impacts of climate change on agriculture in viet nam and recommendations

FOREIGN TRADE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS -*** - MID-TERM REPORT Course: DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS Instructor: Nguyen Thi Hai Yen (M.A) IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURE IN VIET NAM AND RECOMMENDATIONS GROUP Nguyễn Thùy Linh 1911150039 Nguyễn Bích Ngọc 1911150053 Nguyễn Mai Trang 1911150075 Nguyễn Minh Tâm 1911150066 Nguyễn Văn Đạt 1911150016 Vũ Thị Khánh Huyền 1911150036 Nguyễn Thị Ngọc 1911150054 Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Mai 1911150045 Ha Noi, 2021 TABLE OF CONTENTS I Introduction Research rationale Research objective Research subject and scope Methodology II Theoretical overview about Impact of climate change on agriculture Climate change Agriculture 2.1 Definition of Agriculture 2.2 Characteristics of Agriculture 2.3 The role of agriculture in economic development in developing country Impact of climate change on agriculture 10 III Discussion about the impacts of climate change on agriculture in Vietnam 11 Overview about agriculture and climate change in Vietnam 11 1.1 Vietnam agriculture 11 1.2 Climate change manifestation in Vietnam 13 Impacts of climate change on VN agriculture 16 2.1 Impact of increase in average temperature 16 2.2 Impact of increase in sea level 17 2.3 Impact of drought and saltwater intrusion 18 2.4 Impact of storms and floods 19 IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURE IN VIET NAM Possible impacts of climate change on Vietnam agriculture in the future 20 3.1 Impact of temperature change 20 3.2 Impact on the crop water supply and demand 21 3.3 Impact of sea-level rise 22 3.4 Impact on crop output 23 3.5 Impacts on economic growth 24 Some actions taken in Vietnam 24 4.1 Adapting the climate change by nature-based solution 24 4.2 Developing and selecting climate-adapted varieties 25 4.3 Restructuring agriculture in some regions 26 4.4 Controlling the source of water in the dry season 26 IV Recommendation 27 Foster agriculture's adaptability 27 Restructure agriculture to help combat climate change 29 Policy and management recommendation 30 V VI Conclusion 32 References 33 IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURE IN VIET NAM impacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendations LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Vietnam annual GDP growth (%) from 1985 - 2020 12 Figure Trends of temperature (a) and rainfalls (b) in Vietnam from 1958 - 20113 Figure 3: Typhoon tracks in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean and East Sea 15 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Average annual temperature increases in degrees by agro ecological zone in different scenarios 20 Table 2: Average percentage changes in annual precipitation by agro ecological zones in different scenatios 21 Table 3: Loss of rice area and production in 2050 due to flood inundation and salinity intrusion caused by rising sea levels in the Mekong River Delta and lower Dongnai River basin 22 Table 4: Forecasting the impact of 1m sea level rise in Vietnam 23 IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURE IN VIET NAM impacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendations impacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendations I Introduction Research rationale “Climate change”, one of the most common environmental terms at present, has been used to refer to the long-term alteration of temperature and typical weather patterns in a place It is perhaps one of the most complex environmental issues that today’s world population is facing, even though the issue is not new anymore Nowadays, from shifting weather patterns that threaten food production to rising sea levels that increase the risk of catastrophic flooding, the impacts of climate change are global in scope and unprecedented in scale Farming throughout the globe has its own specifics that depend on weather conditions, with the climate change’s impact on agriculture being tremendous It is pointed out that agriculture is sensitive to short-term changes in weather and to seasonal, annual and longer term variations in climate The relationship between climate change and agriculture is a particularly important issue, because The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has estimated that the global demand for food will rise by approximately 70 percent over the next 40 years to feed a rising world population with changing dietary trends In fact, developing countries are especially vulnerable to climate change because of their geographic exposure, low incomes and greater reliance on climate sensitive factors, particularly agriculture And Vietnam is a typical example However, there still remains questions about its impact on agriculture in Vietnam and what we should to adapt to this problem Understanding the gravity of climate change as well as the importance of agriculture in Vietnam’s economy, we have been motivated to carry out the research “THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURE IN VIETNAM” Research objective Despite the urge for intensive research on how changes in weather patterns influence agriculture, there is still a shortage in researches that show clear and detailed guidance for farmers and agricultural businesses to respond to this issue This calls for intensive research IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURE IN VIET NAM impacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendations impacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendations and investment or policy assistance from the government to make clearer guidance for individuals and businesses in upcoming years As a result, we are going to investigate the actual situation and manifestations of climate change, how