Nghiên cứu đặc điểm ngữ nghĩa của các động từ hành động trong những bài diễn văn tại hội nghị thượng đỉnh về biến đổi khí hậu cop 26

LUONG HOAI BAO TOAN MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING PHENIKAA UNIVERSITY GRADUATION PAPER A STUDY ON SEMANTIC FEATURES OF ACTION VERBS IN SPEECHES AT COP26 CLIMATE CHANGE SUMMIT ENGLISH LANGUAGE Student: Luong Hoai Bao Toan Student ID No: 19010280 Field: English Language Course: 2019 - 2023 Mode of study: Full-time Supervisor: Nguyen Thi Thuy Linh, M.A Hanoi – 2023 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING PHENIKAA UNIVERSITY GRADUATION PAPER A STUDY ON SEMANTIC FEATURES OF ACTION VERBS IN SPEECHES AT COP26 CLIMATE CHANGE SUMMIT (NGHIÊN CỨU ĐẶC ĐIỂM NGỮ NGHĨA CỦA CÁC ĐỘNG TỪ HÀNH ĐỘNG TRONG NHỮNG BÀI DIỄN VĂN TẠI HỘI NGHỊ THƯỢNG ĐỈNH VỀ BIẾN ĐỔI KHÍ HẬU COP 26) Student: Luong Hoai Bao Toan Student ID No: 19010280 Field: English Language Course: 2019 - 2023 Mode of study: Full-time Supervisor: Nguyen Thi Thuy Linh, M.A i ii iii iv i ABSTRACT This study presents a semantic study that examines the frequency, semantic characteristics, and contextual variations of action verbs used in the speeches delivered during the 26th Conference of the Parties (COP26) The study adopts a corpus-based approach, utilizing the spaCy natural language processing library and AntConc for data extraction and analysis Corpus techniques, including frequency analysis, concordance analysis, and semantic grouping are used, alongside a critical examination of the context in which the action verbs were deployed The analysis shows that speakers at COP26 use action verbs that denote connotations such as annihilation, economic activities, general activities, and social activities to emphasize the shared responsibility of all actors in addressing environmental issues while viewing the impact of climate change as urgent and immediate Some speakers even use them to show dissatisfaction, and disappointment while framing certain parties accountable for their inadequate actions Critical reading of the speeches also reveals that social injustice and human elements were mentioned alongside the action verbs The study contributes to the field of environmental communication by providing insights into the use of action verbs and their significance in communicating climate change at high-profile international events such as COP26 The implications of this research can inform future studies on discourse analysis and environmental communication ii DECLARATION I, Luong Hoai Bao Toan - Student ID No: 19010280, certify that no part of the above report has been copied or reproduced by me from any other person’s work without acknowledgment and that the report is originally written by me under the strict guidance of my supervisor Hanoi, 15th June 2023 Supervisor Nguyen Thi Thuy Linh, M.A Student Luong Hoai Bao Toan iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to James Connelly, Professor Emeritus at the University of Hull, United Kingdom, for providing me access to his work, which has been instrumental in shaping the direction of this study In addition, I would like to extend my gratitude to the University of Regina, Canada, and its Open Educational Resources (OER) program I was fortunate enough to become a student at the U of R and this opportunity granted me access to many materials that proved invaluable during the research phase, which played a vital role in enhancing the quality and depth of this study I would like to convey my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor, Mrs Nguyen Thi Thuy Linh, M.A, whose unwavering support and invaluable guidance have been instrumental throughout this research Her insightful comments and thoughtful suggestions at every stage of the study have contributed to the successful completion of this study and have also played a significant role in shaping me as a person I am immensely grateful to my family and friends for their support and encouragement throughout this journey Their presence and belief in me have been instrumental in my success I would like to express my deepest appreciation to Tan, Nathania, Nicté, and Jacques for their constant support and love, always being there for me when I needed it the most They are truly remarkable individuals and amazing friends, and I feel fortunate to have them in my life A special acknowledgment goes to my mother, whose support in my academic pursuits and life decisions has been a constant source of strength and motivation I am eternally grateful to have her as a mother Finally, I would like to dedicate this work to the memory of Edward and Elly, who will always hold a special place in my heart Their absence is deeply felt, but their legacy will carry on and inspire me to live a life of purpose and meaning I am committed to honouring their memory and carrying their spirit with me in all of my endeavours iv Table of Contents PART 1: INTRODUCTION 1 Rationale Aims and objectives of the study 2.1 Aims 2.2 Objectives Research questions Scope of the study Methods of the study Significance of the study Structure of the study PART 2: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.1 Environmental communication 1.2 The politics of climate change and the role of language 1.2.1 The controversial nature of climate change 1.2.2 The role of language in climate change