INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Equivalence has long been a focal point of debate in translation studies, with various perspectives on the relationship between source text and target text regarding form, meaning, and function It is essential to approach the concept of equivalence with careful consideration, drawing on the knowledge and experience of researchers in the field.
In the field of translation, terminology poses a significant challenge for translators as they strive to accurately convey meaning from the source language to the target language, influenced by the specific context and purpose of each term This challenge is particularly evident in the translation of Electronics and Electrical Engineering (EEE) terminology, a subset of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) The precise vocabulary associated with each discipline is crucial, drawing considerable attention from both translators and educators to ensure accurate equivalents in the target language To aid in this process, specialized dictionaries have been developed, serving as valuable resources that facilitate meaning transfer and help language users efficiently navigate terminology.
The equivalence of various translation versions has yet to be analyzed to establish a system for categorizing terminology equivalence levels Users often encounter words in both the source and target languages, leading to questions about their conveyed meanings in different contexts.
The researcher aims to conduct this thesis to standardize the equivalence system used for terminology and categorize translated words into their respective types of equivalence.
Scope of the study
Due to limitedness of time, experience also knowledge, this paper only covers EEE terminologies in the dictionary book: “An English – Vietnamese Usage Electricity
Dictionary” by Engineer Truong Quang Thien, Quang Hung published in 2004 by
As stated above, the researcher only chooses one book to explore and analyze appeared terminologies.
Aims of the study
To draw out the strategies that may apply to the translation of EEE terminologies
To suggest some implications for translating EEE terminology
Research questions
To reach the aims above, researcher is going to answer this research question: What strategies are used to translate EEE terminologies in EEE texts?
Organization of the study
The paper is divided into 5 chapters as below:
This chapter provides readers an overview of the study including the reason for choosing the topic, scope, aims, and its organization
Theoretical background in the light of which the research matters is discussed in this chapter
The chapter describes the strategies applied to investigate the research matters
This chapter presents analyses and discusses the results that the researcher found out from the collected data It also gives answer to the two research questions
The chapter summarizes the overall study and suggests some forms of further studies on the field.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Terminology
Several linguists, for a long time, raised a question about the definition of terminology regarding to establish its structure and meaning According to Dubuc
Terminology, originally defined in 1997 as the technical terms and expressions used in specific fields such as art or science, has evolved to encompass the systematic investigation and identification of specialized terms and their associated concepts Unlike everyday language, where words have common meanings, terminology often carries distinct definitions within scientific contexts, highlighting the importance of understanding these specialized terms to grasp their true significance in particular disciplines.
Terminology is defined as a discipline focused on systematically identifying specialized terms within their specific contexts, analyzing the concepts they represent, and creating or standardizing terms as necessary to fulfill users' needs for effective expression.
The terminologist mentions three types of terminology: simple terms, complex terms and phrase This is one of the ways researchers can apply to record the terminologies and categorize them
Simple terms are one-word units that can function as various parts of speech, each representing a distinct concept within a specific subject area For instance, in the context of office automation, examples of simple terms include "architecture" (noun), "to query" (verb), and "dedicated" (adjective).
Complex terms consist of two or more words that represent a single concept within a specific field and can function as different parts of speech Examples in office automation include terms like "desktop publishing," "computer-aided design," "integrated services digital network," and "user-friendly." Removing any word from these complex units alters their meaning significantly; for instance, "desktop publishing" differs greatly from "publishing," just as "user-friendly" is not the same as "friendly."
Phrasal units, while not typically listed as main entries by lexicographers, are significant for terminologists due to their specialized usage in specific fields In the realm of office automation, phrases like "to automate office procedures" and "in broadcast mode" exemplify the unique expressions that characterize this domain.
Terms serve to identify and define concepts When a concept emerges within a culture or is introduced to a different one, it often necessitates the creation of a new term to accurately represent it.
Primary and secondary term formation is pulled by different factors:
Primary term formation involves naming a newly created concept, while secondary term formation occurs through monolingual revision of existing terminology to standardize documents or by transferring knowledge to another linguistic community, necessitating the creation of new terms in the target language.
