Báo cáo nghiên cứu khoa học " Diagnosis and control of diarrhoea in suckling pigs - APPENDIX 4 " pot

1 Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development Collaboration for Agriculture and Rural Development (CARD) Program Diagnosis and control of diarrhoea in suckling pigs APPENDIX 4: Farm Reports for northern herds September 2006 Dr Tony Fahy Ms Karen Moore 2 Table of Contents Dong My (Thai Binh Province) - Farm 1 (140 sows) 5 General Comments on farm visit 3 rd October 2006 5 Farrowing 5 Weaner/Grower/Finisher shed 5 Vaccination schedule 5 Comments 5 Farrowing house audit 19/7/05 5 Ambient Conditions ~ 9am 6 Sow 6 Piglet 6 Farrowing Shed 6 Comments 6 Anh De - Farm 2 (150 sows) 7 General Comments on farm visit 3 rd October 2006 7 Farrowing shed 7 Ambient Conditions 7 Weaners/Growers/Finishers 7 Vaccines 7 Comments 7 Farrowing house audit 19/7/05 7 Ambient Conditions ~ 11.30am 7 Sow 8 Piglet 8 Farrowing Shed – old 8 Farrowing Shed - new 8 General 8 Diagnostic Report 8 Comments 8 Anh Thiet (Hung Yen Province) - Farm 3 (100 sows) farrowing house audit 20/7/05 9 Ambient Conditions 9 Sow 9 Piglet 9 Farrowing Shed 9 Diagnostic Report 9 Comments 9 Anh Hiep (Hung Yen Province) - Farm 4 (120 sows) 10 General Comments on farm visit 4 th October 2006 10 Farrowing House 10 Dry sow shed 10 Weaner/grower shed 10 Growers 10 General comment 10 Farrowing house audit 20/7/05 (Cargill Feed Demo farm) 11 Ambient Conditions ~ 9am 11 Sow 11 Piglet 11 Farrowing Shed 11 Diagnostic Report 11 Comments 11 Trang Due (Hai Phong Province) - Farm 5 (206 sows moving to 250 sows) 12 3 General Comments on farm visit 1 st October 2006 12 Ambient Conditions 12 Farrowing 12 Comments 12 Farm audit 18/7/05 12 Ambient Conditions ~ 9am 12 Sow 13 Piglet 13 Farrowing Shed – old 13 Farrowing Shed - new 13 Diagnostic Report 13 Comments 13 Anh Tinh (Hai Phong Province) - Farm 6 control (150 sows) 14 General Comments on farm visit 1 st October 2006 14 Ambient Conditions 14 Farrowing 14 Weaners/Growers/Finishers 14 Comments 14 Farm audit 18/7/05 15 Ambient Conditions 15 Sow 15 Piglet 15 Farrowing Shed 15 Diagnostic Report 15 Comments 15 Minh Duong (Ha Tay Province) - Farm 7 (100 sows) 16 General Comments on farm visit 4 th October 2006 16 Farrowing House 16 Dry sow shed 16 Weaner/grower shed 16 General comment 16 Farm audit 21/7/05 16 Ambient Conditions 16 Sow 17 Piglet 17 Farrowing Shed 17 Comments 17 Chi Huong (Ha Tay Province) - Farm 8 (currently 120 sows moving towards 200 sows) 18 General Comments on farm visit 4 th October 2006 18 Farrowing House 18 Dry sow shed 18 Weaner/grower shed 18 Grower/Finisher shed 18 Finisher sheds 19 Post visit meeting 19 General comment 19 Farm audit 21/7/05 19 Ambient Conditions 19 Sow 19 Piglet 19 Farrowing Shed – old 19 Farrowing Shed - new 20 4 Comments 20 Nhon Hoa (Binh Dinh Province) - Farm 9 (200 sows) 21 General Comments on farm visit 29 th September 2006 21 Ambient Conditions 21 Farrowing 21 Comments 21 Farm audit 24/7/05 21 Ambient Conditions 21 Sow 21 Piglet 22 Weaners 22 Farrowing Shed 1 22 Farrowing Shed 2 22 Comments 22 Dinh-Dung (Binh Dinh Province) - Farm 10 (3 X 50 sow units) 23 General Comments on farm visit 29 th September 2006 23 Ambient Conditions 23 Comments 23 Farrowing house audit 24/7/05 23 Ambient Conditions 23 Sow 23 Piglet 23 Farrowing Shed 23 Comments 23 Appendix 1 - Sow feeding 24 Appendix 2 - Condition Scoring of Sows 25 Appendix 3 - Water Requirements for Pigs 26 Appendix 4 – Temperature Requirements 27 Appendix 5 - Mange eradication 28 Appendix 6 - Reproductive efficiency 28 5 Dong My (Thai Binh Province) - Farm 1 (140 sows) TEST FARM General Comments on farm visit 3 rd October 2006 These are to be read in the context of the full July report for 2005, which is below. Farrowing • Temperature - 29 °C • Heat Index - 32°C • Relative Humidity - 64% • Wet bulb - 23.7°C There were twenty-three farrowing crates occupied. Three of these sows were still to farrow. There were 13 crates of weaners in the shed. Not only were the drippers, installed in July last year, not in use half of them