communication 1.2.3 Political speech on climate change 10 1.3 The 26th annual Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 12 1.4 Corpus analysis 13 1.5 Theoretical background 14 1.5.1 Semantics 14 1.5.2 Semantic features 15 1.5.3 Semantic features analysis 15 1.5.4 The grammatical category of verbs 16 1.5.5 Action verbs 18 1.6 Previous studies 20 Summary 22 CHAPTER 2: 23 METHODOLOGY AND STUDY DESIGN 23 ix REFERENCES BOOKS [1] Thomas, Wareing, Singh, Stilwell Peccei, Thornborrow, and Jones, Language, society and power: An Introduction, 2nd ed., vol London; New York: Routledge, 2004 [Online] Available: https://archive.org/details/languagesocietyp00sing/page/n3/mode/2up [2] R Cox, Environmental Communication and the Public Sphere SAGE, 2010 [3] D Crystal, A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics John Wiley & Sons, 2008 [4] E A Nida, Componential analysis of meaning: an introduction to semantic structures, 2nd ed The Hague: Mouton., 1979 [5] H Ottenheimer, The Anthropology of Language: An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology, International Edition 2009 [6] J P Spradley, The Ethnographic Interview 1979 [7] A P Beard, The Language of Politics Routledge, 1999 [8] K Al-Shboul, The Politics of Climate Change Metaphors in the U.S Discourse 2023 doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-19016-2 [9] W Croft, Syntactic Categories and Grammatical Relations: The Cognitive Organization of Information University of Chicago Press, 1991 JOURNAL ARTICLES [10] J G Cantrill and C Oravec, “The Symbolic earth: discourse and our creation of the environment,” Choice Reviews Online, vol 34, no 09, pp 34–4859, May 1997, doi: 10.5860/choice.34-4859 [11] J G Cantrill and C Oravec, “The Symbolic earth: discourse and our creation of the environment,” Choice Reviews Online, vol 34, no 09, pp 34–4859, May 1997, doi: 10.5860/choice.34-4859 [12] H Penz, “Communicating climate change: how (not) to touch a cord with people and promote action,” Text & Talk, vol 42, no 4, pp 571–590, Feb 2022, doi: 10.1515/text-2020-0081 [13] A Giddens, “The politics of climate change,” Policy and Politics, vol 43, no 2, pp 155–162, May 2009, doi: 10.1332/030557315x14290856538163 [14] B Nerlich, N Koteyko, and B Brown, “Theory and language of climate change communication,” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, vol 1, no 1, pp 97–110, Jan 2010, doi: 10.1002/wcc.2 [15] K Fløttum and T Dahl, “Climate Change Discourse: Scientific Claims in a Policy Setting,” Fachsprache, vol 33, no 3–4, pp 205–219, May 2017, doi: 10.24989/fs.v33i3-4.1372 x [16] S J Flusberg, T Matlock, and P H Thibodeau, “Metaphors for the War (or Race) against Climate Change,” Environmental Communication-a Journal of Nature and Culture, vol 11, no 6, pp 769–783, Mar 2017, doi: 10.1080/17524032.2017.1289111 [17] S J Hassol, “Improving How Scientists Communicate About Climate Change,” Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, vol 89, no 11, p 106, Mar 2008, doi: 10.1029/2008eo110002 [18] C V E Wright, D Nyberg, and D M Grant, “‘Hippies on the third floor’: Climate Change, Narrative Identity and the Micro-Politics of Corporate Environmentalism,” Organization Studies, vol 33, no 11, pp 1451–1475, Nov 2012, doi: 10.1177/0170840612463316 [19] S Hussain and S Sajid, “Semantics in EFL Classroom: A Brief Review,” IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), vol 20, no 9, pp 39–43, Sep 2015, [Online] Available: https://www.iosrjournals.org [20] M Al-Yahya, H S Al-Khalifa, A Bahanshal, and I Al-Oudah, “Automatic Generation of Semantic Features and Lexical Relations Using OWL Ontologies,” Springer eBooks, pp 15–26, Jun 2011, doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-22327-3_3 [21] A J Onwuegbuzie, N L Leech, and K Collins, “Qualitative Analysis Techniques for the Review of the Literature,” The Qualitative Report, Jan 2015, doi: 10.46743/2160-3715/2012.1754 [22] C Yanjie and H Jia, A corpus-based critical discourse analysis of COP 26 in Chinese and Western Media 2022 doi: 10.1145/3524383.3524418 [23] E Vaughan, “Corpus Analysis,” ResearchGate, Jan 2016, [Online] Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291344603_Corpus_Analysis [24] G Bennett, “Using Corpora in the Language Learning Classroom,” University of Michigan Press, Jan 2010, doi: 10.3998/mpub.371534 [25] P K Baker, C Gabrielatos, M KhosraviNik, M Krzyzanowski, T McEnery, and R Wodak, “A useful methodological synergy? Combining critical discourse analysis and corpus linguistics to examine discourses of refugees and asylum seekers in the UK press,” Discourse & Society, vol 19, no 3, pp 273–306, May 2008, doi: 10.1177/0957926508088962 [26] D Kemmerer, “Action verbs, argument structure constructions, and the mirror neuron system,” Cambridge University Press eBooks, pp 347–373, Sep 2006, doi: 10.1017/cbo9780511541599.011 [27] G Di Cesare, F Fasano, A Errante, M Marchi, and G Rizzolatti, “Understanding the internal states of others by listening to action verbs,” Neuropsychologia, vol 89, pp 172–179, Aug 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.06.017 xi [28] M Popp, N M Trumpp, and M Kiefer, “Processing of action and sound verbs in context: An FMRI study,” Translational Neuroscience, vol 10, no 1, pp 200–222, Jan 2019, doi: 10.1515/tnsci-2019-0035 [29] M Popp, N M Trumpp, E.