A key distinction between primary and secondary term formation is that primary term formation lacks any linguistic precedent, relying instead on established rules for creating suitable terms In contrast, secondary term formation is guided by existing terms in other languages, which provide a motivational basis for the new terms.
Secondary term formation emphasizes guidelines over primary term formation, relying on established patterns of terminology and word creation that are already common within the specific subject area and the natural language being used.
According to Newmark (1981b), neologisms, defined as newly coined lexical units or existing ones acquiring new meanings, pose significant challenges for non-literary and professional translators The emergence of neologisms is driven by the continuous creation of new technologies, evolving ideas and emotions in the media, and the influx of terms from social sciences, slang, dialects, and borrowed words into mainstream language Newmark also categorizes neologisms into twelve types based on their structural patterns, including single and compound terms.
Single terms are made up of one word (usually a noun or a verb), and neologisms can be new coinages, eponyms, acronyms… a Single terms which appear in the form of a verb
synchronize (làm cho đồng bộ)
The terms "transmit" and others in this context are flexible, functioning as both verbs and nouns within the same text or sentence to enhance readability and prevent redundancy Most verbs are paired with corresponding nouns, providing alternatives for varied expression.
synchronization (sự làm cho đồng bộ)
Transmission is a key aspect of language, particularly in the context of verbs that often pair with specific nouns These collocations enhance clarity and meaning, as certain verbs are commonly used with one or two particular nouns For instance, understanding the relationship between verbs and their associated nouns can significantly improve communication and comprehension in both written and spoken forms.
rectify a current (chỉnh lưu dòng điện)
transmit signal/ wave (truyền tín hiêu / sóng)
accelerate a beam (gia tốc chùm tia) b Single terms which appear in the form of a noun The terms which are nouns can be divided into subgroups as the followings:
Terminologies referring to newly created concepts
The emergence of new technologies creates a demand for neologisms to label innovative objects and processes Initially, these terms are adopted within the culture where the concepts originate As these concepts spread to other cultures, the original names often accompany them, facilitating cross-cultural understanding and communication.
For readers encountering these terminologies for the first time, the unfamiliarity may necessitate additional reading and writing to aid retention Transference occurs when a translator struggles to find an exact equivalent for a technical term.
Eponyms derived from the names of inventors or discoveries
These are terms that designate objects, processes, laws, theorem, which are labeled after the inventors or discoveries
For example, Morse code (Mã morse) is named after Samuel Morse (1791-1872), the U.S inventor of the first electric telegraph and the Morse code
Zener effect (Hiệu ứng Zenơ)
Certain terms refer to proper names, brand names, trade names, and proprietary devices or substances For instance, "Greenfield" is a trademark for a gas-filled tube featuring three electrodes, which can toggle between an "off" and "on" state.
Translation theory
Translation is the process of conveying the meaning of a text into another language while preserving the author's intent, as defined by Newmark (1995) Similarly, Thomas G Mansella (2005) describes translation as the act of facilitating written communication across the barriers of diverse languages and cultures.
Translation involves rendering text from a source language into a target language, emphasizing the meaning and essence of the original content Newmark highlights the importance of understanding language's inherent nature during translation, while Thomas identifies culture as a significant barrier alongside language itself Ultimately, translation is the process of conveying both the linguistic elements and the "soul" of the text across different languages.
According to Gentzler (1993), a translation must evoke a similar impact on target language (TL) readers as the original does on source language (SL) readers, highlighting the critical role of translators They serve as vital connectors between different countries and cultures, ensuring that not only the language is transferred but also the writer's perspective and emotions, making the text feel natural in the target language.
In summary, this paper defines translation as the process of accurately conveying the meaning and intended impact of the original writers from the source language to the target language.
Newmark differentiates between translation methods and translation procedures, stating that translation methods pertain to the entire text, while translation procedures are applied to sentences and smaller language units (Newmark, 1981).