had been dismantled. In general there were no dedicated creep areas. A few farrowing crates had wooden boxes as creep areas but there were no heat lamps or covering on the floor to prevent draughts. Overall there were no changes from the last visit. There are 100 sows in the dry sow shed. This gives a total of 123 breeders for this farm. Weaner/Grower/Finisher shed There were 324 pigs in total. There was a large amount of Sarcoptic mange visible and a coughing index greater than 10. • Temperature - 30 °C • Heat Index - 34°C • Relative Humidity - 67% • Wet bulb - 25°C Vaccination schedule Breeders • Parvo - 2 weeks before mating • Hog Cholera – 1 month prior to farrowing • Erysip & Pasteurella – 18 days after farrowing • E.coli – 25 days after farrowing • FMD - Breeders twice per year. Progeny • M.hyopneumoniae one shot vaccine at 21 days. • Hog cholera 35 & 65 days of age • FMD - No progeny are vaccinated. Comments Farrowing house audit 19/7/05 6 Ambient Conditions ~ 9am • Temperature - 33.3°C • Heat Index - 42.3°C • Wet Bulb - 27.1°C • Relative Humidity - 62.4% • Wind Speed - 0.7 m/sec Sow • Farrow 20 per month • Vaccinate with Litterguard • Preweaning mortality 10-12% • Water rate approximately 1 L/min • Feeders empty (feed 5kg/day and 6kg for skinny sows) • Respiration rate of 140 for one sow Piglet • Weaning age 21 days • Use 175 watt lamps • Piglets were comfortable Farrowing Shed • Shed east-west orientation • Temperature - 34.1°C • Heat Index - 44.0°C • Wet Bulb - 27.1°C • Relative Humidity - 59.7% • Wind Speed - 0.4 m/sec • Exhaust fans broken • Misting system and blinds • Roof cooling with sprinklers • Roof vents not all working • 38 crates available with 20 occupied, 16 had litters Comments • Sell 40kg (20,000 VD/kg) pigs at 110 days and 90kg (16,500 VD/kg) pigs at 170 days. • Wide opening on sheds but partially blocked by trees. Good potential for ventilation and cooling but not being fully achieved. • Concrete blocks in the farrowing crates blocking piglets from gaining access to the bottom row of teats 7 Anh De - Farm 2 (150 sows) CONTROL FARM General Comments on farm visit 3 rd October 2006 These are to be read in the context of the full July report for 2005, which is below. Farrowing shed Ambient Conditions • Temperature - 29.9 °C • Heat Index - 35°C • Relative Humidity - 69% • Wet bulb - 25°C There were twelve sows with litters in crates. One pen of weaners. There were some heated creep areas. The windows of one side of the building were closed thus preventing any ventilation. The ceiling was low, being approximately 7 feet. There were 81 dry sows. The blinds were down thus there was little air flow. Most of these sows were condition score 2. They claim to feed the sows 2 kg per sow twice per day – ie 4 kg per sow per day. Weaners/Growers/Finishers There was a lot of coughing in the growers. One feeder per 20 to 40 pigs. Blinds were completely closed on one side, thus no ventilation. There were 290 growers/finishers and 180 weaners. Three or four pens of weaners looked wet and cold. This was the only part of the shed where the blinds were open. Vaccines M.hyopneumoniae vaccine - 7 & 21 days FMD - 1 shot at 45 days of age Hog Cholera - Sow – 21 days post farrowing, Piglets – 35 days of age. ( we believe it is the Vietnamese produced live modified vaccine) Comments Farrowing house audit 19/7/05 Ambient Conditions ~ 11.30am • Temperature - 34.6°C • Heat Index - 48.0°C • Wet Bulb - 27.6°C • Relative Humidity - 50.5% • Wind Speed - 1.0 m/sec 8 Sow • No vaccination schedule • Feeder empty (fed 5kg/day) • Respiration rate of sows 44, 180 and 150/min Piglet • Weaning age 21 days • No designated creep, use 100W globes Farrowing Shed – old Pre drip cool Post drip cool • Temperature - 35.9°C - 35.1°C • Heat Index - 49.5°C - 45.8°C • Wet Bulb - 29.1°C - 27.9°C • Relative Humidity - 60.2% - 58.0% • Wind Speed - - 0.4 – 1.1 m/sec • Roof cooling • Only 3 of 8 fans working • 30 crates (16 old and 14 new) available with 8 old crates occupied • Farrowing dates for 1 sow were 9/5/04, 26/9/04, 18/2/05 and 7/7/05 Farrowing Shed - new • Temperature - 34.4°C • Heat Index - 44.9°C • Wet Bulb - 27.9°C • Relative Humidity - 60.1% General • Buildings run east/west • Weaners no feed Diagnostic Report Comments • Side wall blocked by shade cloth • Diarrhoea in grower pigs possibly due to Hog Cholera or salmonella. • Open flush drains filled with water (emptied twice daily) were a potential source for spread of enteric diseases. 