellent,” the old man said “Tell me about the baseball,” the boy asked him “In the American League it is the Yan “They lost today,” the boy told him “That means nothing The great DiMaggio is himself again.” “They have other men on the team.” “Naturally But he makes the difference In the other league, between Brooklyn and Philadelphia I must take Brooklyn But then I think of Dick Sisler and those great drives In the old park.” “There was nothing ever like them He hits the longest ball I have ever seen.” “Do you remember when he used to come to the Terrace?” [21] “I wanted to take him fishing but I was too timid to ask him Then I asked you to ask him and you were too timid.” “I know It was a great mistake He might have gone with us Then we would have that for all of our lives.” “I would like to take the great DiMaggio fishing,” the old man said “They say his father was a fisherman Maybe he was as poor as we are and would understand.” “The great Sisler’s father was never poor and he, the father, was playing in the Big Leagues when he was my age.” “When I was your age I was before the mast on a square rigged ship that ran to Africa and I have seen lions on the beaches in the evening.” “I know You told me.” “Should we talk about Africa or about baseball?” “Baseball I think,” the boy said “Tell me about the great John J McGraw.” He said Jota for J “He used to come to the Terrace sometimes too in the older days But he was rough and drinking His mind was on horses as well as baseball At least he carried lists of [22] horses at all times in his pocket and frequently spoke the names of horses on the telephone.” “He was a great manager,” the boy said “My father thinks he was the greatest.” “Because he came here the most times,” the old man said “If Durocher had continued to come here each year your father would think him the greatest manager.” “Who is the greatest manager, really, Luque or Mike Gonzalez?” “I think they are equal.” “And the best fisherman is you.” “No I know others better.” “Que Va,” the boy said “There are many good fishermen and some great ones But there is only you.” “Thank you You make me happy I hope no fish will come along so great that he will prove us wrong.” “There is no such fish if you are still strong as you say.” “I may not be as strong as I think,” the old man said “But I know many tricks and I have resolution.” “You ought to go to bed now so that you will be fresh in the morning I will take the things back to the Terrace.” [23] “Good night then I will wake you in the morning.” “You’re my alarm clock,” the boy said Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea “Age is my alarm clock,” the old man said “Why old men wake so early? Is it to have one longer day?” “I don’t know,” the boy said “All I know is that young boys sleep la man said “I’ll waken you in time.” “I not like for him to waken me It is as though I were inferior.” “I know.” “Sleep well old man.” The boy went out They had eaten with no light on the table and the old man took off his trousers and went to bed in the dark He rolled his trousers up to make a pillow, putting the newspaper inside them He rolled himself in the blanket and slept on the other old newspapers that covered the springs of the bed He was asleep in a short time and he dreamed of Africa when he was a boy and the long golden beaches and the white beaches, so white they hurt your eyes, and the high capes and the great brown mountains He lived along that coast now every night and in his dreams he heard the surf roar and saw the native boats [24] come riding through it He smelled the tar and oakum of the deck as he slept and he smelled the smell of Africa that the land breeze brought at morning Usually when he smelled the land breeze he woke up and dressed to go and wake the boy But tonight the smell of the land breeze came very early and he knew it was too early in his dream and went on dreaming to see the white peaks of the Islands rising from the sea and then he dreamed of the different harbours and roadsteads of the Canary Islands He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of women, nor of great occurrences, n strength, nor of his wife He only dreamed of places now and of the lions on the beach They played like young cats in the dusk and he loved them as he loved the boy He never dreamed about the boy He simply woke, looked out the open door at the moon and unrolled his trousers and put them on He urinated outside the shack and then went up the road to wake the boy He was shivering with the morning cold But he knew he would shiver himself warm and that soon he would be rowing The door of the house where the boy lived was unlocked and he opened it and walked in quietly with his [25] bare feet The boy was asleep on a cot in the first room and the old man could see him clearly with the light that came in from the dying moon He took hold of one foot gently and held it until the boy woke and turned and looked at him The old man nodded and the boy took his trousers from the chair by the bed and, sitting on the bed, pulled them on The old man went out the door and the boy came after him He was sleepy and the old man put his arm across his shoulders and said, “I am sorry.” “Qua Va,” the boy said “It is what a man must do.” They walked down the road to the old man’s shack and all along the road, in the dark, barefoot men were moving, carrying the masts of their boats When they reached the old man’s shack the boy harpoon and gaff and the old man carried the mast with the furled sail on his shoulder “Do you want coffee?” the boy asked “We’ll put the gear in the boat and then get some.” They had coffee from condensed milk cans at an early morning place that served fishermen “How did you sleep old man?” the boy asked He [26] was waking up now although it was still hard for him to leave his sleep “Very well, Manolin,” the old man said “I feel confident today.” “So I,” the boy said “Now I must get your sardines and mine and your fresh baits He brings our gear himself He never wants anyone to carry anything.” “We’re different,” the old man said “I let you carry things when you were five years old.” Số 301(2) tháng 7/2022 43 He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish In the first forty days a boy had been with him But after forty days without a fish the boy’s parents had told him that the old man was now definitely and finally salao, which is the worst form of unlucky, and the boy had gone at their orders in another boat which caught three good fish the first week It made the boy sad to see the old man come in each day with his skiff empty and he always went down to help him carry either the coiled lines or the gaff and harpoon and the sail that was furled around the mast The sail was patched with flour sacks and, furled, it looked like the flag of permanent defeat The old man was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in the back of his neck The brown blotches of the benevolent skin cancer the sun brings from its [9] reflection on the tropic sea were on his cheeks The blotches ran well down the sides of his face and his hands had the deep-creased scars from handling heavy fish on the cords But none of these scars were fresh They were as old as erosions in a fishless desert Everything about him was old except his eyes and they were the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated “Santiago,” the boy said to him as they climbed the bank from where the skiff w We’ve made some money.” The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him “No,” the old man said “You’re with a lucky boat Stay with them.” “But remember how you went eighty-seven days without fish and then we caught big ones every day for three weeks.” “I remember,” the old man said “I know you did not leave me because you doubted.” “It was papa made me leave I am a boy and I must obey him.” “I know,” the old man said “It is quite normal.” “He hasn’t much faith.” [10] “No,” the old man said “But we have Haven’t we?” ‘Yes,” the boy said “Can I offer you a beer on the Terrace and then we’ll take the stuff home.” “Why not?” the old man said “Between fishermen.” They sat on the Terrace and many of the fishermen made fun of the old man and he was not angry Others, of the older fishermen, looked at him and were sad But they did not show it and they spoke politely about the current and the depths they had drifted their lines at and the steady good weather and of what they had seen The successful fishermen of that day were already in and had butchered their marlin out and carried them laid full length across two planks, with two men Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea staggering at the end of each plank, to the fish house where they waited for the ice truck to carry them to the market in Ha taken them to the shark factory on the other side of the cove where they were hoisted on a block and tackle, their livers removed, their fins cut off and their hides skinned out and their flesh cut into strips for salting When the wind was in the east a smell came across the harbour from the shark factory; but today there [11] was only the faint edge of the odour because the wind had backed into the north and then dropped off and it was pleasant and sunny on the Terrace “Santiago,” the boy said “Yes,” the old man said He was holding his glass and thinking of many years ago “Can I go out to get sardines for you for tomorrow?” “No Go and play baseball I can still row and Rogelio will throw the net.” “I would like to go If I cannot fish with you I would like to serve in some way.” “You bought me a beer,” the old man said “You are already a man.” “How old was I when you first took me in a boat?” “Five and you nearly were killed when I brought the fish in too green and he nearly tore the boat to pieces Can you remember?” “I can remember the tail slapping and banging and the thwart breaking and the noise of the clubbing I can remember you throwing me into the bow where the wet coiled lines were and feeling the whole boat shiver and the noise of you clubbing him like chopping a tree down and the sweet blood smell all over me.” [12] “Can cho tạo Nhờ có mà người ta biết đến sản phẩm mới…”- M03 it to you?” “I remember everything from when we first went together.” The old man looked at him with his sun-burned, confident loving eyes “If you were my boy I’d take you out and gamble,” he said “But you are your father’s and your mother’s and you are in a lucky boat.” “May I get the sardines? I know where I can get four baits too.” “I have mine left from today I put them in salt in the box.” “Let me get four fresh ones.” “One,” the old man said His hope and his confidence had never gone But now they were freshening as when the breeze rises “Two,” the boy said “Two,” the old man agreed “You didn’t steal them?” “I would,” the boy said “But I bought these.” “Thank you,” the old man said He was too simple to wonder when he had attained humility But he [13] knew he had attained it and he knew it was not disgraceful and it carried no loss of true pride “Tomorrow is going to be a good day with this current,” he said “Where are you going?” the boy asked “Far out to come in when the wind shifts I want to be out before it is light.” “I’ll try to get him to work far out,” the boy said “Then if you hook something truly big we can come to your aid.” “He does not like to work too far out.” “No,” the boy said “But I will see something that he cannot see such as a bird working and get him to come out after dolphin.” “Are his eyes that bad?” “He is said “He never went turtle-ing That is what kills the eyes.” “But you went turtle-ing for years off the Mosquito Coast and your eyes are good.” Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea “I am a strange old man” “But are you strong enough now for a truly big fish?” “I think so And there are many tricks.” [14] “Let us take the stuff home,” the boy said “So I can get the cast net and go after the sardines.” They picked up the gear from the boat The old man carried the mast on his shoulder and the boy carried the wooden boat with the coiled, hard-braided brown lines, the gaff and the harpoon with its shaft The box with the baits was under the stern of the skiff along with the club that was used to subdue the big fish when they were brought alongside No one would steal from the old man but it was better to take the sail and the heavy lines home as the dew was bad for them and, though he was quite sure no local people would steal from him, the old man thought that a gaff and a harpoon were needless temptations to leave in a boat They walked up the road together to the old man’s shack and went in through its open door The old man leaned the mast with its wrapped sail against the wall and the boy put the box and the other gear beside it The mast was nearly as long as the one room of the shack The shack was made of the toug Tính thẩm mỹ tinh xảo trình sản xuất sản phẩm thủ công khẳng định vị niềm tự hào tay nghề nghệ nhân (Sennett, 2008) Chính họ khơng ngừng học hỏi lẫn để nâng cao tay nghề Đồng thời họ trọng đến đào tạo hệ sau để có người thợ, người nghệ nhân có tay nghề cao, kỹ thuật thủ công giỏi nhằm tiếp tục trì phát triển nghề called guano and in it there was a bed, a table, one chair, and a place on the dirt floor to cook with charcoal On the brown walls of the flattened, overlapping leaves of the sturdy fibered [15] guano there was a picture in color of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and another of the Virgin of Cobre These were relics of his wife Once there had been a tinted photograph of his wife on the wall but he had taken it down because it made him too lonely to see it and it was on the shelf in the corner under his clean shirt “What you have to eat?” the boy asked “A pot of yellow rice with fish Do you want some?” “No I will eat at home Do you want me to make the fire?” “No I will make it later on Or I may eat the rice cold.” “May I take the cast net?” “Of course.” There was no cast net and the boy remembered when they had sold it But they went through this fiction every day There was no pot of yellow rice and fish and the boy knew this too “Eighty-five is a lucky number,” the old man said “How would you like to see me bring one in that dressed out over a thousand pounds?” “I’ll get the cast net and go for sardines Will you sit in the sun in the doorway?” [16] “Yes I have yesterday’s paper and I will read the baseball.” The boy did not know whether yesterday’s paper was a fiction too But the old man brought it out from under the bed “Perico gave it t back when I have the sardines I’ll keep yours and mine together on ice and we can share them in the morning When I come back you can tell me about the baseball.” “The Yankees cannot lose.” “But I fear the Indians of Cleveland.” “Have faith in the Yankees my son Think of the great DiMaggio.” “I fear both the Tigers of Detroit and the Indians of Cleveland.” “Be careful or you will fear even the Reds of Cincinnati and the White Sax of Chicago.” “You study it and tell me when I come back.” “Do you think we should buy a terminal of the lottery with an eighty-five? Tomorrow is the eighty-fifth day.” “We can that,” the boy said “But what about the eighty-seven of your great record?” [17] “It could not happen twice Do you think you can find an eighty-five?” Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea “I can order one “One sheet That’s two dollars and a half Who can we borrow that from?” “That’s easy I can always borrow two dollars and a half.” “I think perhaps I can too But I try not to borrow First you borrow Then you beg.” “Keep warm old man,” the boy said “Remember we are in September.” “The month when the great fish come,” the old man said “Anyone can be a fisherman in May.” “I go now for the sardines,” the boy said When the boy came back the old man was asleep in the chair and the sun was down The boy took the over the back of the chair and over the old man’s shoulders They were strange shoulders, still powerful although very old, and the neck was still strong too and the creases did not show so much when the old man was asleep and his head fallen forward His shirt had been patched so many times that it was like the sail and the patches were faded to many different shades by the sun The [18] old man’s head was very old though and with his eyes closed there was no life in his face The newspaper lay across his knees and the weight of his arm held it there in the evening breeze He was barefooted The boy left him there and when he came back the old man was still asleep “Wake up old man,” the boy said and put his hand on one of the old man’s knees The old man opened his eyes and for a moment he was coming back from a long way away Then he smiled “What have you got?” he asked “Supper,” said the boy “We’re going to have supper.” “I’m not very hungry.” “Come on and eat You can’t fish and not eat.” “I have,” the old man said getting up and taking the newspaper and folding it Then he started to fold the blanket “Keep the blanket around you,” the boy said “You’ll not fish without eating while I’m alive.” “Then live a long time and take care of yourself,” the old man said “What are we eating?” “Black beans and rice, fried ba brought them in a two-decker metal container from the Terrace The two sets of knives and forks and spoons were in his pocket with a paper napkin wrapped around each set “Who gave this to you?” “Martin The owner.” “I must thank him.” “I thanked him already,” the boy said “You don’t need to thank him.” “I’ll give him the belly meat of a big fish,” the old man said “Has he done this for us more than once?” “I think so.” “I must give him something more than the belly meat then He is very thoughtful for us.” “He sent two beers.” “I like the beer in cans best.” “I know But this is in bottles, Hatuey beer, and I take back the bottles.” “That’s very kind of you,” the old man said “Should we eat?” “I’ve been asking you to,” the boy told him gently “I have not wished to open the container until you were ready.” [20] “I’m ready now,” the old man said “I only needed time to wash.” Where did you wash? the boy thought The village water supply was two streets down the road I must have water here for him, the boy thought, and soap and a good towel Why am I so Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea thoughtless? I must get him another shirt and a jacket for the winter and some sort of shoes and another blanket “Your stew is excellent,” the old man said “Tell me about the baseball,” the boy asked him “In the American League it is the Yan “They lost today,” the boy told him “That means nothing The great DiMaggio is himself again.” “They have other men on the team.” “Naturally But he makes the difference In the other league, between Brooklyn and Philadelphia I must take Brooklyn But then I think of Dick Sisler and those great drives In the old park.” “There was nothing ever like them He hits the longest ball I have ever seen.” “Do you remember when he used to come to the Terrace?” [21] “I wanted to take him fishing but I was too timid to ask him Then I asked you to ask him and you were too timid.” “I know It was a great mistake He might have gone with us Then we would have that for all of our lives.” “I would like to take the great DiMaggio fishing,” the old man said “They say his father was a fisherman Maybe he was as poor as we are and would understand.” “The great Sisler’s father was never poor and he, the father, was playing in the Big Leagues when he was my age.” “When I was your age I was before the mast on a square rigged ship that ran to Africa and I have seen lions on the beaches in the evening.” “I know You told me.” “Should we talk about Africa or about baseball?” “Baseball I think,” the boy said “Tell me about the great John J McGraw.” He said Jota for J “He used to come to the Terrace sometimes too in the older days But he was rough and “… Tức người chủ thích làm thủ công, đẹp công nhận làng nghề Bát Tràng chúng tơi tự hào điều đó… Mong muốn thủ cơng thật bền vững…”-M03 drinking His mind was on horses as well as baseball At least he carried lists of [22] horses at all times in his pocket and frequently spoke the names of horses on the telephone.” “He was a great manager,” the boy said “My father thinks he was the greatest.” “Because he came here the most times,” the old man said “If Durocher had continued to come here each year your father would think him the greatest manager.” “Who is the greatest manager, really, Luque or Mike Gonzalez?” “I think they are equal.” “And the best fisherman is you.” “No I know others better.” “Que Va,” the boy said “There are many good fishermen and some great ones But there is only you.” “Thank you You make me happy I hope no fish will come along so great that he will prove us wrong.” “There is no such fish if you are still strong as you say.” “I may not be as strong as I think,” the old man said “But I know many tricks and I have resolution.” “You ought to go to bed now so that you will be fresh in the morning I will take the things back to the Terrace.” [23] “Good night then I will wake you in the morning.” “You’re my alarm clock,” the boy said Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea “Age is my alarm clock,” the old man said “Why old men wake so early? Is it to have one longer day?” “I don’t know,” the boy said “All I know is that young boys sleep la man said “I’ll waken you in time.” “I not like for him to waken me It is as though I were inferior.” “I know.” “Sleep well old man.” The boy went out They had eaten with no light on the table and the old man took off his trousers and went to bed in the dark He rolled his trousers up to make a pillow, putting the newspaper inside them He rolled himself in the blanket and slept on the other old newspapers that covered the springs of the bed He was asleep in a short time and he dreamed of Africa when he was a boy and the long golden beaches and the white beaches, so white they hurt your eyes, and the high capes and the great brown mountains He lived along that coast now every night and in his dreams he heard the surf roar and saw the native boats [24] come riding through it He smelled the tar and oakum of the deck as he slept and he smelled the smell of Africa that the land breeze brought at morning Usually when he smelled the land breeze he woke up and dressed to go and wake the boy But tonight the smell of the land breeze came very early and he knew it was too early in his dream and went on dreaming to see the white peaks of the Islands rising from the sea and then he dreamed of the different harbours and roadsteads of the Canary Islands He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of women, nor of great occurrences, n strength, nor of his wife He only dreamed of places now and of the lions on the beach They played like young cats in the dusk and he loved them as he loved the boy He never dreamed about the boy He simply woke, looked out the open door at the moon and unrolled his trousers and put them on He urinated outside the shack and then went up the road to wake the boy He was shivering with the morning cold But he knew he would shiver himself warm and that soon he would be rowing The door of the house where the boy lived was unlocked and he opened it and walked in quietly with his [25] bare feet The boy was asleep on a cot in the first room and the old man could see him clearly with the light that came in from the dying moon He took hold of one foot gently and held it until the boy woke and turned and looked at him The old man nodded and the boy took his trousers from the chair by the bed and, sitting on the bed, pulled them on The old man went out the door and the boy came after him He was sleepy and the old man put his arm across his shoulders and said, “I am sorry.” “Qua Va,” the boy said “It is what a man must do.” They walked down the road to the old man’s shack and all along the road, in the dark, barefoot men were moving, carrying the masts of their boats When they reached the old man’s shack the boy 4.2 Nền tảng thực chiến lược đổi sản phẩm harpoon and gaff and the old man carried the mast with the furled sail on his shoulder “Do you want coffee?” the boy asked “We’ll put the gear in the boat and then get some.” They had coffee from condensed milk cans at an early morning place that served fishermen “How did you sleep old man?” the boy asked He [26] was waking up now although it was still hard for him to leave his sleep “Very well, Manolin,” the old man said “I feel confident today.” “So I,” the boy said “Now I must get your sardines and mine and your fresh baits He brings our gear himself He never wants anyone to carry anything.” “We’re different,” the old man said “I let you carry things when you were five years old.” Thứ nhất, thay đổi công nghệ yếu tố quan trọng chiến lược đổi sản phẩm Sản phẩm gốm sứ có đặc trưng tính “hỏa biến” Q trình nung đốt ảnh hưởng định đến chất lượng sản phẩm Chính mà sở sản xuất sớm áp dụng công nghệ nung đốt kiểm soát chất lượng sản phẩm “… Từ năm 90 tới năm 2000, thay đổi công nghệ, nung đốt lò ga Lò ga nung đốt chủ động… Nung đốt tốt sản phẩm tốt hơn…”- M02 Vai trị cơng nghệ sản xuất thủ công khẳng định House (1979) Insoll (2011) Cơng nghệ thúc đẩy tính kinh tế nhờ quy mơ, giảm chi phí sản xuất thực thao tác địi hỏi xác (Kabwete & cộng sự, 2019) Thứ hai, nhờ trình hội nhập, thay đổi nguyên liệu chất lượng ngun liệu thúc đẩy q trình thực hóa đổi sản phẩm Bát Tràng Các nguyên liệu thay có chất lượng tốt tạo điều kiện thúc đẩy đổi sản phẩm (Strawn & Littrell, 2006; Wright, 2008) “… Nguồn men màu nhập từ nước Nhật Bản, Trung Quốc, Ấn Độ Đức “…Các nhà lò mua nguyên liệu tự chế cịn men màu mua từ sở họ nhập Gần 100% nhập khẩu…”- M04 Thứ ba, yếu tố học hỏi nhân tố quan trọng để thực hóa chiến lược đổi sản phẩm Các nghệ nhân doanh nhân ý thức rõ vai trị q trình học hỏi, nâng cao tay nghề Họ ln đề cao q trình tiếp thu kỹ thuật cao để nâng cao tay nghề kỹ thuật sản xuất Bên cạnh đó, yếu tố học hỏi thể qua q trình tích lũy tri thức để sản xuất sản phẩm có chất lượng cao phù hợp với thị trường “…cũng hướng cho cháu học thêm chuyên sâu ngành nữa… Có thể đến chuyên ngành gốm sứ bên Giang Tây, họ giỏi… … Khi làm anh thấy nghề hay hay anh nghiên cứu, tìm giải pháp…”- M02 Vai trò yếu tố học hỏi sản xuất thủ công nhấn mạnh Strawn & Littrell (2006) Các nghệ nhân Ấn Độ tạo sản phẩm tốt hơn, đa dạng nhờ tích lũy thêm tri thức Kết luận hàm ý sách Nghiên cứu 02 chiến lược (kết hợp tách biệt) trước đây, chiến lược “mạng lưới vệ tinh” phát nghiên cứu làm rõ đa dạng hành vi tổ chức Từ kết nghiên cứu, nhóm nghiên cứu đề xuất số