Newmark (1988) also points out translation strategies as follow:
1 Transference: it is the process of transferring a SL word to a TL text It is also called “emprunt”, “loan word” or “transcription” It is the same as Catford‟s transference which includes transliteration, relating to the conversion of different alphabets like Arabic or Chinese into English Harvey (2000, p 5) also calls this strategy as “transcription”
2 Cultural equivalent: It means replacing a cultural word in the SL with a TL one The translation uses of these approximate equivalents are limited because they are not accurate, but they can be used in general texts, publicity and propaganda
3 Synonymy: it is a “near TL equivalent” This is the translation procedure used for a SL word where there is lack of clear one-to-one equivalent and the word is not important in the text
4 Naturalization: according to Newmark (1988), this procedure succeeds transference and adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology (word forms) of the TL
5 Recognized TL Translation: Newmark (1988, p 89) suggests that the translators
When translating institutional terms, it is essential to use the official or widely accepted translations to maintain clarity and avoid confusion Deviating from these established terms, such as by introducing personal titles or brief explanations, can lead to misunderstandings, particularly in official or serious informational texts.
6 Functional equivalent: it is a common procedure which is usually applied to cultural words It requires the use of a cultural free word, sometimes with a new specific term, therefore, it “neutralizes or generalizes the SL word; and sometimes adds a particular thus” (p 83) This procedure is a cultural componential analysis and based on Newmark (1988) is “the most accurate way of translating i.e., deculturalising a cultural word” (p 83) According to Hegedus (2005), neologisms can also be considered in this category since they do not exist even in the SL culture but just belong to the culture of the imaginative world created by the SL author
7 Descriptive equivalent: in this procedure the description has to be weighed against function Both description and function are essential elements in the explanation and therefore translation
8 Literal Translation: to Newmark (1988) this procedure is approximately a word- for-word representation of the original word which transfers the primary (isolated, out-of context) meaning of the SL word; however the syntactic structures of the target language are respected
9 Translation Procedure Combinations (couplets etc): Newmark (1988) refers to couplet as “the combination of two translation procedures for one unit” (p 83) Moreover, triplets and quadruplets combine three or four of the procedures for dealing with a single problem
10 Through – Translation: Newmark (1988, p 84) uses this term for the literal translation of common collocations, names of organizations, the components of compounds and phrases which is known as “calque” or “loan translation” Also, Vinay and Darbelned (1995, as cited in Venuti, 2000, p 85) define „calque‟ as a special kind of borrowing whereby a language borrows an expression from another, but then translates each of its elements literally This translation is supposed to fill in the gaps in contiguous cultures The most typical examples of through- translations are the names of international organizations which consist of universal words which may be transparent for some languages and semantically motivated for some other languages
11 Shifts or transpositions: it involves a “change in the grammar from SL to TL, for instance, (i) change from singular to plural, (ii) the change required when a specific SL structure does not exist in the TL, (iii) change of an SL verb to a TL word, change of an SL noun group to a TL noun and so forth” (Newmark, 1988, p
Modulation is a translation strategy where the translator adapts the original message to align with the norms of the target language (TL) This approach is necessary when the source language (SL) and TL differ in perspective, ensuring that the translated text resonates appropriately with the target audience.
13 Compensation: this strategy is applied when “low of meaning in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part” (Newmark, 1988,p.90)
14 Paraphrase: In this strategy, the “meaning of the corpus based translation is explained Here the explanation is much more detailed than that of descriptive equivalent” (Newmark, 1988, p 91)
Translation of terminology
Newmark (1988, p 150) proposed 12 types of neologisms and goes into the translation of particular instances as follows:
1 New Words: according to Newmark (1988) “old words with new senses tend to be non – cultural and non – technical” Since these words do not normally refer to new objects or processes they are rarely technological They are usually translated
“either by a word that already exists in the TL or by a brief functional or descriptive term” (p 142)
2 Old words with new sense: existing collocations with new senses can be technical or non – technical Newmark (1988) believes that existing collocations with new senses are a translator‟s trap They are usually “normal descriptive terms which suddenly become technical terms” and therefore “their meaning sometimes hides innocently behind a more general of figurative meaning” (p 142) Further, for their translation, based on Newmark (1988) if the concept exists in the TL, a recognized translation or through translation can be used If the concept does not exist like “tug – of – love” of the TL speakers are not yet aware of it, a journalistic descriptive equivalent can be given
3 New Coinages: they can be brand of trade names like “Oxo” or “Bisto” which are usually transferred unless the product is marketed in the TL culture under another name According to Newmark (1988) if the trade name has no cultural or identifying significance “the proper name may be replaced by a functional or generic term” For example, “Revlon” may be translated by different components as
When discussing brands like "Revlon" and "Lipstick," it's essential to accurately transcribe original terms Recently coined brand names should also be transcribed or presented with their target language equivalents to maintain coherence and relevance in the context of fashionable American culture.