-J Sim, and M Kiefer, “Brain Activation During Conceptual Processing of Action and Sound Verbs,” Advances in Cognitive Psychology, vol 15, no 4, pp 236–255, Dec 2019, doi: 10.5709/acp-0272-4 [30] G Vannuscorps and A Caramazza, “Conceptual processing of action verbs with and without motor representations,” Cognitive Neuropsychology, Nov 2019, doi: 10.1080/02643294.2020.1732319 [31] M Troyer, L B Curley, L P Miller, A P Saygin, and B Bergen, “Action verbs are processed differently in metaphorical and literal sentences depending on the semantic match of visual primes,” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, vol 8, Dec 2014, doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00982 [32] S Spadacenta, V Gallese, M Fragola, and G Mirabella, “Modulation of Arm Reaching Movements during Processing of Arm/Hand-Related Action Verbs with and without Emotional Connotation,” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, vol 9, no 8, p e104349, Aug 2014, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104349 [33] M Bedny, A Caramazza, E D Grossman, A Pascual-Leone, and R Saxe, “Concepts Are More than Percepts: The Case of Action Verbs,” The Journal of Neuroscience, vol 28, no 44, pp 11347– 11353, Oct 2008, doi: 10.1523/jneurosci.3039-08.2008 [34] Y Bocanegra et al., “Syntax, action verbs, action semantics, and object semantics in Parkinson’s disease: Dissociability, progression, and executive influences,” Cortex, vol 69, pp 237–254, Aug 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.05.022 [35] L L Mansur, M T Carthery-Goulart, V S Bahia, T H Bak, and R Nitrini, “Semantic memory: Nouns and action verbs in cognitively unimpaired individuals and frontotemporal lobar degeneration,” Dementia & Neuropsychologia, vol 7, no 1, pp 48–54, Mar 2013, doi: 10.1590/s1980-57642013dn70100008 [36] R G De Almeida, F Mobayyen, C Antal, E Kehayia, V Nair, and G J Schwartz, “Categoryspecific verb-semantic deficits in Alzheimer’s disease: Evidence from static and dynamic action naming,” Cognitive Neuropsychology, vol 38, no 1, pp 1–26, Jan 2021, doi: 10.1080/02643294.2020.1858772 [37] Amna, M Nawaz, and H S N Butt, “Study of Action Verbs Used in the Speeches of General Raheel Sharif: A Pragmatic Analysis,” KASHMIR JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE RESEARCH, vol 25, no 2, pp https://kjlr.pk/index.php/kjlr/article/view/329 145–166, 2022, [Online] Available: xii [38] Y Suryaningsih, “A Critical Discourse Analysis of Personal Pronouns in Greta Thunberg’s Speeches,” Journal of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics, vol 2, no 1, pp 55– 64, Jan 2021, doi: 10.21460/saga.2020.21.34 [39] R Willis, “Taming the Climate? Corpus analysis of politicians’ speech on climate change,” Environmental Politics, vol 26, no 2, pp 212–231, Jan 2017, doi: 10.1080/09644016.2016.1274504 [40] A İ Ceyhan, “Environmentalist Political Communication: Nation-Branding and Political Socialization Through Environmentalism,” in Springer eBooks, 2022, pp 225–249 doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-82572-0_10 [41] C.Hu, H Gong, and Y He, “Data driven identification of international cutting edge science and technologies using SpaCy,” PLOS ONE, vol 17, no 10, p e0275872, Oct 2022, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275872 WEBPAGES [42] “Linguistic Features · spaCy Usage Documentation,” spaCy.io https://spacy.io/usage/linguisticfeatures (accessed May 03, 2023) [43] L Anthony, “Laurence Anthony’s AntConc.” https://www.laurenceanthony.net/software/antconc/ (accessed May 06, 2023) [44] “Guides: Text mining for searching and screening the literature: AntConc.” https://libraryguides.mcgill.ca/text-mining/AntConc (accessed Apr 08, 2023) [45] L Danaher, “COP26 keeps 1.5C alive and finalises Paris Agreement - UN Climate Change Conference (COP26) at the SEC – Glasgow 2021,” UN Climate Change Conference (COP26) at the SEC – Glasgow 2021, Nov 13, 2021 https://ukcop26.org/cop26-keeps-1-5c-alive-andfinalises-paris-agreement/ (accessed May 23, 2023) [46] “Climate Finance and the USD 100 Billion Goal,” www.oecd.org https://www.oecd.org/climatechange/finance-usd-100-billion-goal/ (accessed May 19, 2023) [47] United Nations, “The Paris Agreement | United Nations,” United Nations https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/paris-agreement (accessed May 21, 2023) [48] J Bos, “Are Countries Providing Enough to the $100 Billion Climate Finance Goal?” World Resources Institute Accessed: May 21, 2023 [Online] Available: https://www.wri.org/insights/developed-countries-contributions-climate-finance-goal [49] W Kabukuru, “Richer nations fall short on climate finance pledge,” AP NEWS, Jul 29, 2022 Accessed: May 21, 2023 [Online] Available: environment-bca94ba396ba954cba3560e5f2f9fd6e https://apnews.com/article/climate-and- xiii [50] “About Small Island Developing States | Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States.” https://www.un.org/ohrlls/content/about-small-island-developingstates#:~:text=The%20three%20geographical%20regions%20in,South%20China%20Sea%20(AI S) (accessed May 21, 2023) [51] “UK Government Web Archive.” https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20230311034235/https://ukcop26.org/ukpresidency/what-is-a-cop/ (accessed May 20, 2023) [52] United Nations, “COP26: Together for our planet | United Nations,” United