these changes influence crop production and livestock raising in particular, and thereby agricultural growth in general Besides, this finding will put forward some national policies, smart technologies and mechanisms that farmers and agricultural firms can apply to adapt to climate change Research subject and scope This paper investigates the actual situation and characteristics of agriculture in Vietnam, how the weather patterns have changed since the 2000s and also tended to change in the next 30 years in terms of several manifestations like temperature, rainfall, sea level, salinity intrusion, The subjects of this study are “climate change” and “agriculture” in Vietnam, especially going into details about crop production and animal production Methodology In terms of methodology, this paper uses a qualitative approach by collecting information based on researches that were carried out in the previous years; along with datas, reports and predictions of large organizations This approach aims to identify the trends in changes of different weather patterns, evaluate its economic impacts on both crop and animal production during the period from 2014 until now; and thereby, forecast the influence degree to agricultural output and revenue under climate change scenarios in the next 30 years It is also expected that findings from this paper will make a contribution to practical adaptation initiatives, the governments’ management and policies for Vietnam in the context of climate change these days IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURE IN VIET NAM impacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendations impacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendations II Theoretical overview about Impact of climate change on agriculture Climate change- A global problem Climate change is becoming a present reality and is one of the major challenges of our time In fact, many researchers were carried out to analyze the concept of climate change and its impacts on different fields in different countries all over the world According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), climate change is defined as a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcing, or to persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use (IPCC, 2001) The main characteristics of climate change are increases in average global temperature (global warming); changes in cloud cover and precipitation particularly over land; melting of ice caps, glaciers and reduced snow cover; or increases in ocean temperatures and ocean acidity As climate change worsens, extreme weather events are becoming more frequent or severe If there are no timely actions, it is likely that the effect of climate change will exceed the adaptability of some countries Agriculture 2.1 Definition of Agriculture The Oxford English Dictionary (1971) defines agriculture very broadly as “The science and art of cultivating the soil, including the allied pursuits of gathering in the crops and rearing livestock; tillage, husbandry, farming.” In Vietnam, agriculture is intensive rice and crops growing agriculture, now divided into many production sectors Since the August Revolution, Vietnam’s agriculture has made important progress: agricultural production has become rich and diversified, fertilizers and pesticides are relatively adequate Production and productivity of crops and livestock both increased markedly IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURE IN VIET NAM impacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendations impacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendations 2.2 Characteristics of Agriculture Land is the main means of production and can not be replaced This is the most important characteristic to distinguish agriculture and industry The scale and direction of production, the degree of intensification, and even the organization of the territory, are highly dependent on the land This feature requires agricultural production to maintain the quality of soil and to use it rationally and economically Agricultural production focuses on crops and livestock Objects of agricultural production are living organisms They grow according to the law of biology and are greatly influenced by nature Thus, understanding and following biological and natural laws is an essential requirement in the agricultural process Agricultural production is seasonal This is a typical characteristic of agricultural production, especially in cultivation The growth and development time of plants and animals is relatively long, different, and through a series of successive stages Agricultural production depends on natural conditions This feature is due to the subjects of agriculture: plants and livestock Plants and livestock can only survive and grow when there are five basic elements of nature: temperature, water, light, air, and nutrition These factors are closely combined with each other, working together in a unified and irreplaceable way In the modern economy, agriculture has become a commodity production industry A specific manifestation of this trend is the formation and development of specialized agricultural regions and the promotion of agricultural product processing to improve commercial value IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURE IN VIET NAM impacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendations impacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendations 2.3 The role of agriculture in economic development in developing country Agriculture plays a vital role in the economic development of developing countries The role of agriculture in economic development is crucial because a majority of the population of developing countries make their living from agriculture Product Contribution Most of the developing countries depend