tiểu luận an analysis of southeast nations involvement in the global value chain in the laboremployment garment industry

UEH UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ECONOMICS, LAW, AND GOVERNMENT ASSIGNMENT SUBJECT: DEVELOPMENT ECONOMY GROUP AN ANALYSIS OF SOUTHEAST NATIONS' INVOLVEMENT IN THE GLOBAL VALUE CHAIN IN THE LABOREMPLOYMENT-GARMENT INDUSTRY Ho Chi Minh City, 2021-11-22 ABSTRACT The readymade garments (RMG) sector is a critical driver for Southeast Asia's economic and social development As a result of the severe effect of COVID-19, the RMG sector has been confronted with a neverseen-before occurrence Because the supply chain has been significantly impacted, businesses and regulators are concerned about how to mitigate disruptions caused by pandemics As such, this research intends to examine the vulnerability and capability factors affecting the RMG industry in Vietnam, their connection, and the effect on the supply chain resilience of these variables Also, this study investigates the impact of Covid -19 on woman labor working in the RMG industry So that we can propose some solutions to improve the situation postpandemic INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 epidemic has impacted the worldwide supply chain Natural catastrophes (floods, earthquakes, etc.), terrorist attacks, pandemics, and other occurrences that have a low likelihood but great effect cause supply chain interruptions (SARS, Ebola, Swine flu, COVID-19, etc.) The latest COVID-19 outbreak is undoubtedly the century's most cursed pandemic (Parsons, 2020) By June 2020, it will have killed 0.5 million people and infected 10 million COVID19 has disrupted supply chains for 94 percent of Fortune 1000 companies (Ivanov, 2020; Fortune 2020) According to Dun & Bradstreet, 16 percent of Fortune 1000 businesses have tier-1 and tier2 suppliers in Wuhan Tier-2 suppliers offer raw materials to tier-1 suppliers, whereas tier-1 suppliers give raw materials to tier-2 suppliers At least million global enterprises have tier-2 suppliers in that region (Smith, 2020) As a result, China's exports decreased 17% in January-February 2020, and global trade might fall up to 32% in 2020 (Sarkis et al., 2020) However, demand for pharmaceutical items has surged as a result of the pandemic (McKinsey & Company, 2020) While afflicted nations have employed social isolation, communal quarantining, and lockdown to limit the virus, widespread unemployment has created social and economic issues The COVID-19 problem might cost up to 25 million jobs, according to the ILO Garment, garment, and footwear production in several Southeast Asian nations are competitive because of cheap labor costs, strategic location, privileged access to the market, and favorable government regulations At the same time, other nations continue to place a premium on producing large quantities of low-value goods using cheap labor as their principal competitive edge (Huynh 2015) Because they relied on a small number of key raw material suppliers, Southeast Asian garment manufacturers are particularly vulnerable to supply chain disruptions They are also more dependent on foreign suppliers because of the unpredictability of electricity supplies and the insufficient reliability, timing, and scale of local input production While growing labor expenses are putting economic pressure on certain nations, poor worker productivity must also be addressed (Andersson, Machiels, and Bodwell 2019) tieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industry tieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industry Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent So this continent's fashion history is likewise vast and varied The clothing business has evolved to meet the changing requirements of the people Asia's clothing industry has risen considerably with the use of technology This industry's growth has generated many workers, notably female workers It has also addressed people's necessities despite limited income China, India, Bangladesh, Vietnam, and Turkey are the top five garment exporters by region (accounting for 53 percent of global garment export turnover) The present COVID-19 epidemic has impacted many parts of Asia's economy and society, including the clothing industry The epidemic that has halted manufacturing has had a severe impact on Asia's clothes-consuming partners Workers lose earnings due to delays in cross-border commodities delivery GARMENT INDUSTRY ANALYSIS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA’S NATIONS: 2.1 Southeast Asia Overview: Many Southeast Asian nations can compete in the labor-intensive garment, garment, and footwear manufacturing industries because of their comparatively low labor costs, strategic locations, market accessibility, favorable schools, and supporting government policies Simultaneously, other nations continue to prioritize high volumes of low-value-added products, relying heavily on cheap labor as their primary competitive edge (Huynh 2015) While there are certain benefits in the global market, the garment and apparel sector faced several severe obstacles when the COVID-19 epidemic erupted To begin, the suspension of commerce between nations to prevent the spread of the illness has had a devastating impact on global supply networks An excellent example is Chinese handcrafted items that have been trapped in the nation for an extended period, resulting in nearly abandoned orders This demonstrates the vulnerability of Southeast Asian garment and garment makers to supply chain disruptions as a result of their over-reliance on a few major raw material sources Numerous Southeast Asian businesses have been forced to cease operations and lay off staff as a result of order cancellations and production constraints Additionally, the COVID-19 outbreak altered people's behaviors, resulting in adjustments to everyday demands Along with the supply chain shortfall, there is resource scarcity, including the timing