hàm ý sách sau đây: Thứ nhất, sách quản lý nhà nước ngành thủ cơng cần linh hoạt tránh bó hẹp phạm vi đổi sáng tạo doanh nghiệp sản xuất thủ công, đặc biệt làng nghề truyền thống – nơi mà yếu tố thủ công nhấn mạnh Thứ hai, sách quản lý nhà nước cần đẩy mạnh chuyển giao công nghệ tri thức lĩnh vực sản xuất thủ công Các nhà hoạch định sách cần khuyến khích tham gia nhà nghiên cứu có chun mơn sâu thủ cơng, cơng nghệ, văn hóa, đồng thời, tạo hội chuyển giao tri thức, công nghệ lĩnh vực thủ công Số 301(2) tháng 7/2022 44 He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish In the first forty days a boy had been with him But after forty days without a fish the boy’s parents had told him that the old man was now definitely and finally salao, which is the worst form of unlucky, and the boy had gone at their orders in another boat which caught three good fish the first week It made the boy sad to see the old man come in each day with his skiff empty and he always went down to help him carry either the coiled lines or the gaff and harpoon and the sail that was furled around the mast The sail was patched with flour sacks and, furled, it looked like the flag of permanent defeat The old man was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in the back of his neck The brown blotches of the benevolent skin cancer the sun brings from its [9] reflection on the tropic sea were on his cheeks The blotches ran well down the sides of his face and his hands had the deep-creased scars from handling heavy fish on the cords But none of these scars were fresh They were as old as erosions in a fishless desert Everything about him was old except his eyes and they were the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated “Santiago,” the boy said to him as they climbed the bank from where the skiff w We’ve made some money.” The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him “No,” the old man said “You’re with a lucky boat Stay with them.” “But remember how you went eighty-seven days without fish and then we caught big ones every day for three weeks.” “I remember,” the old man said “I know you did not leave me because you doubted.” “It was papa made me leave I am a boy and I must obey him.” “I know,” the old man said “It is quite normal.” “He hasn’t much faith.” [10] “No,” the old man said “But we have Haven’t we?” ‘Yes,” the boy said “Can I offer you a beer on the Terrace and then we’ll take the stuff home.” “Why not?” the old man said “Between fishermen.” They sat on the Terrace and many of the fishermen made fun of the old man and he was not angry Others, of the older fishermen, looked at him and were sad But they did not show it and they spoke politely about the current and the depths they had drifted their lines at and the steady good weather and of what they had seen The successful fishermen of that day were already in and had butchered their marlin out and carried them laid full length across two planks, with two men Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea staggering at the end of each plank, to the fish house where they waited for the ice truck to carry them to the market in Ha taken them to the shark factory on the other side of the cove where they were hoisted on a block and tackle, their livers removed, their fins cut off and their hides skinned out and their flesh cut into strips for salting When the wind was in the east a smell came across the harbour from the shark factory; but today there [11] was only the faint edge of the odour because the wind had backed into the north and then dropped off and it was pleasant and sunny on the Terrace “Santiago,” the boy said “Yes,” the old man said He was holding his glass and thinking of many years ago “Can I go out to get sardines for you for tomorrow?” “No Go and play baseball I can still row and Rogelio will throw the net.” “I would like to go If I cannot fish with you I would like to serve in some way.” “You bought me a beer,” the old man said “You are already a man.” “How old was I when you first took me in a boat?” “Five and you nearly were killed when I brought the fish in too green and he nearly tore the boat to pieces Can you remember?” “I can remember the tail slapping and banging and the thwart breaking and the noise of the clubbing I can remember you throwing me into the bow where the wet coiled lines were and feeling the whole boat shiver and the noise of you clubbing him like chopping a tree down and the sweet blood smell all over me.” [12] “Can Tài liệu tham khảo it to you?” “I remember everything from when we first went together.” The old man looked at him with his sun-burned, confident loving eyes “If you were my boy I’d take you out and gamble,” he said “But you are your father’s and your mother’s and you are in a lucky boat.” “May I get the sardines? I know where I can get four baits too.” “I have mine left from today I put them in salt in the box.” “Let me get four fresh ones.” “One,” the old man said His hope and his confidence had never gone But now they were freshening as when the breeze rises “Two,” the boy said “Two,” the old man agreed “You didn’t steal them?” “I would,” the boy said “But I bought these.” “Thank you,” the old man said He was too simple to wonder when he had attained humility But he [13] knew he had attained it and he knew it was not disgraceful and it carried no loss of true pride “Tomorrow is going to be a good day with this current,” he said “Where are you going?” the boy asked “Far out to come in when the wind shifts I want to be out before it is light.” “I’ll try to get him to work far out,” the boy said “Then if you hook something truly big we can come to your aid.” “He does not like to work too far out.” “No,” the boy said “But I will see something that he cannot see such as a bird working and get him to come out after dolphin.” “Are his eyes that bad?” “He is said “He never went turtle-ing That is what kills the eyes.” “But you went turtle-ing for years off the Mosquito Coast and your eyes are good.” Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea “I am a strange old man” “But are you strong enough now for a truly big fish?” “I think so And there are many tricks.” [14] “Let us take the stuff home,” the boy said “So I can get the cast net and go after the sardines.” They picked up the gear from the boat The old man carried the mast on his shoulder and the boy carried the wooden boat with the coiled, hard-braided brown lines, the gaff and the harpoon with its shaft The box with the baits was under the stern of the skiff along with the club that was used to subdue the big fish when they were brought alongside No one would steal from the old man but it was better to take the sail and the heavy lines home as the dew was bad for them and, though he was quite sure no local people would steal from him, the old man thought that a gaff and a harpoon were needless temptations to leave in a boat They walked up the road together to the old man’s shack and went in through its open door The old man leaned the mast with its wrapped sail against the wall and the boy put the box and the other gear beside it The mast was nearly as long as the one room of the shack The shack was made of the toug Abisuga-Oyekunle, O A., & Fillis, I R (2017), ‘The role of handicraft micro-enterprises as a catalyst for youth employment’, Creative Industries Journal, 10 (1), 59-74 called guano and in it there was a bed, a table, one chair, and a place on the dirt floor to cook with charcoal On the brown walls of the flattened, overlapping leaves of the sturdy fibered [15] guano there was a picture in color of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and another of the Virgin of Cobre These were relics of his wife Once there had been a tinted photograph of his wife on the wall but he had taken it down because it made him too lonely to see it and it was on the shelf in the corner under his clean shirt “What you have to eat?” the boy asked “A pot of yellow rice with fish Do you want some?” “No I will eat at home Do you want me to make the fire?” “No I will make it later on Or I may eat the rice cold.” “May I take the cast net?” “Of course.” There was no cast net and the boy remembered when they had sold it But they went through this fiction every day There was no pot of yellow rice and fish and the boy knew this too “Eighty-five is a lucky number,” the old man said “How would you like to see me bring one in that dressed out over a thousand pounds?” “I’ll get the cast net and go for sardines Will you sit in the sun in the doorway?” [16] “Yes I have yesterday’s paper and I will read the baseball.” The boy did not know whether yesterday’s paper was a fiction too But the old man brought it out from under the bed “Perico gave it t back when I have the sardines I’ll keep yours and mine together on ice and we can share them in the morning When I come back you can tell me about the baseball.” “The Yankees cannot lose.” “But I fear the Indians of Cleveland.” “Have faith in the Yankees my son Think of the great DiMaggio.” “I fear both the Tigers of Detroit and the Indians of Cleveland.” “Be careful or you will fear even the Reds of Cincinnati and the White Sax of Chicago.” “You study it and tell me when I come back.” “Do you think we should buy a terminal of the lottery with an eighty-five? Tomorrow is the eighty-fifth day.” “We can that,” the boy said “But what about the eighty-seven of your great record?” [17] “It could not happen twice Do you think you can find an eighty-five?” Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea “I can order one “One sheet That’s two dollars and a half Who can we borrow that from?” “That’s easy I can always borrow two dollars and a half.” “I think perhaps I can too But I try not to borrow First you borrow Then you beg.” “Keep warm old man,” the boy said “Remember we are in September.” “The month when the great fish come,” the old man said “Anyone can be a fisherman in May.” “I go now for the sardines,” the boy said When the boy came back the old man was asleep in the chair and the sun was down The boy took the Adams, G., & Markus, H R (2003), ‘Toward a Conception of Culture Suitable for a Social Psychology of Culture’, The Psychological Foundations of Culture, Psychology Press, London, United Kingdom over the back of the chair and over the old man’s shoulders They were strange shoulders, still powerful although very old, and the neck was still strong too and the creases did not show so much when the old man was asleep and his head fallen forward His shirt had been patched so many times that it was like the sail and the patches were faded to many different shades by the sun The [18] old man’s head was very old though and with his eyes closed there was no life in his face The newspaper lay across his knees and the weight of his arm held it there in the evening breeze He was barefooted The boy left him there and when he came back the old man was still asleep “Wake up old man,” the boy said and put his hand on one of the old man’s knees The old man opened his eyes and for a moment he was coming back from a long way away Then he smiled “What have you got?” he asked “Supper,” said the boy “We’re going to have supper.” “I’m not very hungry.” “Come on and eat You can’t fish and not eat.” “I have,” the old man said getting up and taking the newspaper and folding it Then he started to fold the blanket “Keep the blanket around you,” the boy said “You’ll not fish without eating while I’m alive.” “Then live a long time and take care of yourself,” the old man said “What are we eating?” “Black beans and rice, fried ba brought them in a two-decker metal container from the Terrace The two sets of knives and forks and spoons were in his pocket with a paper napkin wrapped around each set “Who gave this to you?” “Martin The owner.” “I must thank him.” “I thanked him already,” the boy said “You don’t need to thank him.” “I’ll give him the belly meat of a big fish,” the old man said “Has he done this for us more than once?” “I think so.” “I must give him something more than the belly meat then He is very thoughtful for us.” “He sent two beers.” “I like the beer in cans best.” “I know But this is in bottles, Hatuey beer, and I take back the bottles.” “That’s very kind of you,” the old man said “Should we eat?” “I’ve been asking you to,” the boy told him gently “I have not wished to open the container until you were ready.” [20] “I’m ready now,” the old man said “I only needed time to wash.” Where did you wash? the boy thought The village water supply was two streets down the road I must have water here for him, the boy thought, and soap and a good towel Why am I so Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea thoughtless? I must get him another shirt and a jacket for the winter and some sort of shoes and another blanket “Your stew is excellent,” the old man said “Tell me about the baseball,” the boy asked him “In the American League it is the Yan “They lost today,” the boy told him “That means nothing The great DiMaggio is himself again.” “They have other men on the team.” “Naturally But he makes the difference In the other league, between Brooklyn and Philadelphia I must take Brooklyn But then I think of Dick Sisler and those great drives In the old park.” “There was nothing ever like them He hits the longest