Báo cáo nghiên cứu khoa học " Evolution of Evolution of IPM " pptx

Evolution of IPM Ho Van Chien & Le Quoc Cuong (collection and Synthesis) Southern regional Plant Protection Center What are pests?  Organisms that we believe reduce the value of resources that we are interested They this by causing loss in production and quality of food and fiber; by transmitting diseases; and reduce quality of our environment Human values Production activities Pest Damage Protection activities Pest populations Norton and Conway, 1977 Traditional pest control methods  Use of ants and PSO for fruit-orchards in China  Late sowing to control white stem borers in Java  Delay transplanting for yellow stem borer control in Japan  Handpicking egg masses  Removing eggs using a rope soaked with kerosene Pesticide Era  Discovery of DDT (Muller 1939; Nobel Prize 1948)  Chlorinated compounds (BHC, dieldrin, endosulfan)  Organophosphates/Carbamates (m-parathion, carbofuran)  Pyrethroids (deltamethrin) Pesticide Era •R & D on chemical interventions dominated agricultural change in developed countries in 1960’s and 1970s and is still strongly influencing pest management practices in most of Asia •Ecological understanding largely ignored or superficially dealt with •Green Revolution -Pesticides introduced as a necessary input and farmers encouraged to use them to achieve high yields through advertising and loans Eg Masagana 99 (Philippines), BIMAS (Indonesia) Ecological and health concerns  Silent Spring Rachel Carson 1962  Undesirable effects of pesticides  Development of resistance  Increased need to discover new chemicals  Pollution – Biomagnification  Accumulation of residues up the food chain  Human health hazards  Acute and chronic toxicities  Effects on non target organisms, like bees, wildlife  Loss in biodiversity  Disrupt natural biological control mechanisms  Pest resurgence  Development of secondary pest outbreaks Phases in agricultural production and pest control practices     Subsistence Ecological Exploitation Crisis     Disaster   Resistance Cocktails Higher sprays freq & volumes Industry decline Recovery Book Chapter Ecotoxicology: Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms Impact of Insecticides on Herbivore-Natural Enemy Communities in Tropical Rice Ecosystems K.L Heong & K.G Schoenly 1998 Ecological and species concerns Maximize Natural Biological Control Pests in Rice Hoppers Diseases Leaf feeders Rodents Weeds Snails KLH Predators in field rice Lady birds Spiders Predatory bugs Crickets Parasitoids in rice field KLH Pests on Fruit orchards HVChien Natural enemies of horticultural eco-system HVChien Strategies to maximize natural control mechanisms  Reduce unnecessary pesticide use  Protect habitat diversity Insecticide use in IRRI farm 3.5 2.5 1.5 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1993 0.5 1993  Insecticide ai/ha/yr declined from 3.8 to 0.4 ** 88%!!  Main decline from reduced use of carbufuran 3G  Rice yields had remained unchanged Pesticide use in IRRI farm 80 70 60 50 40 High risk 30 20 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1993 2000 Moderate Risk 10 1993  In addition to reduction inputs  Reduction in high & moderate risk chemicals and increase in low risk chemicals  Low risk chemicals increased from 50% to 74% Low risk Insecticide use kg ai/crop 3.5 2.5 1.5 Zhejiang N Vietnam T Nadu W Java Mekong Thailand Luzon IRRI 0.5  Heaviest insecticide use is in China  China’s use is about times that in Mekong and 18 times that in IRRI farm  Mekong’s use is 2.3 times that in IRRI farm Beyonds in IPM  Economic threshold model  Rice habitat  Crop loss assessment and management  Integration of tactics  Behavioral decision model  Ecosystem to include non-rice habitats  Risk assessment and management  Integration of ideas, concepts, methods from other fields Knowledge is Power! Power comes not from knowledge kept knowledge shared Business @ the Speed of Thought: Using a Digital Nervous System Bill Gates (1999) Sedling free diseases Healthy plant Low inputs I PM Pruning Water management I NM ù High benefits High yield and good quality Future Security foodstuff for country and safety foodstuff for households ... believe reduce the value of resources that we are interested They this by causing loss in production and quality of food and fiber; by transmitting diseases; and reduce quality of our environment Human... Carson 1962  Undesirable effects of pesticides  Development of resistance  Increased need to discover new chemicals  Pollution – Biomagnification  Accumulation of residues up the food chain... migrations Pesticides Impact of insecticides on predators  The insecticide sprays in citrus orchards cause of red-mite resurgence and population increase  Loss of natural enemy components,