4 Derived Words (including blends): based on Newmark (1988) most neologisms are words derived by analogy from ancient Greek and Latin morphemes with suffixes such as –ismo etc which were naturalized in the appropriate language For example, “Bionomics” has given way to “ecology” and “ergonomics” to
5 Abbreviations: like “Video” and “Uni” Unless they coincide (“prof”) they are written out in the TL (p 145)
6 New Collocations: based on Newmark (1988), in linguistics a collocation is “the habitual co-occurrence of individual lexical items” while for a translator it “consists of lexical items that enter mainly into high frequency grammatical structures” (p
212) Collocation has three common types: A) adjective plus noun (e.g heavy labor), B) noun plus noun (eyeball), and C) verb plus object (score a victory)
7 Eponyms: to Newmark (1988), it is any word derived from a proper name like
The terms "Hallidayan" and "Joycean" are easily translated when directly referring to the individuals themselves However, when discussing their ideas or qualities, translators may need to provide additional commentary for clarity.
8 Phrasal Words: “new phrasal words are restricted to English‟s facility in converting verbs to nouns” like “work-out” and “knock-on effect” They are translated by their semantic equivalents They are often more economical than their translation and “occupy the peculiarly English register between “informal” and
“colloquial”, whilst their translation are more formal” (p 147)
9 Transferred (new and old referents): newly transferred words keep only one sense of their foreign nationality They are the words their meanings are least dependent on their contexts If they are frequently used, they change or develop additional senses, and can sometimes no longer be translated back straight into their languages of origin Some examples are “Adidas” and “Levi” (p 147)
10 Acronyms (new and old referents): to Newmark (1988), acronyms refers to “the initial letters of words that form a group of words used for denoting an object, institution (like „UNESCO‟) or procedure” (p 200) With regards to the translation, there is either a standard equivalent term or, if it does not exist, a descriptive term Also, acronyms for institutions and companies‟ names are usually transferred
11 Pseudo-neologisms: when “a generic word stands in for a specific word e.g
“rapports (d‟engrenage) – “gear rations” (Newmark, 1988, p 148).
METHODOLOGY
Design of the study
In this study, a qualitative approach is selected for data collection and analysis, focusing on the intricate qualities of words and observations that are often challenging to quantify (Glesne, 2011) This method aims to enhance understanding from the subjects' perspectives, allowing for a deeper insight into their experiences (Bogdan and Biklen).
Qualitative research is fundamentally interpretive, as highlighted by Stake (2010), who emphasizes that all research necessitates interpretation This type of research relies on various materials such as texts, sounds, and images, which can be collected, analyzed, and interpreted through multiple steps (Nelson et al., 1992) Consequently, conducting effective qualitative research demands specific competencies from the researcher.
The qualitative approach is essential for researchers seeking a thorough and accurate understanding of complex issues It prompts investigators to reflect on their identities and perspectives, highlighting how these factors can shape interactions and interpretations of the world.
2010) In conclusion, the choice of qualitative research is appropriate which determines the choice of subject, sample selection method and data analysis procedure in the study.
Research method
This study aims to explore the strategies used in translating English Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE) terminologies into Vietnamese To achieve this, the researcher employed document analysis as the primary method for data collection.
This study categorizes EEE terminologies by analyzing their transfer strategies, utilizing a qualitative approach for document inspection Data collection is conducted through critical analysis, following Newmark's methods to ensure comprehensive understanding and classification of the terms.