Nations https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/cop26 (accessed Apr 30, 2023) [53] UNFCCC, “What is the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change?” https://unfccc.int/ https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/what-is-the-united-nations-frameworkconvention-on-climate-change (accessed May 23, 2023) [54] “COP26 - GOV.UK,” Apr 04, 2023 https://www.gov.uk/government/topical-events/cop26 (accessed May 27, 2023) [55] “Paris Agreement - Status of Ratification.” https://unfccc.int/process/the-paris-agreement/statusof-ratification (accessed May 30, 2023) [56] “COP15 - Reports,” UNFCC, 2009 https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/conferences/pastconferences/copenhagen-climate-change-conference-december-2009/cop-15/cop-15-reports (accessed Jun 14, 2023) [57] B Aarts, “The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar,” Oxford University Press, 2014 https://www-oxfordreference com.libproxy.uregina.ca/view/10.1093/acref/9780199658237.001.0001/acref-9780199658237-e1583 (accessed Apr 09, 2023) [58] IPCC, 2021: Summary for Policymakers In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P Zhai, A Pirani, S.L Connors, C Péan, S Berger, N Caud, Y Chen, L Goldfarb, M.I Gomis, M Huang, K Leitzell, E Lonnoy, J.B.R Matthews, T.K Maycock, T Waterfield, O Yelekỗi, R Yu, and B Zhou (eds.)] Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.001 (accessed Jun 15, 2023) NY, USA, pp 3−32, xiv APPENDICES Appendix All the speech files in the corpus Speech name ANGOLA_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt ANTIGUA_AND_BARBUDA_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt ARMENIA_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN_0.txt AUSTRALIA_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt AUSTRIA_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt AZERBAIJAN_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt BAHRAIN_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt BANGLADESH_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt BARBADOS_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt BELARUS_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt BELIZE_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt BHUTAN_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt BINGO_cop26cmp16cma3.txt BRAZIL_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt BRUNEI_DARUSSALAM_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt BULGARIA_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt CAMBODIA_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt CFRN_PAPUA_NEW_GUINEA_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt CGIAR_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS.pdf.txt COSTA_RICA_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt CROATIA_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt CYPRUS_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt DENMARK_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt Disability_Caucus_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS.txt DOMINICA_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt ECOS_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS.txt EMBL_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS.pdf.txt ENGO_CAN_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS.txt ESTONIA_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt ESWATINI_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt EUROPEAN_UNION_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt EUROPEAN_UNION_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN_part2.txt Faculty_of_Public_Health_of_the_Royal_Colleges_of_Physicians_of_the_ United_Kingdom_cop26cmp16cma3.txt Farmers_constituency_cop26cmp16cma3.txt FBO_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS.txt Designated code for reference 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 xv FINLAND_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt GECF cop26cmp16cma3_HLS.pdf.txt GEORGIA_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt GREECE_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt GRENADA_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt GUATEMALA_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt GUINEA_BISSAU_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt Her_Excellency_Ms._Mia_Mottley_Prime_Minister_of_Barbados.txt His_Excellency_Mr._Boris_Johnson,Prime_Minister_of_the_United_King dom_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland.txt His_Excellency_Mr._Mario_Draghi_Prime_Minister_of_Italy.txt HOLY_SEE_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt ICELAND_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt ICIMOD_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS.pdf.txt IDLO_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS.pdf.txt IFRC_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS.pdf.txt IGAD_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS.pdf.txt IIF_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS.pdf.txt INDONESIA_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt IPO_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS.pdf.txt IRAN_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt IRELAND_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt ITF_OECD_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS.pdf.txt