9 Anh Thiet (Hung Yen Province) - Farm 3 (100 sows) farrowing house audit 20/7/05 (Note this control farm was removed from the study due to an outbreak of classical swine fever) Ambient Conditions • Temperature - 34.2°C • Heat Index - 48.1°C • Wet Bulb - 28.8°C • Relative Humidity - 63.8% Sow • Respiration rate of some sows was 120, 60 and 100 Piglet • Weaning age 21 days Farrowing Shed • Temperature - 33.5°C • Heat Index - 46.4°C • Wet Bulb - 28.8°C • Relative Humidity - 68.0% • Wind Speed - 0.0 m/sec • Blinds half way down • Sow cooling system but most of it was not working • Roof cooling • 31 crates available with 14 occupied Diagnostic Report • Comments • Sell approximately 200 pigs/month at 20 weeks of age and at about 80kg • This number of pigs sold cannot be achieved with 100 sows with a maximum of 152 being possible • Shade cloth blocking ventilation • Poor water flow rate to drinkers for growers 10 Anh Hiep (Hung Yen Province) - Farm 4 (120 sows) near new bridge (TEST FARM) General Comments on farm visit 4 th October 2006 These are to be read in the context of the full July report for 2005, which is below. Farrowing House • Temperature - 31°C • Heat Index - 37.6°C • Wet Bulb - 26.3°C • Relative Humidity - 68% The side walls blinds were open. The end wall has had all the rubbished removed and is open. The far end of the shed is blocked. There were two standing 18” fans operating. The crates had dedicated creep areas but no lids. They had 13 crates with farrowed sows and seven crates with sows due to farrow. There were 4 crates with weaned pigs. They have a problem with diarrhoea at seven days of age. Samples were collected. As they treat with baycox we suspect Rotavirus or TGE are most likely cause. If this is the case we recommend feedback of scour material to dry sows at the rate of 1 part manure water to 19 parts ordinary water into the dry sow feeder troughs. Dry sow shed In total there were 73 dry sows and 4 boars. All sows were in condition score 3. Give Bivermectin 0.25% (100mL bottle) before farrowing. Weaner/grower shed • Temperature - 31.6°C • Heat Index - 39.4°C • Wet Bulb - 27.0°C • Relative Humidity - 70% There were 8 pens of weaners scouring at ten days post weaning. The weaner scour looked quite bad. For some reason the weaners were wet. Suggest they need a ‘kennel’ in each weaner pen to allow the pigs to stay dry and seek their thermal comfort zone. Growers Open gutter drains at the back of the pens . These should be covered to prevent pigs drinking the faecal contaminated water. General comment For the weaners we recommend they add Apramycin in the water or the feed for 2 weeks post weaning until we establish the cause of the scour. They can also inject clinically affected pigs with Enrofloxacin. Currently they are doing it orally. This also applies to any pigs weaned in the farrowing house. Any pigs weaned into crates in the farrowing house should be given heater lamps and fed Apramycin either in feed or water. Range of antibiotics found on this farm. Injectables [...]... Temperature - 28.9°C • Heat Index - 31.3°C • Wet Bulb - 22.7°C • Relative Humidity - 58 .4% • Wind Speed - 1. 0-1 .5 m/sec • Open sides with no blinds • Roof cooling but not working • Total of 32 sows in crates (shed 1 and 2) Farrowing Shed 2 • Temperature - 31.7°C • Heat Index - 36.3°C • Wet Bulb - 24. 0°C • Relative Humidity - 56.6% • Wind Speed - 0.3 m/sec • Roof cooling not working • 32 crates available... again there appears a lack of extension input into this farm This is a major cause for concern for the industry generally Farrowing house audit 24/ 7/05 Ambient Conditions • Temperature • Heat Index • Wet Bulb • Relative Humidity • Wind Speed Sow • • • - 31.2°C - 35 .4 C - 24. 