ball I have ever seen.” “Do you remember when he used to come to the Terrace?” [21] “I wanted to take him fishing but I was too timid to ask him Then I asked you to ask him and you were too timid.” “I know It was a great mistake He might have gone with us Then we would have that for all of our lives.” “I would like to take the great DiMaggio fishing,” the old man said “They say his father was a fisherman Maybe he was as poor as we are and would understand.” “The great Sisler’s father was never poor and he, the father, was playing in the Big Leagues when he was my age.” “When I was your age I was before the mast on a square rigged ship that ran to Africa and I have seen lions on the beaches in the evening.” “I know You told me.” “Should we talk about Africa or about baseball?” “Baseball I think,” the boy said “Tell me about the great John J McGraw.” He said Jota for J “He used to come to the Terrace sometimes too in the older days But he was rough and Albert, M (1993), Capitalism vs capitalism: How America’s obsession with individual achievement and short-term profit has led it to the brink of collapse, New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, New York, USA drinking His mind was on horses as well as baseball At least he carried lists of [22] horses at all times in his pocket and frequently spoke the names of horses on the telephone.” “He was a great manager,” the boy said “My father thinks he was the greatest.” “Because he came here the most times,” the old man said “If Durocher had continued to come here each year your father would think him the greatest manager.” “Who is the greatest manager, really, Luque or Mike Gonzalez?” “I think they are equal.” “And the best fisherman is you.” “No I know others better.” “Que Va,” the boy said “There are many good fishermen and some great ones But there is only you.” “Thank you You make me happy I hope no fish will come along so great that he will prove us wrong.” “There is no such fish if you are still strong as you say.” “I may not be as strong as I think,” the old man said “But I know many tricks and I have resolution.” “You ought to go to bed now so that you will be fresh in the morning I will take the things back to the Terrace.” [23] “Good night then I will wake you in the morning.” “You’re my alarm clock,” the boy said Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea “Age is my alarm clock,” the old man said “Why old men wake so early? Is it to have one longer day?” “I don’t know,” the boy said “All I know is that young boys sleep la man said “I’ll waken you in time.” “I not like for him to waken me It is as though I were inferior.” “I know.” “Sleep well old man.” The boy went out They had eaten with no light on the table and the old man took off his trousers and went to bed in the dark He rolled his trousers up to make a pillow, putting the newspaper inside them He rolled himself in the blanket and slept on the other old newspapers that covered the springs of the bed He was asleep in a short time and he dreamed of Africa when he was a boy and the long golden beaches and the white beaches, so white they hurt your eyes, and the high capes and the great brown mountains He lived along that coast now every night and in his dreams he heard the surf roar and saw the native boats [24] come riding through it He smelled the tar and oakum of the deck as he slept and he smelled the smell of Africa that the land breeze brought at morning Usually when he smelled the land breeze he woke up and dressed to go and wake the boy But tonight the smell of the land breeze came very early and he knew it was too early in his dream and went on dreaming to see the white peaks of the Islands rising from the sea and then he dreamed of the different harbours and roadsteads of the Canary Islands He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of women, nor of great occurrences, n Alford, R R., & Friedland, R (1985), Powers of theory: Capitalism, the state, and democracy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom strength, nor of his wife He only dreamed of places now and of the lions on the beach They played like young cats in the dusk and he loved them as he loved the boy He never dreamed about the boy He simply woke, looked out the open door at the moon and unrolled his trousers and put them on He urinated outside the shack and then went up the road to wake the boy He was shivering with the morning cold But he knew he would shiver himself warm and that soon he would be rowing The door of the house where the boy lived was unlocked and he opened it and walked in quietly with his [25] bare feet The boy was asleep on a cot in the first room and the old man could see him clearly with the light that came in from the dying moon He took hold of one foot gently and held it until the boy woke and turned and looked at him The old man nodded and the boy took his trousers from the chair by the bed and, sitting on the bed, pulled them on The old man went out the door and the boy came after him He was sleepy and the old man put his arm across his shoulders and said, “I am sorry.” “Qua Va,” the boy said “It is what a man must do.” They walked down the road to the old man’s shack and all along the road, in the dark, barefoot men were moving, carrying the masts of their boats When they reached the old man’s shack the boy harpoon and gaff and the old man carried the mast with the furled sail on his shoulder “Do you want coffee?” the boy asked “We’ll put the gear in the boat and then get some.” They had coffee from condensed milk cans at an early morning place that served fishermen “How did you sleep old man?” the boy asked He [26] was waking up now although it was still hard for him to leave his sleep “Very well, Manolin,” the old man said “I feel confident today.” “So I,” the boy said “Now I must get your sardines and mine and your fresh baits He brings our gear himself He never wants anyone to carry anything.” “We’re different,” the old man said “I let you carry things when you were five years old.” Almandoz, J (2014), ‘Founding teams as carriers of competing logics: When institutional forces predict banks’ risk exposure’, Administrative Science Quarterly, 59 (3), 442-473 Barber, T., & Krivoshlykova, M (2006), Global market assessment for handicrafts, Washington, United States Agency for International Development Battilana, J., & Dorado, S (2010), ‘Building sustainable hybrid organizations: The case of commercial microfinance organizations’, Academy of management Journal, 53 (6), 1419-1440 Besharov, M L., & Smith, W K (2014), ‘Multiple institutional logics in organizations: Explaining their varied nature and implications’, Academy of Management Review, 39(3), 364–381 Bryan-Wilson, J., (2013), ‘Eleven Propositions in Response to the Question: “What Is Contemporary about Craft?”, The Journal of Modern Craft, 6(1), 7–10 Campana, G., Cimatti, B., & Melosi, F (2016), A Proposal for the Evaluation of Craftsmanship in Industry, Procedia CIRP, 40, 668-673 Campbell, J L., & Pedersen, O K (Eds.) (2001), The rise of neoliberalism and institutional analysis, Princeton University Press, New Jersey, USA Dalpiaz, E., Rindova, V., & Ravasi, D (2016), ‘Combining logics to transform organizational agency: Blending industry and art at Alessi’, Administrative Science Quarterly, 61(3), 347–392 Denzin, N.K (2001), ‘The reflexive interview and a performative social science’, Qualitative Research, (1), 23–46 Denzin, N.K and Lincoln, Y.S (2018), The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research (5th edn), London: Sage, London, United Kingdom Eisenhardt, K.M & Graebner, M.E (2007), ‘Theory building from cases: Opportunities and challenges’, Academy of Management Journal, 50 (1), 25–32 Enfield, N J (2000), ‘The Theory of Cultural Logic: How Individuals Combine Social Intelligence with Semiotics to Create and Maintain Cultural Meaning’, Cultural Dynamics, 12 (1), 35–64.  Falahat, M., Ramayah, T., Soto-Acosta, P., & Lee, Y Y (2020), ‘SMEs internationalization: The role of product innovation, market intelligence, pricing and marketing communication capabilities as drivers of SMEs’ international performance’, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 152, 119908 Fanchette, S., & Stedman, N (2009), Discovering craft villages in Vietnam: Ten itineraries around Hà Nội, IRD Éditions Fox, S., Staniforth, I., & Cockerham, G (2000), ‘Craft markets’, Manufacturing Engineer, 79 (5), 188-191 Friedland & R R Alford (1991), ‘Bringing Society Back In: Symbols, Practices, and Institutional Contradictions’, In: W W Powell and P J DiMaggio, Eds., The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 232-267 Gadolin, C (2018), ‘Professional employees’ strategic employment of the managerial logic in healthcare’, Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management: An International Journal, 13(2), 126-143 Handique, K J (2010), Handicrafts in Assam, Kalpaz Publication, New Delhi Harel, R., Schwartz, D., & Kaufmann, D A M (2019), ‘Open innovation in small businesses in the industry and craft sectors’, International Journal of Innovation Management, 23 (04) Hartman Group (2016), When the label says artisan, retrevied on July 11th 2016), from it to you?” “I remember everything from when we first went together.” The old man looked at him with his sun-burned, confident loving eyes “If you were my boy I’d take you out and gamble,” he said “But you are your father’s and your mother’s and you are in a lucky boat.” “May I get the sardines? I know where I can get four baits too.” “I have mine left from today I put them in salt in the box.” “Let me get four fresh ones.” “One,” the old man said His hope and his confidence had never gone But now they were freshening as when the breeze rises “Two,” the boy said “Two,” the old man agreed “You didn’t steal them?” “I would,” the boy said “But I bought these.” “Thank you,” the old man said He was too simple to wonder when he had attained humility But he [13] knew he had attained it and he knew it was not disgraceful and it carried no loss of true pride “Tomorrow is going to be a good day with this current,” he said “Where are you going?” the boy asked “Far out to come in when the wind shifts I want to be out before it is light.” “I’ll try to get him to work far out,” the boy said “Then if you hook something truly big we can come to your aid.” “He does not like to work too far out.” “No,” the boy said “But I will see something that he cannot see such as a bird working and get him to come out after dolphin.” “Are his eyes that bad?” “He is said “He never went turtle-ing That is what kills the eyes.” “But you went turtle-ing for years off the Mosquito Coast and your eyes are good.” Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea “I am a strange old man” “But are you strong enough now for a truly big fish?” “I think so And there are many tricks.” [14] “Let us take the stuff home,” the boy said “So I can get the cast net and go after the sardines.” They picked up the gear from the boat The old man carried the mast on his shoulder and the boy carried the wooden boat with the coiled, hard-braided brown lines, the gaff and the harpoon with its shaft The box with the baits was under the stern of the skiff along with the club that was used to subdue the big fish when they were brought alongside No one would steal from the old man but it was better to take the sail and the heavy lines home as the dew was bad for them and, though he was quite sure no local people would steal from him, the old man thought that a gaff and a harpoon were needless temptations to leave in a boat They walked up the road together to the old man’s shack and went in through its open door The old man leaned the mast with its wrapped sail against the wall and the boy put the box and the other gear beside it The mast was nearly as long as the one room of the shack The shack was made of the toug Heany, D F (1983), ‘Degrees of product innovation’, Journal of Business Strategy, 3(14), 3-14 called guano and in it there was a bed, a table, one chair, and a place on the dirt floor to cook with charcoal On the brown walls of the flattened, overlapping leaves of the sturdy fibered [15] guano there was a picture in color of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and another of the Virgin of Cobre These were relics of his wife Once there had been a tinted photograph of his wife on the wall but he had taken it down because it made him too lonely to see it and it was on the shelf in the corner under his clean shirt “What you have to eat?” the boy asked “A pot of yellow rice with fish Do you want some?” “No I will eat at home Do you want me to make the fire?” “No I will make it later on Or I may eat the rice cold.” “May I take the cast net?” “Of course.” There was no cast net and the boy remembered when they had sold it But they went through this fiction every day There was no pot of yellow rice and fish and the boy knew this too “Eighty-five is a lucky number,” the old man said “How would you like to see me bring one in that dressed out over a thousand pounds?” “I’ll get the cast net and go for sardines Will you sit in the sun in the doorway?” [16] “Yes I have yesterday’s paper and I will read the baseball.” The boy did not know whether yesterday’s paper was a fiction too But the old man brought it out from under the bed “Perico gave it t House, E.R, (1979), ‘Technology versus Craft: a Ten Year Perspective on Innovation’, Journal of Curriculum Studies, 11:1, 1-15 back when I have the sardines I’ll keep yours and mine together on ice and we can share them in the morning When I come back you can tell me about the baseball.” “The Yankees cannot lose.” “But I fear the Indians of Cleveland.” “Have faith in the Yankees my son Think of the great DiMaggio.” “I fear both the Tigers of Detroit and the Indians of Cleveland.” “Be careful or you will fear even the Reds of Cincinnati and the White Sax of Chicago.” “You study it and tell me when I come back.” “Do you think we should buy a terminal of the lottery with an eighty-five? Tomorrow is the eighty-fifth day.” “We can that,” the boy said “But what about the eighty-seven of your great record?” [17] “It could not happen twice Do you think you can find an eighty-five?” Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea “I can order one “One sheet That’s two dollars and a half Who can we borrow that from?” “That’s easy I can always borrow two dollars and a half.” “I think perhaps I can too But I try not to borrow First you borrow Then you beg.” “Keep warm old man,” the boy said “Remember we are in September.” “The month when the great fish come,” the old man said “Anyone can be a fisherman in May.” “I go now for the sardines,” the boy said When the boy came back the old man was asleep in the chair and the sun was down The boy took the over the back of the chair and over the old man’s shoulders They were strange shoulders, still powerful although very old, and the neck was still strong too and the creases did not show so much when the old man was asleep and his head fallen forward His shirt had been patched so many times that it was like the sail and the patches were faded to many different shades by the sun The [18] old man’s head was very old though and with his eyes closed there was no life in his face The newspaper lay across his knees and the weight of his arm held it there in the evening breeze He was barefooted The boy left him there and when he came back the old man was still asleep “Wake up old man,” the boy said and put his hand on one of the old man’s knees The old man opened his eyes and for a moment he was coming back from a long way away Then he smiled “What have you got?” he asked “Supper,” said the boy “We’re going to have supper.” “I’m not very hungry.” “Come on and eat You can’t fish and not eat.” “I have,” the old man said getting up and taking the newspaper and folding it Then he started to fold the blanket “Keep the blanket around you,” the boy said “You’ll not fish without eating while I’m alive.” “Then live a long time and take care of yourself,” the old man said “What are we eating?” “Black beans and rice, fried ba Im, S., & Workman, J P, (2004), ‘Market Orientation, Creativity, and New Product Performance in High-Technology Firms’, Journal of Marketing, 68(2), 114–132 brought them in a two-decker metal container from the Terrace The two sets of knives and forks and spoons were in his pocket with a paper napkin wrapped around each set “Who gave this to you?” “Martin The owner.” “I must thank him.” “I thanked him already,” the boy said “You don’t need to thank him.” “I’ll give him the belly meat of a big fish,” the old man said “Has he done this for us more than once?” “I think so.” “I must give him something more than the belly meat then He is very thoughtful for us.” “He sent two beers.” “I like the beer in cans best.” “I know But this is in bottles, Hatuey beer, and I take back the bottles.” “That’s very kind of you,” the old man said “Should we eat?” “I’ve been asking you to,” the boy told him gently “I have not wished to open the container until you were ready.” [20] “I’m ready now,” the old man said “I only needed time to wash.” Where did you wash? the boy thought The village water supply was two streets down the road I must have water here for him, the boy thought, and soap and a good towel Why am I so Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea thoughtless? I must get him another shirt and a jacket for the winter and some sort of shoes and another blanket “Your stew is excellent,” the old man said “Tell me about the baseball,” the boy asked him “In the American League it is the Yan “They lost today,” the boy told him “That means nothing The great DiMaggio is himself again.” “They have other men on the team.” “Naturally But he makes the difference In the other league, between Brooklyn and Philadelphia I must take Brooklyn But then I think of Dick Sisler and those great drives In the old park.” “There was nothing ever like them He hits the longest ball I have ever seen.” “Do you remember when he used to come to the Terrace?” [21] “I wanted to take him fishing but I was too timid to ask him Then I asked you to ask him and you were too timid.” “I know It was a great mistake He might have gone with us Then we would have that for all of our lives.” “I would like to take the great DiMaggio fishing,” the old man said “They say his father was a fisherman Maybe he was as poor as we are and would understand.” “The great Sisler’s father was never poor and he, the father, was playing in the Big Leagues when he was my age.” “When I was your age I was before the mast on a square rigged ship that ran to Africa and I have seen lions on the beaches in the evening.” “I know You told me.” “Should we talk about Africa or about baseball?” “Baseball I think,” the boy said “Tell me about the great John J McGraw.” He said Jota for J “He used to come to the Terrace sometimes too in the older days But he was rough and drinking His mind was on horses as well as baseball At least he carried lists of [22] horses at all times in his pocket and frequently spoke the names of horses on the telephone.” “He was a great manager,” the boy said “My father thinks he was the greatest.” “Because he came here the most times,” the old man said “If Durocher had continued to come here each year your father would think him the greatest manager.” “Who is the greatest manager, really, Luque or Mike Gonzalez?” “I think they are equal.” “And the best fisherman is you.” “No I know others better.” “Que Va,” the boy said “There are many good fishermen and some great ones But there is only you.” “Thank you You make me happy I hope no fish will come along so great that he will prove us wrong.” “There is no such fish if you are still strong as you say.” “I may not be as strong as I think,” the old man said “But I know many tricks and I have resolution.” “You ought to go to bed now so that you will be fresh in the morning I will take the things back to the Terrace.” [23] “Good night then I will wake you in the morning.” “You’re my alarm clock,” the boy said Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea “Age is my alarm clock,” the old man said “Why old men wake so early? Is it to have one longer day?” “I don’t know,” the boy said “All I know is that young boys sleep la Insoll, T (2011), Oxford handbook of the archaeology of ritual and religion, Oxford University Press man said “I’ll waken you in time.” “I not like for him to waken me It is as though I were inferior.” “I know.” “Sleep well old man.” The boy went out They had eaten with no light on the table and the old man took off his trousers and went to bed in the dark He rolled his trousers up to make a pillow, putting the newspaper inside them He rolled himself in the blanket and slept on the other old newspapers that covered the springs of the bed He was asleep in a short time and he dreamed of Africa when he was a boy and the long golden beaches and the white beaches, so white they hurt your eyes, and the high capes and the great brown mountains He lived along that coast now every night and in his dreams he heard the surf roar and saw the native boats [24] come riding through it He smelled the tar and oakum of the deck as he slept and he smelled the smell of Africa that the land breeze brought at morning Usually when he smelled the land breeze he woke up and dressed to go and wake the boy But tonight the smell of the land breeze came very early and he knew it was too early in his dream and went on dreaming to see the white peaks of the Islands rising from the sea and then he dreamed of the different harbours and roadsteads of the Canary Islands He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of women, nor of great occurrences, n Jackall, R (1988), ‘Moral mazes: The world of corporate managers’, International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, (4), 598-614 strength, nor of his wife He only dreamed of places now and of the lions on the beach They played like young cats in the dusk and he loved them as he loved the boy He never dreamed about the boy He simply woke, looked out the open door at the moon and unrolled his trousers and put them on He urinated outside the shack and then went up the road to wake the boy He was shivering with the morning cold But he knew he would shiver himself warm and that soon he would be rowing The door of the house where the boy lived was unlocked and he opened it and walked in quietly with his [25] bare feet The boy was asleep on a cot in the first room and the old man could see him clearly with the light that came in from the dying moon He took hold of one foot gently and held it until the boy woke and turned and looked at him The old man nodded and the boy took his trousers from the chair by the bed and, sitting on the bed, pulled them on The old man went out the door and the boy came after him He was sleepy and the old man put his arm across his shoulders and said, “I am sorry.” “Qua Va,” the boy said “It is what a man must do.” They walked down the road to the old man’s shack and all along the road, in the dark, barefoot men were moving, carrying the masts of their boats When they reached the old man’s shack the boy harpoon and gaff and the old man carried the mast with the furled sail on his shoulder “Do you want coffee?” the boy asked “We’ll put the gear in the boat and then get some.” They had coffee from condensed milk cans at an early morning place that served fishermen “How did you sleep old man?” the boy asked He [26] was waking up now although it was still hard for him to leave his sleep “Very well, Manolin,” the old man said “I feel confident today.” “So I,” the boy said “Now I must get your sardines and mine and your fresh baits He brings our gear himself He never wants anyone to carry anything.” “We’re different,” the old man said “I let you carry things when you were five years old.” Jay, J (2013), ‘Navigating paradox as a mechanism of change and innovation in hybrid organizations’, Academy of Management Journal, 56(1), 137–159 Jourdan, J., Durand, R., & Thornton, P (2017), ‘The price of admission: Organizational deference as strategic behavior’, American Journal of Sociology, 123(1), 232–275 Kabwete, C., Ya-Bititi, G., & Mushimiyimana, E (2019), ‘A history of technological innovations of Gakinjiro wood and metal workshops’, African Journal Of Science, Technology, Innovation And Development, 11(1), 85-95 Kennedy, T., (2010), ‘Safeguarding traditional craftsmanship: A project demonstrating the revitalisation of intangible heritage in Murad Khane, Kabul IJIH’, International Journal of Intangible Heritage, 5, 74–85 Khan, O & Creazza, A (2009), ‘Managing the product design-supply chain interface: Towards a roadmap to the “design centric business”, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 39(4), 301319 Lewrick, M., Omar, M., & Robert L Williams, J, (2011), ‘Market Orientation and Innovators’ Success: An Exploration of the Influence of Customer and Competitor Orientation’, Journal of Technology Management & Innovation, 6(3), 48–62 Lounsbury, M (2007), ‘A tale of two cities: Competing logics and practice variation in the professionalizing of mutual funds’, Academy of Management Journal, 50(2), 289–307 Lukas, B A., & Ferrell, O C., (2000), ‘The effect of market orientation on product innovation’, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 28(2), 239 Manifold, C.M (2009), ‘What art educators can learn from the fan-based artmaking of adolescents and young adults’, Studies in Art Education, 50 (3), 257-271 Marquis, C., & Lounsbury, M (2007), ‘Vive la résistance: Competing logics and the consolidation of US community banking’, Academy of Management journal, 50 (4), 799-820 Moeran, B., (1997), Folk art potters of Japan: Beyond an anthropology of aesthetics, University of Hawai’i Press Narver, J C., Slater, S F., & MacLachlan, D L (2004), ‘Responsive and Proactive Market Orientation and NewProduct Success’, Journal of Product Innovation Management, 21(5), 334–347 Nguyễn Văn Đoàn, (2015), ‘Nghiên cứu giải pháp bảo vệ môi trường nhằm giảm thiểu ô nhiễm môi trường từ hoạt động sản xuất gốm làng nghề Bát Tràng, Gia lâm, Hà Nội’, Luận văn thạc sĩ, Đại học Thủy lợi Noëlla, R (2007), Handicrafts and Employment Generation for the Poorest Youth and Women, Intersectoral Program on the Cross-Cutting Theme “Poverty Eradication, Especially Extreme Poverty” Policy Paper, United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Paris, France, OECD (2005), Growth in Services; Meeting of the OECD Council at Ministerial Level, 