Procedure of data collection
Data collection procedure was divided into three steps:
Step 1: Collecting English terminologies in the original and Vietnamese equivalents in translated version
Step 2: Classifying collected English terminologies
According to categorized term groups in chapter 2, collected English and Vietnamese terminologies in step 1 are classified into set groups to prepare for answering research questions
Step 3: Classifying Vietnamese equivalents in the translated version
In the initial phase, the researcher categorizes the data and then applies the translation strategies outlined in Chapter II to determine the methods employed by the translator in conveying the original text This leads to the exploration of the central research question: What strategies are utilized to translate Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE) terminologies in EEE texts?
The findings of the study are documented for data analysis to identify key insights Given the constraints of time and scope, this paper effectively presents various translation methods and procedures highlighted in the analyzed data The analysis includes detailed descriptions supported by examples drawn from the dictionary.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
The common strategies and procedures used in the translation of EEE
4.1.1 Translation of the single terms by literal translation
Group 1: Single terms transferred by literal translation
Newmark (1981b) defines literal translation, distinguishing it from word-for-word and one-to-one translation He explains that word-for-word translation conveys the source language's grammar, word order, and primary meanings, making it suitable only for short, simple, neutral words, such as "absorb" being translated to "hấp thụ." In contrast, literal translation extends beyond the limitations of one-to-one translation.
It ranges from one word to one word (charge – nạp), group to group (Flying spot scanner – máy quét điểm di động)
As following are some example of applying literal translation to single noun, verb and adjective:
Amplify Khuếch đại tăng lên
De-energize Làm mất năng lượng
Aperiodic Không có tính chu kỳ
4.1.2 Translation of the single terms by transference (the use of loan words)
Group 2: Terms referring to modern concepts that are not technically lexicalized in Vietnamese
The theory of term creation suggests that when a new concept emerges or is introduced to a different culture, it is essential to develop a specific term in the target culture to represent it However, this process can be quite challenging and time-consuming In many cases, creating an exact Vietnamese equivalent for an English term proves nearly impossible, leading to the frequent use of loanwords in translation to address new concepts.
The notion of "being a new concept" is transient; over time, what was once considered new becomes established Meanwhile, the use of loanwords persists until a suitable Vietnamese equivalent is created and widely accepted.
These examples show that Vietnamese lacks technical terms for the new concepts
To address the absence of clarity in loan words, certain materials offer functional-descriptive equivalents to enhance understanding For instance, loan words are often accompanied by these explanatory terms to provide context and meaning.
Transistor Tranzito là bộ phận bán dẫn điện dùng để khuếch đại dòng điện hoặc hoạt động như bộ rơ le ngắt điện Triton là phần tử phát xạ bao gồm một dương điện tử và hai trung hòa tử Thyristor Thyristo là linh kiện bán dẫn bốn lớp PNPN với đặc tính chỉnh lưu điều khiển được Dynode Dinod là đèn cực sinh ra điện tử phụ trong đèn quang điện.
In translation, loanwords are often preferred over their functional-descriptive equivalents due to the latter's complexity and cumbersome nature While functional-descriptive equivalents can provide valuable additional information, their use is typically limited in favor of more straightforward loanwords.
Group 3: Terms referring to concepts that are technically lexicalized in Vietnamese
In various situations, Vietnamese possesses technical terms for specific concepts; however, English terms are often utilized in their place This highlights the coexistence of Vietnamese and loanwords, showcasing how both languages can represent the same idea within different contexts.
Rotor Rô to Phần chuyển động
The Vietnamese language often faces a preference for modern loanwords over traditional terms, as many individuals with basic knowledge find the latter outdated and cumbersome For instance, the term "collector" is translated as "dòng cực góp," which can seem excessive and confusing, while the loanword "co-lếc-tơ" is more relatable Conversely, in cases like "rotor" and "stator," translations such as "phần chuyển động" and "phần cố định," or their loanword equivalents "rô to" and "stato," provide a similar understanding for readers.
In summary, the translation of electronic and electrical engineering terminology often involves borrowing terms, even when equivalent terms exist in the source language The choice of which competing term to use ultimately depends on the target readership.