and size of local input production; and the industry's productivity has been hampered by the industry's inconsistent power supply system Rising labor expenses, particularly in some countries, have increased economic pressure and contributed to low worker productivity, both of which are issues in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic 2.2 Garment industry in some Asian nations (Bangladesh): COVID-19 has had a profoundly damaging effect on the world economy's economic sectors It is also hard to avoid the strong wave of arriving from this century's pandemic, particularly in Asian nations whose manufacturing strength is in garment items tieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industry tieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industry Bangladesh - one of ten Asian nations with significant garment and apparel production capability - also suffered from COVID's influence - 19 Previously, particularly during 2018 and 2019, Bangladesh was the second biggest garment provider in the global clothing supply chain, with 34.13 billion USD in export revenue However, until the COVID-19 epidemic in late 2019 or early 2020, this country's garment exports were badly harmed Export revenue was 27.94 billion USD, down roughly 20% with an absolute value of more than billion USD from pre-epidemic levels (according to data of the Export Promotion Bureau - EPB of Bangladesh) Bangladesh had lost its status as the world's second-biggest garment maker at the time and had been supplanted by Vietnam, which projected an export revenue of around 29 billion USD by the end of 2020 (According to statistics of Vietnam) In response to this circumstance, the Bangladesh government has also taken measures to give prompt assistance packages to assist companies in resolving their problems Additionally, several measures such as deferring loan payments, lowering interest rates, and promoting payment services have all contributed to the garment industry's prosperity in this country It is the Bangladesh government's timely support that has increased the country's garment export turnover to 31.5 billion USD in the 2020-2021 fiscal year (which ends in June 2021) (the total industry reached 38.7 billion USD), an increase of nearly 13% over the same period last year, but still 7% below the result of 2018-2019 before the epidemic Exports of knitwear climbed by 21.94 percent year on year to about 17 billion USD, while exports of woven products increased by 3.24 percent year on year to 14.5 billion USD, led by exports of knitted goods Domestic garment exports climbed by 49.17 percent year over year to 1.13 billion USD 2.3 Vietnam's garment industry: Garments and garments are regarded as critical sectors in several economies, including Vietnam Vietnam's garment and apparel sectors have made significant progress in recent years, both in terms of output and export Whereas the average annual growth rate of garment and apparel manufacturing was 7.9 percent from 2016 to 2020, it rose by more than 33 percent in 2018 The garment and garment sector has shown greater signs of progress in the first nine months of 2021 compared to the same period last year, owing to the recovery of the production chain and an increase in conventional orders According to the Vietnam Garment and Apparel Association (VITAS), Vietnam's total garment and apparel export revenue reached $29 billion in the first nine months of 2021, up 13.2 percent from the same period in 2020 and down 0.04 percent from the same time in 2019 This means that all of the major export items gained in value over the same time last year, specifically: Apparel reached 21.7 billion USD, an increase of 5%; fabric reached 1.8 billion USD, an increase of 37.4%; fiber reached billion USD, an increase of 56.2 percent; nonwoven fabrics reached USD 557 million, an increase of 77.3 percent; and garment and garment accessories tieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industry tieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industry reached $921 million, an increase of 21.8 percent Total imports of raw materials and auxiliary materials totaled 18 billion USD, up 27.9 percent year on year However, until the third quarter of 2021, the situation for Vietnamese garment and apparel firms was exceedingly tough due to the extraordinarily problematic and extended growth of the COVID-19 outbreak in Ho Chi Minh City Businesses in Ho Chi Minh City and the southern regions confront a variety of obstacles, including shutting, ceasing production, producing in moderation, being unable to complete orders, being forced to deliver late, sending products via plane, or being delayed Order cancellations wreak havoc on the supply chain Numerous firms in the southern regions incur significant expenditures as a result of attempting to organize production "3 on-site," "1 route - destinations," or "4 green," but yet only having approximately 10% - 30% of employees report to work This is detrimental not just to the economy, but also to the customer's reputation These trends are evident in August exports, which fell 15.9 percent compared to July 2021 and 2.63 percent compared to August 2020; September exports, which totaled billion USD, fell 9.2 percent compared to August 2021 and 10.5 percent compared to September 2020 IMPACT OF COVID – 19 ON GARMENT INDUSTRY: COVID-19 has had a significant impact on the apparel sector in Southeast Asia Order cancellations and manufacturing constraints have led several Southeast Asian businesses to close their doors and lay off staff The industry's pre-pandemic issues have been compounded, resulting in increased volatility and shortages of key production elements such as raw materials, which affect many segments of the value chain Closures of factories in other countries have hampered the timely arrival of imported inputs and interrupted garment manufacture Additionally, research indicates that the COVID-19 epidemic may increase demand for sustainable