2005, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Pache, A C., & Santos, F (2013), ‘Inside the hybrid organization: Selective coupling as a response to competing institutional logics’, Academy of Management Journal, 56, 972–1001 Pahnke, E C., Katila, R., & Eisenhardt, K M (2015), ‘Who takes you to the dance? How partners’ institutional logics influence innovation in young firms’, Administrative science quarterly, 60 (4), 596-633 Phan Thị Thu Hà (2018), ‘Vốn xã hội phụ nữ tiêu thụ sản phẩm tiểu thủ công nghiệp số làng nghề truyền thống vùng châu thổ sông Hồng’, VNU Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, (3b), 399-412 Số 301(2) tháng 7/2022 46 He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish In the first forty days a boy had been with him But after forty days without a fish the boy’s parents had told him that the old man was now definitely and finally salao, which is the worst form of unlucky, and the boy had gone at their orders in another boat which caught three good fish the first week It made the boy sad to see the old man come in each day with his skiff empty and he always went down to help him carry either the coiled lines or the gaff and harpoon and the sail that was furled around the mast The sail was patched with flour sacks and, furled, it looked like the flag of permanent defeat The old man was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in the back of his neck The brown blotches of the benevolent skin cancer the sun brings from its [9] reflection on the tropic sea were on his cheeks The blotches ran well down the sides of his face and his hands had the deep-creased scars from handling heavy fish on the cords But none of these scars were fresh They were as old as erosions in a fishless desert Everything about him was old except his eyes and they were the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated “Santiago,” the boy said to him as they climbed the bank from where the skiff w We’ve made some money.” The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him “No,” the old man said “You’re with a lucky boat Stay with them.” “But remember how you went eighty-seven days without fish and then we caught big ones every day for three weeks.” “I remember,” the old man said “I know you did not leave me because you doubted.” “It was papa made me leave I am a boy and I must obey him.” “I know,” the old man said “It is quite normal.” “He hasn’t much faith.” [10] “No,” the old man said “But we have Haven’t we?” ‘Yes,” the boy said “Can I offer you a beer on the Terrace and then we’ll take the stuff home.” “Why not?” the old man said “Between fishermen.” They sat on the Terrace and many of the fishermen made fun of the old man and he was not angry Others, of the older fishermen, looked at him and were sad But they did not show it and they spoke politely about the current and the depths they had drifted their lines at and the steady good weather and of what they had seen The successful fishermen of that day were already in and had butchered their marlin out and carried them laid full length across two planks, with two men Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea staggering at the end of each plank, to the fish house where they waited for the ice truck to carry them to the market in Ha taken them to the shark factory on the other side of the cove where they were hoisted on a block and tackle, their livers removed, their fins cut off and their hides skinned out and their flesh cut into strips for salting When the wind was in the east a smell came across the harbour from the shark factory; but today there [11] was only the faint edge of the odour because the wind had backed into the north and then dropped off and it was pleasant and sunny on the Terrace “Santiago,” the boy said “Yes,” the old man said He was holding his glass and thinking of many years ago “Can I go out to get sardines for you for tomorrow?” “No Go and play baseball I can still row and Rogelio will throw the net.” “I would like to go If I cannot fish with you I would like to serve in some way.” “You bought me a beer,” the old man said “You are already a man.” “How old was I when you first took me in a boat?” “Five and you nearly were killed when I brought the fish in too green and he nearly tore the boat to pieces Can you remember?” “I can remember the tail slapping and banging and the thwart breaking and the noise of the clubbing I can remember you throwing me into the bow where the wet coiled lines were and feeling the whole boat shiver and the noise of you clubbing him like chopping a tree down and the sweet blood smell all over me.” [12] “Can Phùng Xuân Nhạ & Lê Quân, (2013), ‘Đổi sáng tạo doanh nghiệp Việt Nam’, Tạp chí Khoa học ĐHQGHN, 29, 1-11 it to you?” “I remember everything from when we first went together.” The old man looked at him with his sun-burned, confident loving eyes “If you were my boy I’d take you out and gamble,” he said “But you are your father’s and your mother’s and you are in a lucky boat.” “May I get the sardines? I know where I can get four baits too.” “I have mine left from today I put them in salt in the box.” “Let me get four fresh ones.” “One,” the old man said His hope and his confidence had never gone But now they were freshening as when the breeze rises “Two,” the boy said “Two,” the old man agreed “You didn’t steal them?” “I would,” the boy said “But I bought these.” “Thank you,” the old man said He was too simple to wonder when he had attained humility But he [13] knew he had attained it and he knew it was not disgraceful and it carried no loss of true pride “Tomorrow is going to be a good day with this current,” he said “Where are you going?” the boy asked “Far out to come in when the wind shifts I want to be out before it is light.” “I’ll try to get him to work far out,” the boy said “Then if you hook something truly big we can come to your aid.” “He does not like to work too far out.” “No,” the boy said “But I will see something that he cannot see such as a bird working and get him to come out after dolphin.” “Are his eyes that bad?” “He is said “He never went turtle-ing That is what kills the eyes.” “But you went turtle-ing for years off the Mosquito Coast and your eyes are good.” Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea “I am a strange old man” “But are you strong enough now for a truly big fish?” “I think so And there are many tricks.” [14] “Let us take the stuff home,” the boy said “So I can get the cast net and go after the sardines.” They picked up the gear from the boat The old man carried the mast on his shoulder and the boy carried the wooden boat with the coiled, hard-braided brown lines, the gaff and the harpoon with its shaft The box with the baits was under the stern of the skiff along with the club that was used to subdue the big fish when they were brought alongside No one would steal from the old man but it was better to take the sail and the heavy lines home as the dew was bad for them and, though he was quite sure no local people would steal from him, the old man thought that a gaff and a harpoon were needless temptations to leave in a boat They walked up the road together to the old man’s shack and went in through its open door The old man leaned the mast with its wrapped sail against the wall and the boy put the box and the other gear beside it The mast was nearly as long as the one room of the shack The shack was made of the toug called guano and in it there was a bed, a table, one chair, and a place on the dirt floor to cook with charcoal On the brown walls of the flattened, overlapping leaves of the sturdy fibered [15] guano there was a picture in color of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and another of the Virgin of Cobre These were relics of his wife Once there had been a tinted photograph of his wife on the wall but he had taken it down because it made him too lonely to see it and it was on the shelf in the corner under his clean shirt “What you have to eat?” the boy asked “A pot of yellow rice with fish Do you want some?” “No I will eat at home Do you want me to make the fire?” “No I will make it later on Or I may eat the rice cold.” “May I take the cast net?” “Of course.” There was no cast net and the boy remembered when they had sold it But they went through this fiction every day There was no pot of yellow rice and fish and the boy knew this too “Eighty-five is a lucky number,” the old man said “How would you like to see me bring one in that dressed out over a thousand pounds?” “I’ll get the cast net and go for sardines Will you sit in the sun in the doorway?” [16] “Yes I have yesterday’s paper and I will read the baseball.” The boy did not know whether yesterday’s paper was a fiction too But the old man brought it out from under the bed “Perico gave it t Pöllänen, S H (2011), ‘Beyond craft and art: A pedagogical model for craft as self-expression’, International Journal of Education through Art, (2), 111-125 back when I have the sardines I’ll keep yours and mine together on ice and we can share them in the morning When I come back you can tell me about the baseball.” “The Yankees cannot lose.” “But I fear the Indians of Cleveland.” “Have faith in the Yankees my son Think of the great DiMaggio.” “I fear both the Tigers of Detroit and the Indians of Cleveland.” “Be careful or you will fear even the Reds of Cincinnati and the White Sax of Chicago.” “You study it and tell me when I come back.” “Do you think we should buy a terminal of the lottery with an eighty-five? Tomorrow is the eighty-fifth day.” “We can that,” the boy said “But what about the eighty-seven of your great record?” [17] “It could not happen twice Do you think you can find an eighty-five?” Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea “I can order one “One sheet That’s two dollars and a half Who can we borrow that from?” “That’s easy I can always borrow two dollars and a half.” “I think perhaps I can too But I try not to borrow First you borrow Then you beg.” “Keep warm old man,” the boy said “Remember we are in September.” “The month when the great fish come,” the old man said “Anyone can be a fisherman in May.” “I go now for the sardines,” the boy said When the boy came back the old man was asleep in the chair and the sun was down The boy took the over the back of the chair and over the old man’s shoulders They were strange shoulders, still powerful although very old, and the neck was still strong too and the creases did not show so much when the old man was asleep and his head fallen forward His shirt had been patched so many times that it was like the sail and the patches were faded to many different shades by the sun The [18] old man’s head was very old though and with his eyes closed there was no life in his face The newspaper lay across his knees and the weight of his arm held it there in the evening breeze He was barefooted The boy left him there and when he came back the old man was still asleep “Wake up old man,” the boy said and put his hand on one of the old man’s knees The old man opened his eyes and for a moment he was coming back from a long way away Then he smiled “What have you got?” he asked “Supper,” said the boy “We’re going to have supper.” “I’m not very hungry.” “Come on and eat You can’t fish and not eat.” “I have,” the old man said getting up and taking the newspaper and folding it Then he started to fold the blanket “Keep the blanket around you,” the boy said “You’ll not fish without eating while I’m alive.” “Then live a long time and take care of yourself,” the old man said “What are we eating?” “Black beans and rice, fried ba Pöllänen, Sinikka (2013), ‘The Meaning of Craft: Craft Makers’ Descriptions of Craft as an Occupation’, Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 20(3), 217 brought them in a two-decker metal container from the Terrace The two sets of knives and forks and spoons were in his pocket with a paper napkin wrapped around each set “Who gave this to you?” “Martin The owner.” “I must thank him.” “I thanked him already,” the boy said “You don’t need to thank him.” “I’ll give him the belly meat of a big fish,” the old man said “Has he done this for us more than once?” “I think so.” “I must give him something more than the belly meat then He is very thoughtful for us.” “He sent two beers.” “I like the beer in cans best.” “I know But this is in bottles, Hatuey beer, and I take back the bottles.” “That’s very kind of you,” the old man said “Should we eat?” “I’ve been asking you to,” the boy told him gently “I have not wished to open the container until you were ready.” [20] “I’m ready now,” the old man said “I only needed time to wash.” Where did you wash? the boy thought The village water supply was two streets down the road I must have water here for him, the boy thought, and soap and a good towel Why am I so Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea thoughtless? I must get him another shirt and a jacket for the winter and some sort of shoes and another blanket “Your stew is excellent,” the old man said “Tell me about the baseball,” the boy asked him “In the American League it is the Yan “They lost today,” the boy told him “That means nothing The great DiMaggio is himself again.” “They have other men on the team.” “Naturally But he makes the difference In the other