Group 4: Terms that are international measuring units
In the field of EEE, terms that are measuring units of physical variables (current, voltage, resistance, capacitance, frequency)… are always transferred into Vietnamese
The article discusses various units of measurement, including volts (V) for voltage, newtons (N) for force, hertz (Hz) for frequency, and British thermal units (BTU) for thermal energy It emphasizes that the translation of these terms is automatic, leaving translators with no choice but to transfer the symbols and units directly, without needing to clarify the physical variables they represent.
Group 5: Eponyms that derive from persons
In the realm of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE), specific terminology reflects the contributions of inventors and discoveries Proper nouns are typically retained in translation, while common nouns are adapted to enhance clarity and comprehension for the audience.
Zener effect Hiệu ứng Zenơ
Heaviside layer Tầng khí quyển Heaside
Group 6: Eponyms that derive form objects
In translation, proper names, trademarks, brands, and proprietary terms for devices, materials, and chemical elements are often retained and accompanied by a generic classifier to clarify their category and type, enhancing the overall comprehensibility of the translation.
Iconoscope Ống phát hình Iconoscope
The Dynatron oscillator, or "mạch dao động hiệu dynatron," exemplifies how English technical terms can be effectively translated into Vietnamese While the original English terms may lack specific descriptors like "alloy," "cable," or "fluid," the Vietnamese version often incorporates words such as "hợp kim," "cáp," or "chất lỏng" to clarify the meaning and enhance the translation's usability.
Acronyms are used to identify specialized EEE products, appliances, processes, and organizations, often appearing without their full English forms These abbreviations are typically adopted into other languages, including Vietnamese, where they represent lengthy phrases that would otherwise require longer translations As a result, English abbreviations are frequently utilized in Vietnamese contexts, despite the existence of equivalent Vietnamese terms.
AM Aptitude modulation (biến điệu biên độ)
FM Frequency modulation(biến điệu tần số)
AC Alternating current (dòng điện xoay chiều)
AFC Automatic frequency control (mạch kiểm soát tần số tự động)
Transference and naturalization are closely related concepts in translation, with naturalization being the process that follows transference It involves adapting the source language (SL) word to fit the typical pronunciation and morphology of the target language (TL) In translating technical terms, some SL words can be either simply transferred or both transferred and naturalized, highlighting the flexibility in translation approaches.
When a term is transferred it appears in exactly the same form as it is in the SL text
Possible causes and solutions
This concluding chapter will encapsulate and assess the key findings of the entire paper It will also highlight the research limitations, leading to several recommendations for future studies.
The study focused on the English-Vietnamese Usage Electricity Dictionary, authored by Engineer Truong Quang Thien and Quang Hung, published in 2004 by Statistics Publisher Utilizing Newmak's (1981b) criteria for identifying technical terms and strategies, the researcher classified 12 categories of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE) terms along with their corresponding translation strategies.
Terminology groups Applied strategies Group 1: Single terms Literal translation with one-to-one equivalence
Group 2: Terms referring to modern concepts that are not technically lexicalized in Vietnamese
Transference, which can be coupled with functional-descriptive equivalent if necessary
Group 3: Terms referring to concepts that are technically lexicalized in Vietnamese
Group 4: Terms that are international measuring units
Group 5: Eponyms that derive from persons
Proper names are transferred while the common nouns are translated
Group 6: Eponyms that derive form objects
Group 7: EEE acronyms Transfer, sometimes translated
Group 8: Nominal terms (Noun + Noun Transposition which involves the change
CONCLUSION
This concluding chapter will encapsulate and assess the key findings of the study, highlighting the main outcomes Additionally, it will address the research limitations and offer several recommendations for future investigations.
The study focused on the English-Vietnamese Usage Electricity Dictionary by Engineer Truong Quang Thien and Quang Hung, published in 2004 by Statistics Publisher Utilizing Newmak's criteria for identifying technical terms and strategies from 1981, the researcher classified 12 groups of electrical engineering (EEE) terms along with their corresponding translation strategies.