on their own agriculture to provide food and meet the basic needs of their population Farmers in these developing countries have to produce food over and above their subsistence needs so as to provide necessary food to their urban population As the industrial and services sectors develop further, the agricultural productivity and production must also rise to sustain the industrial development by feeding the increasing industrial workforce Market Contribution The market contribution of agriculture means the demand for industrial products The increase in agricultural productivity causes an increase in the home market for manufactured goods and services, thereby speeding up the economic growth rate Factor Contribution Another contribution of agriculture to economic development is that it provides two important factors - labour and capital - for industrial growth The size of the agricultural sector in developing countries is quite large as around 60 per cent of the population and therefore it can release a significant amount of labour to be employed in the industrial and other non-farm sectors However, agriculture can release labour for industrial development if its productivity rises Foreign Exchange Contribution The exports of agricultural products can also be a source of foreign exchange earnings By contributing to foreign exchange earnings, it enables the developing countries to have access to imported goods needed for industrial growth which cannot be produced IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURE IN VIET NAM impacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendations impacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendations at home or can be produced at a higher opportunity cost Thus agriculture can make a significant contribution to economic development by earning foreign exchange required for importing industrial raw materials and capital goods required for expanding industries Agriculture and Poverty Alleviation In any strategy of eradication of poverty, agricultural growth plays an important role Agricultural growth raises the productivity and incomes of small and marginal farmers, and raises employment and wages of agricultural workers With this, it helps to reduce poverty and disguised unemployment Besides, increase in agricultural productivity leads to lower food prices and keeps inflation under control which also contributes to lowering of poverty Impact of climate change on agriculture Agricultural production will be affected by increasing temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and more frequent and intense extreme weather events Some countries will experience more negative effects on agriculture associated with climate change The situation will be particularly acute in developing countries that not have enough resources compared to developed countries to quickly adapt to climate change The relationship between agriculture and climate is pronounced, often complex, and not always well understood Temperature increases can have both positive and negative effects on crop yields, with the difference depending on location and on the magnitude of the increase Agricultural systems are most sensitive to extreme weather events such as floods, wind storms, and droughts, and seasonal variability such as periods of frost, cold temperatures, and changing rainfall patterns Climate change could alter the frequency and magnitude of extreme events and could change seasonal patterns in both favorable and unfavorable ways, depending on regional conditions Increases in rainfall intensity pose a threat to agriculture and the environment because heavy rainfall is primarily responsible for soil erosion, leaching of agricultural chemicals, and run-off that carries livestock waste and nutrients into water bodies Currently available climate forecasts cannot resolve how extreme events and variability will change because the rate of change is always uncertain IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURE IN VIET NAM impacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendations 10 impacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendations southern agro ecological zones For the GISS scenario, the South East, and the Mekong River Delta have the least temperature increases in the country (Bingxin Yu et al., 2010) 3.2 Impact on the crop water supply and demand Water availability is critical for food production and will become even more so in the future Water demand for agriculture may double or triple by 2100 compared to 2000 At the same time, there are constantly growing risks of severe droughts and water shortage for irrigation However, the precipitation has been changing Table 2: Average percentage changes in annual precipitation by agro ecological zones in different scenatios Agroecological Zone IPSL IPSL GISS GISS MONRE MONRE 2030 2050 2030 2050 2030 2050 North West -16.5 -12.7 9.8 19.4 1.7 2.8 North East -16.5 -11.8 10.5 13.5 1.8 3.0 Red River Delta -14.2 -9.2 8.6 10.1 2.1 3.5 North Central Coast -11.9 -7.0 7.6 10.0 2.2 3.6 South Central Coast -7.8 -9.7 5.2 5.7 1.6 2.8 Central Highlands -11.0 -5.6 4.3 6.0 0.1 0.0 South East -10.7 -5.0 5.1 6.3 0.7 1.3 Mekong River Delta -10.5 -6.3 5.2 6.3 0.9 1.5 Source: Bingxin Yu et al, 2010 Generally, IPSL shows reduced precipitation, but GISS and MONRE have increased precipitation across all agro ecological zones The magnitude of the precipitation increase is higher in 2050 than in 2030 for GISS and MONRE, with more significant precipitation increases reported by GISS IPSL has a more complex picture of precipitation changes For all agro ecological zones except for the South Central Coast, precipitation declines more in IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURE IN VIET NAM impacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendations 21 impacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendations 2030 than in 2050 This indicates that changes in rainfall under global warming can be more complex than temperature changes At a regional scale, it is not necessarily always the case that precipitation will monotonically increase or monotonically decrease at the decadal temporal scale 3.3 Impact of sea-level rise Table 3: Loss of rice area and production in 2050 due to flood inundation and salinity intrusion caused by rising sea levels in the Mekong River Delta and lower Dongnai River basin River Basin Season Causes Affected area Lower Dongnai River Basin Mekong River Delta Rainy Season Dry Season Rainy Season Dry Season Inundation Salinity Intrusion Inundation Salinity Intrusion 276 420 22 N/A 193 294 10.7 N/A 4.59 06.02 4.37 N/A 0.89 1.77 0.05 N/A 5.2 8.0 2.5 N/A (thousand hectares) Affected rice area (thousand hectares) Yield (tons/hectare) Production loss (million tons) Production loss (percentage) Source: Bingxin Yu et al., 2010 This scenario assumes the sea level will rise 17 centimeters by 2030 and 30 centimeters by 2050, based on the official climate change and rising sea level scenario (Vietnam, MONRE, 2009) The flood inundation situation in the Mekong River Delta with a 30centimeter rise in the sea level Equipped with current hydraulic structures, the area inundated with water deeper than 0.5 meters would increase by 276,000 hectares in the IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURE IN VIET NAM impacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendations 22 impacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendations rainy season (Table 3) In the dry season, areas affected by salinity intrusion with a greater than grams per liter would increase by 420,000 hectares If we assume that about 70 percent of the affected areas are paddy rice, 193,000 hectares of paddy rice could be lost due to inundation, and 294,000 hectares could be lost due to salinity intrusion by 2050 This loss of rice area will lead to a decline in rice production of about 2.7 million metric tons per year (based on 2007 rice yields), 0.9 million tons in the rainy season due to inundation, and 1.8 million tons in the dry season due to salinity intrusion This is an equivalent of about 13 percent of the 2007 total rice harvest in the Mekong River Delta A similar analysis was also conducted for the Dongnai River basin near Ho Chi Minh City, but the impacts were far less significant, as shown in Table Another scenario when the sea level rises 1m by the end of the 21st century: Table 4: Forecasting the impact of 1m sea level rise in Vietnam Total area (km2) Affected areas (km2) Affected area (%) Total area 328,535 16,977 5.17 Agricultural area 192,816 13,773 7.14 Inundated area 46,179 13,241 28.67 The Mekong Delta is the region most affected by climate change According to this climate change scenario, the temperature will increase by about 3.4 degrees Celsius, and there will be about 40% of the land area permanently inundated In addition, climate change takes place in the Mekong Delta, causing drought, salinity intrusion, landslides, and many other consequences 3.4 Impact on crop output According to research results of the Institute of Agricultural Environment (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development), climate change reduces the productivity of some leading crops Specifically, spring rice yield will decrease by 0.41 tons/ha in 2030 and 0.72 tons in 2050 Maize yield is likely to decrease by 0.44 tons/ha in 2030 and 0.78 tons by IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURE IN VIET NAM impacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendations 23 impacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendations 2050… Loss of arable land in agriculture and decline in crop yields will pose challenges in farmers' livelihoods, rice exports and national food security especially for a country where agriculture plays an important role in the national economy like Vietnam 3.5 Impacts on economic growth According to a recent United Nations study, the global economy could lose more than $2 trillion by 2030 due to climate change and global warming Figures from Oxfam (UK) show that developing economies could lose up to $ 1.7 trillion a year by 2050 Agriculture accounts for 52.6% of the workforce and 20% of the GDP of Vietnam, so any changes in this sector will tremendously affect the Vietnam economy In addition, the increase of natural hazard also causes the GDP growth rate of Vietnam to decrease If the original growth rate is 5.4% annually, the growth rate when affected will be about 5.32% - 5.39% The sea level rise scenario shows that the impacts are at the mildest level but still cause GDP in the period 2046 - 2050 to decrease by - 2.5% Meanwhile, because Vietnam's GDP by 2050 is forecasted to be more than 500 billion USD, the value of damage due to climate change is up to about 40 billion USD This damage is relatively large and can be minimized with appropriate adaptation policies Some actions taken in Vietnam 4.1 Adapting the climate change by nature-based solution Government Resolution No 120 on sustainable and climate-resilient development of the Mekong delta is a concrete example of the transition from passive to active actions to be quickly resilient to climate change and cope with adverse external factors According to the Department of Crop Production (MARD), the 2020-2021 winter-spring rice crop in southern provinces will be seeded early from October 2020 to avoid drought and salinity In 2020, according to Mr Nguyen Ngoc He, Vice Chairman of Can Tho City People's Committee, the crops have a higher yield compared to recent years, making the profit of rice farmers in this year's crop at 45% and above and advantages in the consumption IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURE IN VIET NAM impacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendations 24 impacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendations About the nature-based solution to adapt to the climate change in the Mekong delta, Prof Vo Tong Xuan said: Many provinces in the region have invested in helping farmers build a rice-shrimp system During the rainy season, farmers will cultivate rice and when there is little rain and saltwater rises, they will raise shrimp This brings a profit of 4-5 times compared to rice crops As the effect of climate change on lives of people including people in Northwest Mountain areas Within the framework of the VOF project, PanNature and its partners have built climate-smart agricultural villages in areas in two provinces of Lai Chau and Son La since 2019 Different from other projects that only focus on improving farming and livestock techniques, this model aims to promote agricultural production in a harmonious relationship with natural conditions, means of production, policies, and markets 4.2 Developing and selecting climate-adapted varieties Faced with the increasing level of saline intrusion in the Mekong Delta provinces, the Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences (VAAS) has directed Cuu Long Delta Rice Research Institute and Institute of Agricultural Science for Southern Vietnam to promote research activities to select and create rice varieties with high tolerance to salinity conditions According to Mr Tran Ngoc Thach, director of the Mekong Delta Rice Institute, there have been some outstanding results in science and technology research tasks in the 20162020 period Regarding the selection and breeding of rice varieties and the transfer of rice varieties into production, there are 11 officially recognized varieties, and 23 protected rice varieties with salt tolerance at the level of 2-4‰ promptly responded and minimized the damage caused by drought and salinity The OM rice varieties bred by the Mekong Delta Rice Institute are being grown popularly and account for a large proportion of the rice export amount According to the survey of the Department of Crop Production, the area using OM rice varieties bred by the Mekong Delta Rice Institute accounts for about 70% of the total IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURE IN VIET NAM impacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendations 25 impacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendations cultivated area in the Mekong Delta The OM rice variety of the Mekong Delta Rice Institute is not only grown well in the Mekong Delta but also throughout the country 4.3 Restructuring agriculture in some regions Implementing Resolution No 120/NQ-CP on sustainable and climate-resilient development of the Mekong delta, many local provinces restructured the agricultural sector to adapt to climate change In Tien Giang province, within the cultivation industry, in the period from 2015-2020, there has been a shift of gradually reducing the area of rice plants, nearly 18,000 hectares of rice field has been converted to fruit and vegetable cultivated land Profit per hectare of fruit trees is 2-16 times higher than that of rice, per hectare of vegetable rotation is 2-5 times higher than that of rice, significantly contributing to rising incomes for local farmers The livestock industry's proportion as the lowest has risen steadily in the period from 2015-2020, the internal structure of the industry has gradually shifted to reduce the number of pigs (in order to reduce environmental pollution) The Project on Restructuring the Agriculture Sector of Ninh Thuan Province to Respond to Climate Change to 2020 and Vision to 2030 clearly states: Prioritize restructuring in the direction of increasing the proportion of fruit trees, industrial plants and vegetables; reduce the proportion of food crops; Focusing on developing industries with high and medium competitive advantages (grapes, apples, garlic, aloe vera, asparagus, sugarcane, cassava; rice, maize varieties); 4.4 Controlling the source of water in the dry season After the drought and salinity period in 2015-2016, the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development has researched and invested in 11 irrigation works systems in the Mekong Delta Currently, systems have been put into use - months earlier than the plan, the remaining works are under construction According to the Central Steering Committee for Natural Disaster Prevention and Control (Vietnam Disaster Management Authority), as the result of currently implemented solutions, the shortage of domestic water in the Mekong Delta has been gradually improved Kien Giang province allocates investment funds to expand the water pipes network, IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURE IN VIET NAM impacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendations 26 impacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendations upgrade the capacity of water supply plants to ensure sufficient supply for 9,000 households Tien Giang province is actively investing in freshwater reservoirs in the planning area for agricultural development with high technology application (197.3 ha) and planned to block Nguyen Tan Thanh canal to have a freshwater reservoir to supply more than 800,000 households in the dry season It is expected that, after this plan is completed, it will be one of the two largest freshwater reservoirs in the western part of Vietnam IV Recommendation Foster agriculture's adaptability Efficient irrigation management From the aforementioned findings, drought and salinization are making it difficult to get fresh water for irrigation Also, both inadequate water in dry seasons and excessive water in rainy seasons have unfavorable impacts on productivity Taking this into account, there