fashion items as customers turn away from new clothing purchases and toward reusing them (Richetti and Palma 2020) The COVID-19 situation has also brought to light the industry's dearth of support services for vulnerable workers, aggravating disparities In the short term, lack of access to essentials, uneven home obligations, hiring discrimination based on gender, and an increased risk of gender-based violence may make women workers in the business more vulnerable Additionally, there are long-term effects, as restricted access to social assistance, uncontrolled working conditions, and less access to health care services may all contribute to women's economic and social empowerment (ILO 2020) The epidemic may also have a significant impact on children since economic constraints and inadequate safety nets force many youngsters into child labor (ILO and UNICEF 2020) 3.1 Supply chain disruption: Due to the fast growth of COVID-19, businesses all over the globe have been forced to examine and review their operations As firms strive to get goods and supplies to individuals in need, supply chain management is a prime tieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industry tieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industry example of this Business supply networks must be reliable in the face of demand shocks, logistical restrictions as well as global or local shutdowns The short-term supply chain effect is the primary focus for most firms, with a concentration on fulfillment Several of them are there to learn from the hard lessons of COVID-19 and to reconsider their approach to supply chains, with a focus on resilience in particular It's been a long time since the government and other organizations have taken action to alleviate the financial challenges faced by manufacturers There should be no compromise on the safety of workers and employees at any industrial site During the lockdown period, they reopen factories with a few fair terms and conditions to reduce their loss Garment producers have been attempting to discover a means to remain robust in the face of calamities, like this time's pandemic Due to the high level of uncertainty on both the supply and demand sides, which creates difficult supply and demand difficulties, a collaborative effort including the government, foreign purchasers, local groups, garment manufacturers, and labor rights organizations is essential However, a concentrated effort involving all of the main stakeholders is very improbable, as the stakeholders' level and the dimension of interest differ Due to the peculiar circumstances, purchasers decided to schedule a crushing season instead of the usual season, affecting the chain of all the parts Individuals in this sector have expressed their concern that it is not easy to return to normal in a short period with financial and other help 3.2 Women in the garment sector: The literature on women's participation in global value chains is mostly concerned with women's fulfillment of low-paid, labor-intensive jobs in the manufacturing sector, a topic that is ubiquitous across industries Women's economic and social empowerment may be impacted in both good and bad ways as a result of this Women's inclusion in global value chains, according to Barrientos (2019) and the World Bank (2013), represents an opportunity for developing countries and emerging economies to integrate themselves into global value chains by utilizing women as a source of cheap labor, allowing companies that employ women in their workforces to compete on price Barrientos (2019) emphasizes the advantages that women have reaped as a result of this inclusion, saying that labor in the food and garment industries that were previously performed by women for free is now being compensated This has the potential to economically empower these women Women can reap greater economic benefits in countries that can upgrade their positions in value chains, as they see opportunities for promotion to traditionally more male-dominated management positions, but they can also reap greater societal benefits as they are afforded increased worker protections as a result of fulfilling roles that can add greater value Increased demand for labor, followed by increased competition for labor, as in the case of the Kenyan flower or Nike apparel value chains, and improved working conditions as a result of public governance (as with minimum wages and labor standards, as in the case of the Kenyan flower value chain) are all examples of what can lead to improved working conditions In such cases, enhanced economic empowerment for women in the value chain may go hand in hand with sociocultural upgrading for women in the industry (Barrientos, 2019) Women's involvement in global value chains, on the other hand, might be counterproductive tieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industry workers is critical Additionally, a critical policy issue for policymakers is to alleviate the burden of migratory labor 7.1 Enterprise policy: Government organizations can aid clothing manufacturers in a variety of ways, including by suspending bank interest and principal payments, exempting them from anti-dumping penalties, and reducing bank interest rates are all actions that will assist the garment sector in reviving more quickly and minimizing worker injuries Additionally, firms and suppliers should explore alternative sourcing models as appropriate Risk-sharing clauses must be included in the sourcing model to ensure that both parties share the loss in the case of an unforeseenbut-possible interruption Additionally, this new sourcing strategy must be organized through industry associations (CMAI, Bangladesh Gar-referring Manufacturers and Exporters Association, or BGMEA, for example) or non-governmental organizations (NGOs) involved in long-term relationships Brands will bear the increased economic burden associated with risk-sharing This may be incorporated into the price