0°C - 53 .4% - 4. 0 -4 .5 m/sec Feed 6-7 kg/sow/day (over two-three feeds) Respiration rates of 50, 70 and1 20 were recorded Vaccinate... Humidity • Wind Speed Sow • • • - 28.9°C - 31 .4 C - 22.6°C - 58.0% - 2. 0-3 .0 m/sec Vaccinate sows with CSF (at weaning), E coli (6 and 2 weeks before farrowing), salmonella (at mating), Pasteurella, FMD, Mycoplasma Ivermectin at 4 0 -4 5 days before farrowing Water pressure was good 21 • • • Feed 2-2 .5 kg twice daily plus 0.3kg/piglet (total 4- 5 kg) Respiration rate of 140 for one sow Farrowing rate greater... during pregnancy) and to provide satiety without the sow becoming overweight • Body score of breeding sows at farrowing should be 3.5 – 4 • Body score of breeding sows at weaning should be 3 or above • Condition scoring is recommended as a way of assessing the adequacy of nutrition, along with monitoring of health and productivity A guide to condition scoring of pigs is given in Appendix 2 • Drinkable... Currently giving one shot Mycoplasma vaccine at 28 days They would be better off using a two shot vaccine at 4 and 21 days of age Currently giving sows a hog cholera vaccine (Pfizer) booster at two weeks prior to farrowing They then vaccinate the offspring at three and five weeks of age The recommendation would be to vaccinate the sow at weaning to prevent maternal antibody interference in the offspring Given... Gentamycin Enrofloxacin Tiamulin Kanamycin Streptomycin Penicillin G Ivermectin 0.25% Oral • Amoxicillin 100g/kg + Colistin 250MU/kg Use rate is 50grams in 100ml water or 0.1% in feed Farrowing house audit 20/7/05 (Cargill Feed Demo farm) Ambient Conditions ~ 9am • Temperature - 31.2°C • Heat Index - 38.8°C • Wet Bulb - 26.9°C • Relative Humidity - 69.1% • Wind Speed - 0.7 m/sec Sow • Preweaning mortality... ventilation Lamps present in the weaner section Diarrhoea in weaners ten days post weaning We took samples and suggested Apramycin in either feed or water for the first two weeks post weaning and individually treat scouring animals with amoxycillin + colistin (what ever they had in the shed) Also coughing and conjunctivitis present in weaners Suggested adding 40 0ppm of chlortetracycline to all weaner rations... Heat Index • Wet Bulb - 31.8°C - 38.0°C - 25.8°C 16 • Relative Humidity - 71.5% Sow • Sows with mange • 10 day scour in 6 litters • Respiration rate of 100 for one sow • Vaccinate sows for parvo, erysipelas, CSF, E coli and Mycoplasma Piglet • Weaning age 28 days • Vaccinate piglets at 7 and 21 days for Mycoplasma Farrowing Shed • Shed east-west orientation • Temperature - 32 .4 C • Heat Index - 42 .0°C... Wife of Govt offical General Comments on farm visit 4th October 2006 These are to be read in the context of the full July report for 2005, which is below Farrowing House • • • • Temperature Heat Index Wet Bulb Relative Humidity - 31.5°C - 36.3°C - 25 .4 C -6 1% There were 23 occupied farrowing crates Seven of these were yet to farrow and six pens contained weaned pigs The near end has a seven-foot ceiling... sow drinkers was turned off because of a leaking pipe • Fans not being used 23 Appendix 1 - Sow feeding • • On all farms the lactating sows were inadequately fed; as a rule of thumb no more than 10% of sow feed troughs should be empty on random inspection of a shed The feed intake of the sows would also be negatively impacted by poor water flow and the high shed temperatures The respiratory rate of a . Temperature - 34. 1°C • Heat Index - 44 .0°C • Wet Bulb - 27.1°C • Relative Humidity - 59.7% • Wind Speed - 0 .4 m/sec • Exhaust fans broken • Misting system and blinds • Roof cooling with sprinklers. • Farrowing dates for 1 sow were 9/5/ 04, 26/9/ 04, 18/2/05 and 7/7/05 Farrowing Shed - new • Temperature - 34. 4°C • Heat Index - 44 .9°C • Wet Bulb - 27.9°C • Relative Humidity - 60.1% . 45 .8°C • Wet Bulb - 29.1°C - 27.9°C • Relative Humidity - 60.2% - 58.0% • Wind Speed - - 0 .4 – 1.1 m/sec • Roof cooling • Only 3 of 8 fans working • 30 crates (16 old and 14 new) available