arises a need for better irrigation management to use the scarce water source efficiently Smart agriculture technologies such as automatic dripping watering systems can be utilized The system function combines a pump and a timer in one automatic drip irrigation kit The device can pump the water from a reservoir to plants via 1/4 inch tubes The water goes deep into the soil and farmers can save 60-70% water compared to the traditional watering methods In addition, the automatic timer function means no worker is required, allowing farms to save time as well as operation cost Agricultural intensification and efficient cropping patterns Mixed cropping farming practice not only reduces risks due to fluctuations in weather, but it also makes effective use of the land than the monoculture farming practice Cover crops, crop rotation, and organic soil amendments are fundamental to maintaining “healthy” soil This represents a long-term commitment to improving and maintaining soil quality and is expected to increase soil organic matter Adopt modern cultivation methods: IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURE IN VIET NAM impacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendations 27 impacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendations The findings of our research indicate that flood, drought, rising sea levels and salinization are all having unfavorable impacts on the arable land and crop productivity Given this, it is necessary to adopt new cultivation methods and techniques that can free crops from the impacts of natural factors Such methods can be Greenhouse cultivation, hydroponics and vertical crop farming Greenhouse cultivation can be seen as a key technique in developing high-tech agriculture Hi-tech greenhouses are a type of greenhouse using modern technologies to create an ecosystem that is most favorable to foster the development of plants; to practice agricultural intensification; and to minimize adverse impacts from the environment on production This technique allows the growing of products that are out-of-season or those that develop in adverse conditions such as on dessert Therefore, productivity and quality will be maximized and production cost minimized Another desirable point is the water saving benefit Some drawbacks of this method are the high cost of infrastructure and expertise involved Therefore, successful projects require huge investment of large corporations and it is not feasible to be applied by small farmholders Develop agribusiness To increase the agriculture sector’s resilience, one of the challenges is to better integrate small scale farmers into markets so that they can make the agricultural sector stronger When a country’s agricultural sector is not competitive, there is greater reliance on imports and less agriculture-driven poverty reduction in rural areas Developing agribusiness requires improving infrastructure, technology, and market access for farmers In Vietnam, a similar model to agribusiness has been introduced - the 5Ns model, which involves the cooperation of stakeholders: Government, Scientists, Farmers, Entrepreneur, Consumers Government improves the policy and regulatory environment, provides aids and training; Scientists develop crops that are more resilient, as pest-and-insect control methods; Farmers implement the work; Entrepreneurs buy the products and are responsible for distributing them to final consumers The result is that IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURE IN VIET NAM impacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendations 28 impacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendations farmers are less prone to difficulties and uncertainties in cultivating Also, the sales of their products are higher, thus ensuring stable income and higher living standard Restructure agriculture to help combat climate change: things farms can to help prevent further environmental degradation Gradually phase out and eliminate petrol-based chemicals: Petrol-based pesticides, herbicides and chemical fertilizers consist of substances and chemicals like carbon dioxide and methane - the two largest contributors to climate change; ammonia, and nitrogen, the emission of which has contributed to a great extent in the quantity of greenhouse gases present in the environment This in turn is leading to global warming and weather changes Switching to bio-friendly and eco-friendly alternatives can help to solve this problem Scientists have come up with biological pest control methods and they have proved to be effective and more sustainable Manage livestocks’ waste and reduce livestock’s methane emission: Agriculture is responsible for a large part of Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, resulting from livestock raising To address this problem, in Vietnam, the most suitable solution is utilizing the biogas system This technology enables the effective use of accumulated animal waste from food production and of municipal solid waste from urbanization Additionally, biogas production on farms can reduce the odours, insects, and pathogens associated with traditional manure stockpiles The captured gas could even be utilized, for instance as an energy source, which then can be used for cooking However, it is undeniable that this method has not been utilized effectively, and it is only applicable to cattles raised in stables, not those grazed on fields Other possible options for processing animals’ waste are using biological probiotics or composting Integrated systems of crop-livestock-forestry The more diverse an agricultural system, the greater its ability on average to adapt to climate change Instead of focusing the farm on one kind of production (crops or livestock IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURE IN VIET NAM impacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendations 29 impacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendations or forestry), integrated systems combine them into one of four combinations: crops and livestock; crops and forestry; livestock and forestry; or crops, livestock, and forestry These integrated systems can produce food, energy, fiber, timber, and non-timber forest products in the same area, at the same time or in rotation Policy and management recommendation Increase Education level of farmers: Education level of the household head has a positive and significant impact on net revenue (Agossou, 2014; Mishra and Sahu, 2014) With a higher education level, they can adopt adaptive measures that require knowledge and skill of new science or technologies to increase revenue In light of this, the government is expected to allocate more funds to enhance farmers’ knowledge and educational level Improve access to extension services and credit: Strengthening the presence of commune extension stations to provide information on new varieties, farming techniques, pest control monitoring, market information, and weather information is an important measure to mitigate the negative impact of climate change on household incomes Also, it’s important that the government provides financial aid and credit access for farm households, especially small one Without funds, it is almost impossible for farms to take on new methods and techniques Pursuing a greener production system requires farmers to embark on uncharted territories with no guarantee of immediate success A decrease in production poses a difficult financial challenge to overcome In addition to extending access to incentives credit for households, controlling the purpose and effectiveness of loans is also a necessity problem Allocate resource to research and development activities To make agriculture more resilient to climate change, more research should be done on producing crops that are resistant to drought, flood and pest This is of paramount importance as increase in temperature is causing problems of pest and insects, according to our findings IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURE IN VIET NAM impacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendations 30 impacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendations Also, the government should boost research and development of technologies which can produce recycled energies and new ones, including wind energy, solar energy, tidal energy, geothermal energy, biofuel, and universal energy; to design and implement policies on engaging socio-economic sectors in applying and popularizing recycled and renewable energies In certain parts of Vietnam, especially in the southwest provinces, resources for renewable energy such as wind power and solar energy are abundant to be harnessed More research should be done on the potential of generating electricity from renewable sources in various regions, as well as funding and instruction for farming households to implement these projects Upgrade infrastructure: Improve, upgrade, repair and build irrigation works, hydroelectric plants, and systems of river dike and breakwaters which can effectively cope with floods, droughts, seal level rising, and salt contamination in the context of climate change Pay more attention to environmental protection Craft and realize programs on reducing greenhouse gas emission through efforts of minimizing forest loss and deterioration, managing forest in a sustainable way, preserving and improving forests’ absorption of carbon Protect and develop forests sustainably, speed up the schedule of afforestation and reforestation projects, encourage enterprises to invest in planting economic forests Preserve biodiversity, protect and develop ecosystems and species which can well resist climatic changes; to protect and preserve genes and species endangered by impacts of climate change IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURE IN VIET NAM impacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendations 31 impacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendations V Conclusion It is undeniable that climate change is an unavoidable trend and its effect on the earth has been clearly seen in every place and field And Vietnam, due to its long coastlines, the high concentration of population and economic activities in coastal areas, and a heavy dependence on agriculture, becomes one of the most adversely affected by climate change In Vietnam, climate change pertains to an increase in average temperature, rising sea levels, salinity intrusion and natural disaster By analyzing these aforementioned manifestations, this study contributes to the empirical literature on the trends of climate change these days, and thereby its effects on Vietnam agriculture, more specifically, on crop and animal production during the period from 2014 until now, and simultaneously in the next 30 years An important message in this study is that putting forward some mechanisms, approaches to restructure agriculture and future policy formulations are extremely necessary to combat climate change Farmers should be educated and trained carefully about how to upgrade irrigation systems, develop new varieties, apply modern technology and how to restructure agriculture to adapt to severe environmental conditions Additionally, it is also essential for the local government to formulate more policies to help farmers to improve agricultural productivity, especially investments in education or agricultural research and development IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURE IN VIET NAM impacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendationsimpacts.of.climate.change.on.agriculture.in.viet.nam.and.recommendations 32 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