model, however, because social sustainability costs can be combined with corporate social responsibility – medical spending Adopting this sourcing approach can assist businesses in establishing a more sustainable image Additionally, businesses should mix 'Localisation' with 'Globalisation' to create the innovative 'Glocali-sation' as a new sourcing approach to lessen reliance their reliance on a single source of supply or country Suppliers interviewed thought that the COVID-19 post, India, Bangladesh, Vietnam, and Cambodia might seize this chance to provide credible alternatives to the new label "We have received several questions regarding our manufacturing capacity and lead time from potential overseas clients amid this COVID-19 problem." If a supplier has acquired raw materials but has not yet begun manufacturing the garment, the brand must reimburse a portion of the material's cost, i.e the fabric, in the event of order cancellation If the item is made (cut and sewed), the brand will cover the cost of textiles and manufacturing, including labor 7.2 Employee policy: The role of industry organizations or non-governmental organizations (NGOs) will be to ensure that social issues such as child labor, forced labor, voluntary non-work, excessive overtime, discrimination against treatment, health and safety, reasonable compensation, and emergency savings are clearly stated and practiced by all stakeholders Businesses will face pressure from industry associations, non-governmental organizations, and national human rights organizations to ensure that workers earn a living wage sufficient to meet basic needs (food, clothing, housing, education, and women's health care) and to ensure a life of necessities Continue to compensate workers and therefore reduce their reliance on public assistance programs tieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industry tieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industry Social safeguards for disadvantaged employees, particularly those in informal employment and hence not entitled to the same degree of protection as formal workers, must be strengthened This should also include safeguards for employees and pregnant women who are at a higher risk of losing their jobs or income Several interviews- Wees advised that companies could use labor mobility to prioritize the supplier selection and order allocation process This will motivate suppliers to avoid contract terminations, at least in part, and will provide workers with more job security Much of the economic instability experienced by women in the textile manufacturing business is a result of purchasers canceling or refusing to pay for finished orders or purchased materials As a result, it is vital to implement specific regulations regarding garment purchasers Buyers across the global textile and electronics value chains must be held responsible for their crisis-related order-busting acts Both electronics and textile value chains have buyers who are accountable for the circumstances in their supply networks COVID-19 has also compelled productive women in value chains to labor in hazardous situations to fulfill demand, resulting in decreased employment rates When analyzing a buyer's ESG practices, their connection with suppliers and any efforts made to mitigate issues with fair working standards should be considered across the supply chain, including but not limited to their prompt payment of suppliers during the epidemic and the steps taken to ensure that suppliers adhere to proper working standards 7.3 Government policy: Governments have taken immediate measures, such as wage assistance, to lessen the pandemic's impact on the industry In the long run, a variety of governmental measures might help the industry overcome obstacles and achieve greater, more sustainable development Increase your competitiveness Enhancing competitiveness via productivity improvements is critical for the industry to sustain its development potential Specifically, I reviewing growth-restraining policies such as high raw material tariffs and cumbersome export permit procedures that contribute to high production costs; (ii) upgrading vocational curricula and expanding access to training, particularly in rural areas; and (iii) promoting the adoption of digital technologies such as smart factories and additive manufacturing that enable mass customization of products Market expansion At the moment, the region's exports are concentrated on a few key destinations, namely the European Union and the United States There is a possibility that the trade privileges that facilitate such exports will eventually be revoked or graduated tieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industry tieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industrytieu.luan.an.analysis.of.southeast.nations.involvement.in.the.global.value.chain.in.the.laboremployment.garment.industry To remain competitive, the sector must also explore product diversification and manufacture higher-value-added clothes With customers abandoning mass-produced clothing, governments may be able to incentivize businesses to develop more complex product offers (McKinsey & Company 2019) Increase the industry's resiliency Increased productivity and the use of more advanced manufacturing technology can help the industry withstand future demand shocks According to ADB research, implementing new technology in the sector may boost employee productivity by an average of 22% over the following five years (According to the Asian Development Bank, 2021) A greater focus should be placed on shorter supply chains, alternative local suppliers, and local marketplaces Governments might also invest in machinery, training people, and courting international investors to enable higher-value-added manufacturing practices Finally, the adoption of the circular economy has been proposed as a sustainable way to pursue recovery across industries, 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