Terminology groups Applied strategies Group 1: Single terms Literal translation with one-to-one equivalence
Group 2: Terms referring to modern concepts that are not technically lexicalized in Vietnamese
Transference, which can be coupled with functional-descriptive equivalent if necessary
Group 3: Terms referring to concepts that are technically lexicalized in Vietnamese
Group 4: Terms that are international measuring units
Group 5: Eponyms that derive from persons
Proper names are transferred while the common nouns are translated
Group 6: Eponyms that derive form objects
Group 7: EEE acronyms Transfer, sometimes translated
Group 8: Nominal terms (Noun + Noun Transposition which involves the change
+ Noun) of word order from SL to TL
Group 9: Semantically complex terms translated
Explaining by a phrase, clause of sentence
Group 10: Terms consisting of Thing +
Omission of the preposition “of”
Group 12: EEE terms Sino-Vietnamese or English loan words
The effectiveness of EEE translation is hindered by various objective and subjective factors, including the translators' insufficient knowledge of terminology and specialists' lack of proficiency in English To address these issues, solutions such as training courses and self-research can enhance translation skills and deepen knowledge Additionally, translators must be mindful of the gaps between the source language (SL) and target language (TL) when undertaking translation assignments.
In spite of the researcher‟s effort, shortcomings are inevitable due to the lack of resources, the difficulty in accessing data and time pressure Some limitations are presented below:
The research initially concentrated on terminology at the word level, neglecting sentences that could offer valuable data for analysis To enhance the study's relevance, the scope must be expanded to include phrases or sentences This broader approach will yield more specific findings and allow for wider applications.
The research did not incorporate the author's personal intentions or external factors, which limits its depth Conducting interviews with the dictionary's translator or other experts in the EEE field would enhance the study's value and reliability by providing additional insights into effective terminology transfer.
The study focused on a small segment of the novel Wuthering Heights, highlighting the significant potential for further exploration in the area of dialect translation The researcher identifies this as a valuable avenue for future research.
- The first one is the influence generated by the context of the text on its terminology translation
- The third one is expanding the scope of forthcoming study to include terminology at above word level The larger amount of data will increase the credibility of the study
The research identifies various strategies for translating EEE terminology, including literal translation, loan words, transposition, transference, omission, and Sino-Vietnamese methods Each translation strategy is associated with specific advantages and disadvantages, highlighting the nuanced approach required for effective terminology transfer.
Transposition is a valuable technique in translation, particularly when dealing with non-equivalence at the word level, as it helps overcome challenges related to terminology While new forms of transposition continue to emerge and there isn't a singular method for its application, this approach remains essential due to the structural and morphological differences between languages.
Loan words present significant challenges for translators, as they often rely on direct translations without fully understanding the words' meanings, which limits vocabulary expansion This retention of the source language form can make it difficult for readers to comprehend the terminology, especially if the loan terms are not widely recognized In contrast, Sino-Vietnamese terms are more familiar to Vietnamese readers and are commonly used in texts and lectures However, this approach also has its drawbacks, as translators may struggle to find appropriate translations rather than simply borrowing from the source language Additionally, the choice of Sino-Vietnamese words can create barriers for both translators and readers, as many terms may be unfamiliar.
To enhance the accuracy of terminology translation and address the advantages and disadvantages outlined, it is essential to standardize terminology Establishing a unified standard will minimize conflicts in the translation of specialized terms, fostering agreement among users, translators, and specialists on their usage.