league, between Brooklyn and Philadelphia I must take Brooklyn But then I think of Dick Sisler and those great drives In the old park.” “There was nothing ever like them He hits the longest ball I have ever seen.” “Do you remember when he used to come to the Terrace?” [21] “I wanted to take him fishing but I was too timid to ask him Then I asked you to ask him and you were too timid.” “I know It was a great mistake He might have gone with us Then we would have that for all of our lives.” “I would like to take the great DiMaggio fishing,” the old man said “They say his father was a fisherman Maybe he was as poor as we are and would understand.” “The great Sisler’s father was never poor and he, the father, was playing in the Big Leagues when he was my age.” “When I was your age I was before the mast on a square rigged ship that ran to Africa and I have seen lions on the beaches in the evening.” “I know You told me.” “Should we talk about Africa or about baseball?” “Baseball I think,” the boy said “Tell me about the great John J McGraw.” He said Jota for J “He used to come to the Terrace sometimes too in the older days But he was rough and drinking His mind was on horses as well as baseball At least he carried lists of [22] horses at all times in his pocket and frequently spoke the names of horses on the telephone.” “He was a great manager,” the boy said “My father thinks he was the greatest.” “Because he came here the most times,” the old man said “If Durocher had continued to come here each year your father would think him the greatest manager.” “Who is the greatest manager, really, Luque or Mike Gonzalez?” “I think they are equal.” “And the best fisherman is you.” “No I know others better.” “Que Va,” the boy said “There are many good fishermen and some great ones But there is only you.” “Thank you You make me happy I hope no fish will come along so great that he will prove us wrong.” “There is no such fish if you are still strong as you say.” “I may not be as strong as I think,” the old man said “But I know many tricks and I have resolution.” “You ought to go to bed now so that you will be fresh in the morning I will take the things back to the Terrace.” [23] “Good night then I will wake you in the morning.” “You’re my alarm clock,” the boy said Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea “Age is my alarm clock,” the old man said “Why old men wake so early? Is it to have one longer day?” “I don’t know,” the boy said “All I know is that young boys sleep la Przeworski, A., Bardhan, P K., Kolarska-Bobińska, L., Pereira, L C B., Wiatr, J J., & Bruszt, L (1995), Sustainable democracy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom man said “I’ll waken you in time.” “I not like for him to waken me It is as though I were inferior.” “I know.” “Sleep well old man.” The boy went out They had eaten with no light on the table and the old man took off his trousers and went to bed in the dark He rolled his trousers up to make a pillow, putting the newspaper inside them He rolled himself in the blanket and slept on the other old newspapers that covered the springs of the bed He was asleep in a short time and he dreamed of Africa when he was a boy and the long golden beaches and the white beaches, so white they hurt your eyes, and the high capes and the great brown mountains He lived along that coast now every night and in his dreams he heard the surf roar and saw the native boats [24] come riding through it He smelled the tar and oakum of the deck as he slept and he smelled the smell of Africa that the land breeze brought at morning Usually when he smelled the land breeze he woke up and dressed to go and wake the boy But tonight the smell of the land breeze came very early and he knew it was too early in his dream and went on dreaming to see the white peaks of the Islands rising from the sea and then he dreamed of the different harbours and roadsteads of the Canary Islands He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of women, nor of great occurrences, n strength, nor of his wife He only dreamed of places now and of the lions on the beach They played like young cats in the dusk and he loved them as he loved the boy He never dreamed about the boy He simply woke, looked out the open door at the moon and unrolled his trousers and put them on He urinated outside the shack and then went up the road to wake the boy He was shivering with the morning cold But he knew he would shiver himself warm and that soon he would be rowing The door of the house where the boy lived was unlocked and he opened it and walked in quietly with his [25] bare feet The boy was asleep on a cot in the first room and the old man could see him clearly with the light that came in from the dying moon He took hold of one foot gently and held it until the boy woke and turned and looked at him The old man nodded and the boy took his trousers from the chair by the bed and, sitting on the bed, pulled them on The old man went out the door and the boy came after him He was sleepy and the old man put his arm across his shoulders and said, “I am sorry.” “Qua Va,” the boy said “It is what a man must do.” They walked down the road to the old man’s shack and all along the road, in the dark, barefoot men were moving, carrying the masts of their boats When they reached the old man’s shack the boy Reay, T., & Hinings, C R (2009), ‘Managing the rivalry of competing institutional logics’, Organization Studies, 30(6),629–652 harpoon and gaff and the old man carried the mast with the furled sail on his shoulder “Do you want coffee?” the boy asked “We’ll put the gear in the boat and then get some.” They had coffee from condensed milk cans at an early morning place that served fishermen “How did you sleep old man?” the boy asked He [26] was waking up now although it was still hard for him to leave his sleep “Very well, Manolin,” the old man said “I feel confident today.” “So I,” the boy said “Now I must get your sardines and mine and your fresh baits He brings our gear himself He never wants anyone to carry anything.” “We’re different,” the old man said “I let you carry things when you were five years old.” Saunders, M N K., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A (2019), Research Methods for Business Students Eight Edition, Pearson (Intl), Harlow, United Kingdom Scrase, T.J (2003), ‘Precarious Production: Globalization and Artisan Labor in the Third World’, Third World quaterly, 24 (3), 449-461 Sennett, R., (2008), The Craftsman, Yale University Press Smets, M., Jarzabkowski, P., Burke, G T., & Spee, P (2015), ‘Reinsurance trading in Lloyd’s of London: Balancing conflicting-yet-complementary logics in practice’, Academy of Management Journal, 58(3), 932–970 Strawn, S., & Littrell, M (2006), ‘Beyond Capabilities: A Case Study of Three Artisan Enterprises in India’, Clothing And Textiles Research Journal, 24(3), 207-213 https://doi.org/10.1177/0887302x06294686 Thornton, P H., & Ocasio, W (1999), ‘Institutional logics and the historical contingency of power in organizations: Executive succession in the higher education publishing industry, 1958–1990’, American journal of Sociology, 105 (3), 801-843 Thornton, P H., & Ocasio, W (2008), ‘Institutional logics’, The Sage handbook of organizational institutionalism, 840 (2008), 99-128 Thornton, P H., Ocasio, W., & Lounsbury, M (2012), The institutional logics perspective: A new approach to culture, structure and process, OUP Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom Tolbert, P S., David, R J., & Sine, W D (2011), ‘Studying choice and change: The intersection of institutional theory and entrepreneurship research’, Organization Science, 22 (5), 1332-1344 Tregear, A., (2005), ‘Lifestyle, growth, or community involvement? The balance of goals of UK artisan food producers’, Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 17(1), 1–15 Võ Hoàng Hoa, & Phan Vân Yên (2008), ‘Đánh giá tình hình nhiễm mơi trường đề xuất giải pháp giảm thiểu ô nhiễm làng nghề mây tre đan tỉnh Hà Tây’, Tạp chí Khoa học Kĩ thuật Thủy lợi Môi trường, 22, 33-40 Wright, K (2008), ‘Cleverest of the Clever: Coconut Craftsmen in Lamu, Kenya’, The Journal Of Modern Craft, 1(3), 323-343 Yang, Y., Shafi, M., Song, X., & Yang, R (2018), ‘Preservation of cultural heritage embodied in traditional crafts in the developing countries A case study of Pakistani handicraft industry’, Sustainability, 10 (5), 1336 Yin, R.K (2018), Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods (6th edn), London: Sage, London, United Kingdom Số 301(2) tháng 7/2022 47 He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish In the first forty days a boy had been with him But after forty days without a fish the boy’s parents had told him that the old man was now definitely and finally salao, which is the worst form of unlucky, and the boy had gone at their orders in another boat which caught three good fish the first week It made the boy sad to see the old man come in each day with his skiff empty and he always went down to help him carry either the coiled lines or the gaff and harpoon and the sail that was furled around the mast The sail was patched with flour sacks and, furled, it looked like the flag of permanent defeat The old man was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in the back of his neck The brown blotches of the benevolent skin cancer the sun brings from its [9] reflection on the tropic sea were on his cheeks The blotches ran well down the sides of his face and his hands had the deep-creased scars from handling heavy fish on the cords But none of these scars were fresh They were as old as erosions in a fishless desert Everything about him was old except his eyes and they were the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated “Santiago,” the boy said to him as they climbed the bank from where the skiff w We’ve made some money.” The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him “No,” the old man said “You’re with a lucky boat Stay with them.” “But remember how you went eighty-seven days without fish and then we caught big ones every day for three weeks.” “I remember,” the old man said “I know you did not leave me because you doubted.” “It was papa made me leave I am a boy and I must obey him.” “I know,” the old man said “It is quite normal.” “He hasn’t much faith.” [10] “No,” the old man said “But we have Haven’t we?” ‘Yes,” the boy said “Can I offer you a beer on the Terrace and then we’ll take the stuff home.” “Why not?” the old man said “Between fishermen.” They sat on the Terrace and many of the fishermen made fun of the old man and he was not angry Others, of the older fishermen, looked at him and were sad But they did not show it and they spoke politely about the current and the depths they had drifted their lines at and the steady good weather and of what they had seen The successful fishermen of that day were already in and had butchered their marlin out and carried them laid full length across two planks, with two men Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea staggering at the end of each plank, to the fish house where they waited for the ice truck to carry them to the market in Ha taken them to the shark factory on the other side of the cove where they were hoisted on a block and tackle, their livers removed, their fins cut off and their hides skinned out and their flesh cut into strips for salting When the wind was in the east a smell came across the harbour from the shark factory; but today there [11] was only the faint edge of the odour because the wind had backed into the north and then dropped off and it was pleasant and sunny on the Terrace “Santiago,” the boy said “Yes,” the old man said He was holding his glass and thinking of many years ago “Can I go out to get sardines for you for tomorrow?” “No Go and play baseball I can still row and Rogelio will throw the net.” “I would like to go If I cannot fish with you I would like to serve in some way.” “You bought me a beer,” the old man said “You are already a man.” “How old was I when you first took me in a boat?” “Five and you nearly were killed when I brought the fish in too green and he nearly tore the boat to pieces Can you remember?” “I can remember the tail slapping and banging and the thwart breaking and the noise of the clubbing I can remember you throwing me into the bow where the wet coiled lines were and feeling the whole boat shiver and the noise of you clubbing him like chopping a tree down and the sweet blood smell all over me.” [12] “Can it to you?” “I remember everything from when we first went together.” The old man looked at him with his sun-burned, confident loving eyes “If you were my boy I’d take you out and gamble,” he said “But you are your father’s and your mother’s and you are in a lucky boat.” “May I get the sardines? I know where I can get four baits too.” “I have mine left from today I put them in salt in the box.” “Let me get four fresh ones.” “One,” the old man said His hope and his confidence had never gone But now they were freshening as when the breeze rises “Two,” the boy said “Two,” the old man agreed “You didn’t steal them?” “I would,” the boy said “But I bought these.” “Thank you,” the old man said He was too simple to wonder when he had attained humility But he [13] knew he had attained it and he knew it was not disgraceful and it carried no loss of true pride “Tomorrow is going to be a good day with this current,” he said “Where are you going?” the boy asked “Far out to come in when the wind shifts I want to be out before it is light.” “I’ll try to get him to work far out,” the boy said “Then if you hook something truly big we can come to your aid.” “He does not like to work too far out.” “No,” the boy said “But I will see something that he cannot see such as a bird working and get him to come out after dolphin.” “Are his eyes that bad?” “He is said “He never went turtle-ing That is what kills the eyes.” “But you went turtle-ing for years off the Mosquito Coast and your eyes are good.” Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea “I am a strange old man” “But are you strong enough now for a truly big fish?” “I think so And there are many tricks.” [14] “Let us take the stuff home,” the boy said “So I can get the cast net and go after the sardines.” They picked up the gear from the boat The old man carried the mast on his shoulder and the boy carried the wooden boat with the coiled, hard-braided brown lines, the gaff and the harpoon with its shaft The box with the baits was under the stern of the skiff along with the club that was used to subdue the big fish when they were brought alongside No one would steal from the old man but it was better to take the sail and the heavy lines home as the dew was bad for them and, though he was quite sure no local people would steal from him, the old man thought that a gaff and a harpoon were needless temptations to leave in a boat They walked up the road together to the old man’s shack and went in through its open door The old man leaned the mast with its wrapped sail against the wall and the boy put the box and the other gear beside it The mast was nearly as long as the one room of the shack The shack was made of the tou called guano and in it there was a bed, a table, one chair, and a place on the dirt floor to cook with charcoal On the brown walls of the flattened, overlapping leaves of the sturdy fibered [15] guano there was a picture in color of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and another of the Virgin of Cobre These were relics of his wife Once there had been a tinted photograph of his wife on the wall but he had taken it down because it made him too lonely to see it and it was on the shelf in the corner under his clean shirt “What you have to eat?” the boy asked “A pot of yellow rice with fish Do you want some?” “No I will eat at home Do you want me to make the fire?” “No I will make it later on Or I may eat the rice cold.” “May I take the cast net?” “Of course.” There was no cast net and the boy remembered when they had sold it But they went through this fiction every day There was no pot of yellow rice and fish and the boy knew this too “Eighty-five is a lucky number,” the old man said “How would you like to see me bring one in that dressed out over a thousand pounds?” “I’ll get the cast net and go for sardines Will you sit in the sun in the doorway?” [16] “Yes I have yesterday’s paper and I will read the baseball.” The boy did not know whether yesterday’s paper was a fiction too But the old man brought it out from under the bed “Perico gave it t back when I have the sardines I’ll keep yours and mine together on ice and we can share them in the morning When I come back you can tell me about the baseball.” “The Yankees cannot lose.” “But I fear the Indians of Cleveland.” “Have faith in the Yankees my son Think of the great DiMaggio.” “I fear both the Tigers of Detroit and the Indians of Cleveland.” “Be careful or you will fear even the Reds of Cincinnati and the White Sax of Chicago.” “You study it and tell me when I come back.” “Do you think we should buy a terminal of the lottery with an eighty-five? Tomorrow is the eighty-fifth day.” “We can that,” the boy said “But what about the eighty-seven of your great record?” [17] “It could not happen twice Do you think you can find an eighty-five?” Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea “I can order one “One sheet That’s two dollars and a half Who can we borrow that from?” “That’s easy I can always borrow two dollars and a half.” “I think perhaps I can too But I try not to borrow First you borrow Then you beg.” “Keep warm old man,” the boy said “Remember we are in September.” “The month when the great fish come,” the old man said “Anyone can be a fisherman in May.” “I go now for the sardines,” the boy said When the boy came back the old man was asleep in the chair and the sun was down The boy took the over the back of the chair and over the old man’s shoulders They were strange shoulders, still powerful although very old, and the neck was still strong too and the creases did not show so much when the old man was asleep and his head fallen forward His shirt had been patched so many times that it was like the sail and the patches were faded to many different shades by the sun The [18] old man’s head was very old though and with his eyes closed there was no life in his face The newspaper lay across his knees and the weight of his arm held it there in the evening breeze He was barefooted The boy left him there and when he came back the old man was still asleep “Wake up old man,” the boy said and put his hand on one of the old man’s knees The old man opened his eyes and for a moment he was coming back from a long way away Then he smiled “What have you got?” he asked “Supper,” said the boy “We’re going to have supper.” “I’m not very hungry.” “Come on and eat You can’t fish and not eat.” “I have,” the old man said getting up and taking the newspaper and folding it Then he started to fold the blanket “Keep the blanket around you,” the boy said “You’ll not fish without eating while I’m alive.” “Then live a long time and take care of yourself,” the old man said “What are we eating?” “Black beans and rice, fried ba brought them in a two-decker metal container from the Terrace The two sets of knives and forks and spoons were in his pocket with a paper napkin wrapped around each set “Who gave this to you?” “Martin The owner.” “I must thank him.” “I thanked him already,” the boy said “You don’t need to thank him.” “I’ll give him the belly meat of a big fish,” the old man said “Has he done this for us more than once?” “I think so.” “I must give him something more than the belly meat then He is very thoughtful for us.” “He sent two beers.” “I like the beer in cans best.” “I know But this is in bottles, Hatuey beer, and I take back the bottles.” “That’s very kind of you,” the old man said “Should we eat?” “I’ve been asking you to,” the boy told him gently “I have not wished to open the container until you were ready.” [20] “I’m ready now,” the old man said “I only needed time to wash.” Where did you wash? the boy thought The village water supply was two streets down the road I must have water here for him, the boy thought, and soap and a good towel Why am I so Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea thoughtless? I must get him another shirt and a jacket for the winter and some sort of shoes and another blanket “Your stew is excellent,” the old man said “Tell me about the baseball,” the boy asked him “In the American League it is the Yan “They lost today,” the boy told him “That means nothing The great DiMaggio is himself again.” “They have other men on the team.” “Naturally But he makes the difference In the other league, between Brooklyn and Philadelphia I must take Brooklyn But then I think of Dick Sisler and those great drives In the old park.” “There was nothing ever like them He hits the longest ball I have ever seen.” “Do you remember when he used to come to the Terrace?” [21] “I wanted to take him fishing but I was too timid to ask him Then I asked you to ask him and you were too timid.” “I know It was a great mistake He might have gone with us Then we would have that for all of our lives.” “I would like to take the great DiMaggio fishing,” the old man said “They say his father was a fisherman Maybe he was as poor as we are and would understand.” “The great Sisler’s father was never poor and he, the father, was playing in the Big Leagues when he was my age.” “When I was your age I was before the mast on a square rigged ship that ran to Africa and I have seen lions on the beaches in the evening.” “I know You told me.” “Should we talk about Africa or about baseball?” “Baseball I think,” the boy said “Tell me about the great John J McGraw.” He said Jota for J “He used to come to the Terrace sometimes too in the older days But he was rough and drinking His mind was on horses as well as baseball At least he carried lists of [22] horses at all times in his pocket and frequently spoke the names of horses on the telephone.” “He was a great manager,” the boy said “My father thinks he was the greatest.” “Because he came here the most times,” the old man said “If Durocher had continued to come here each year your father would think him the greatest manager.” “Who is the greatest manager, really, Luque or Mike Gonzalez?” “I think they are equal.” “And the best fisherman is you.” “No I know others better.” “Que Va,” the boy said “There are many good fishermen and some great ones But there is only you.” “Thank you You make me happy I hope no fish will come along so great that he will prove us wrong.” “There is no such fish if you are still strong as you say.” “I may not be as strong as I think,” the old man said “But I know many tricks and I have resolution.” “You ought to go to bed now so that you will be fresh in the morning I will take the things back to the Terrace.” [23] “Good night then I will wake you in the morning.” “You’re my alarm clock,” the boy said Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea “Age is my alarm clock,” the old man said “Why old men wake so early? Is it to have one longer day?” “I don’t know,” the boy said “All I know is that young boys sleep l man said “I’ll waken you in time.” “I not like for him to waken me It is as though I were inferior.” “I know.” “Sleep well old man.” The boy went out They had eaten with no light on the table and the old man took off his trousers and went to bed in the dark He rolled his trousers up to make a pillow, putting the newspaper inside them He rolled himself in the blanket and slept on the other old newspapers that covered the springs of the bed He was asleep in a short time and he dreamed of Africa when he was a boy and the long golden beaches and the white beaches, so white they hurt your eyes, and the high capes and the great brown mountains He lived along that coast now every night and in his dreams he heard the surf roar and saw the native boats [24] come riding through it He smelled the tar and oakum of the deck as he slept and he smelled the smell of Africa that the land breeze brought at morning Usually when he smelled the land breeze he woke up and dressed to go and wake the boy But tonight the smell of the land breeze came very early and he knew it was too early in his dream and went on dreaming to see the white peaks of the Islands rising from the sea and then he dreamed of the different harbours and roadsteads of the Canary Islands He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of women, nor of great occurrences, n strength, nor of his wife He only dreamed of places now and of the lions on the beach They played like young cats in the dusk and he loved them as he loved the boy He never dreamed about the boy He simply woke, looked out the open door at the moon and unrolled his trousers and put them on He urinated outside the shack and then went up the road to wake the boy He was shivering with the morning cold But he knew he would shiver himself warm and that soon he would be rowing The door of the house where the boy lived was unlocked and he opened it and walked in quietly with his [25] bare feet The boy was asleep on a cot in the first room and the old man could see him clearly with the light that came in from the dying moon He took hold of one foot gently and held it until the boy woke and turned and looked at him The old man nodded and the boy took his trousers from the chair by the bed and, sitting on the bed, pulled them on The old man went out the door and the boy came after him He was sleepy and the old man put his arm across his shoulders and said, “I am sorry.” “Qua Va,” the boy said “It is what a man must do.” They walked down the road to the old man’s shack and all along the road, in the dark, barefoot men were moving, carrying the masts of their boats When they reached the old man’s shack the boy harpoon and gaff and the old man carried the mast with the furled sail on his shoulder “Do you want coffee?” the boy asked “We’ll put the gear in the boat and then get some.” They had coffee from condensed milk cans at an early morning place that served fishermen “How did you sleep old man?” the boy asked He [26] was waking up now although it was still hard for him to leave his sleep “Very well, Manolin,” the old man said “I feel confident today.” “So I,” the boy said “Now I must get your sardines and mine and your fresh baits He brings our gear himself He never wants anyone to carry anything.” “We’re different,” the old man said “I let you carry things when you were five years old.”