1 Baker, M (1992), In other words, A Course Book on Translation, Routledge
2 Byrne, J C (1965), Technical Translation: Usability Strategies for Translating
Technical Documentation, Springer, the Netherlands
3 Catford, J.C (1965), A Linguitìc Theory of Translation, Oxford: OUP
4 Dubuc, Robert (1997): Terminology: A Practical Approach, adapted by Elaine Kennedy, Quebec, Linguatech, 196 p
5 Glesne, C (2011) Becoming qualitative researchers: An introduction (4th Ed.) Boston: Pearson Education, Inc
6 Harvey, M (2000) A beginner's course in legal translation: the case of culture- bound terms Retrieved from http://www.tradulex.org/Actes2000/harvey.pdf
7 Hegedus, I (2005) The translation of neologisms in two novels of Douglas
Adams Retrieved from www.tar.hu/fairy/The%20Translation%20of%20Neologisms%20in%20Two%20 Novels%20of %20Douglas%20Adams
8 Lê Hùng Tiến (2010), “Tương đương di ̣ch thuâ ̣t và tươn g đương trong di ̣ch Anh – Viê ̣t”, Tạp chí Khoa học ĐHQGHN, Ngoại ngữ, 26, tr.141-150
9 Nelson C., Treichler, P A., & Grossberg, L (1992) Cultural studies In L Grossberg, C Nelson, & P A Treichler (Eds.), Cultural studies (pp 1–16) New York: Routledge
10 Newmark, P (1995) A textbook of translation New York: Prentice-Hall International
11 Newmark, P (1998a) Approaches to Translation, Oxford Pergamon
12 Newmark, P (1998b) A textbook of Translation, Prentice Hall International
13 Newmark, P (1981), Approaches to Translation, Pergamon Press, Oxford
14 Stake, R E (2010) Qualitative research: Studying how things work New
York, NY:The Guilford Press
15 Vinay, J.P & Darbelnet, J (1995), Comparative Stylistics of French and English: a Methodology for Translation, Translated by J C Sager and M.J
Hamel Amsterdam, John Benjamins, Philadelphia
Abscissa Hoành độ trục hoành
Abvolt Đơn vị do điện thế
Breadboard Bảng lắp ráp thí nghiệm
Brine Nước muối làm lạnh
Broadcasting Truyền thanh, truyền hình
Bug Cần bán tự động
Bus Dây dẫn điện mạch
Amplify Khuếch đại tăng lên
De-energize Làm mất năng lượng
Aperiodic Không có tính chu kỳ
Group 2: Terms referring to modern concepts that are not technically lexicalized in
Group 4: Terms that are international measuring units
The Volt (V) is the unit of voltage, while Newton (N) measures force Frequency is quantified in Hertz (Hz), and capacitance is expressed in Farads (F) Resistance is indicated in Ohms (Ω), and thermal energy is represented in British Thermal Units (BTU).
Group 5: Eponyms that derive from persons
D'arsonval meter Điện kế d'arsonval
Edison effect Hiệu ứng edison
Heaviside layer Tầng khí quyển heaside
Kallitron oscillator Mạch dao động kallitron
Group 6: Eponyms that derive form objects
Dynatron oscillator Mạch dao động hiệu dynatron
Eddy current Dòng điện xoáy dòng foucault (fuco)
Geiger counter tube Ống đếm geiger
Iconoscope Ống phát hình iconoscope
AFC (Automatic frequent control) Mạch kiểm soát tần số tự động
AM (Amplitude modulation) Biến điệu biên độ AVC (Automatic volume control) Bộ tự điểu chỉnh âm lượng
DC (Direct current) Điện một chiều
AC (Alternating current) Điện xoay chiều
DC W V (Direct current working voltage) Điện áp làm việc một chiều
Group 8: Nominal terms (noun + noun + noun)
Air core inductor Cuộn cảm điện lõi rỗng
The automatic tuning system enhances audio quality by ensuring precise frequency adjustments It features automatic bass compensation to optimize low-frequency sounds, while the beat frequency oscillator maintains consistent rhythm Additionally, the color difference signal improves visual clarity, and the flat compound generator stabilizes output for reliable performance.
Cross over network Mạch phân đường tiếng
Dry type evaporator Bộ bốc hơi khô
Double side band Dải hai sóng biên
Thermostatic expansion valve Van giãn nở tĩnh nhiệt Energy product curve Đường tích số năng lượng
Flying spot scanner Máy quét điểm di động
Group 9: Nemantically complex terms translated
Blip Vệt sáng trên màn rađa
Capacitor motor Động cơ khởi động bằng tụ điện
Cathode follower Mạch khuếch đại ra âm cực
Chrominance subcarrier Sóng mang phụ chuyển tín hiệu màu
Group 10: Terms consisting of thing + qualifier (noun + of + noun)
Angle of elevation Góc nâng
Coefficient of coupling Hệ số ghép Coefficient of expansion Hệ số giãn nở Kirchhoff's law of voltage Định luật kirchhoff về điện áp
Law of magnetism Định luật từ tính
Lines of force Đường sức