IUCN_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS.txt JAMAICA_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt JAPAN_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt JORDAN_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt KENYA_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt KYRGYZSTAN_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt LAO_PEOPLEs_DEMOCRATIC_REPUBLIC_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_ EN.txt LATVIA_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt LGMA_cop26cmp16cma3.txt LIBERIA_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt LIECHTENSTEIN_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt LITHUANIA_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt MALAYSIA_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt MARSHALL_ISLANDS_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt MAURITIUS_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt MONGOLIA_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt MONTENEGRO_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt Mr_António_Guterres_Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations.txt Ms Yrsa-Daley-Ward.txt 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 xvi Ms_Brianna_Fruean_Ms_Txai_Suruí_Ms_Elizabeth_Wathuti.txt NAMIBIA_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt NAURU_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt NCM_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS.pdf.txt NEPAL_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt NETHERLANDS_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt NIUE_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt NORTH_MACEDONIA_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN_0.txt On_behalf_of_the_EU_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS.txt OPEC_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS.pdf.txt Pacific_Islands_Forum_Secretariat_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS.txt 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 PAKISTAN_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt PALAU_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt PAM_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS.txt PAPUA_NEW_GUINEA_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt Parliamentarians_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS.txt PHILIPPINES_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt PORTUGAL_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt Remarks by UNFCCC Executive Secretary Patricia Espinosa to open COP26.txt REPUBLIC_OF_KOREA_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt RINGO_cop26cmp16cma3.txt ROMANIA_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt RUSSIAN_FEDERATION_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt RWANDA_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt SACEP_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS.pdf.txt SAINT_KITTS_AND_NEVIS cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt SAINT_LUCIA_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt SAINT_VINCENT_AND_THE_GRENADINES_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_ EN.txt SAMOA_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt SAN_MARINO_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt SAUDI_ARABIA_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt SEYCHELLES_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt SIDS_MARSHALL_ISLANDS_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt SINGAPORE_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt SLOVAKIA_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt SOUTH_AFRICA_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt SOUTH_SUDAN_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt SRI_LANKA_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt TAJIKISTAN_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt TONGA_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 xvii TRINIDAD_AND_TOBAGO_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN_0.txt TUNGO_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS.txt TUVALU_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt UNITED_ARAB_EMIRATES_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt VANUATU_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt VIET_NAM_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt Waterkeepr Alliance_cop26cmp16cma3.txt WGC_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS.txt YOUNGO_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS.txt ZAMBIA_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt ZIMBABWE_cop26cmp16cma3_HLS_EN.txt 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 (*) Note: All of the speeches collected are available at: https://unfccc.int/cop-26/speeches-and-statements xviii Appendix Categories of action verbs used in COP26 No Connotations General activities Efforts Cognitive activities Social interactions Action verbs extracted go, raise, hand, pick, carry, work, run, lean, breathe, turn, throw, embark, walk, migrate, roll, stand, play, pull, wield, step, open, close, stay, leave, bring, lie, move, dig, point, drop, pen, tap, enter, come, shutter, sign, travel, drive, hold, blow, find, draw, escape, note, follow, put, write, place, fit, chart, clean, take, use, wear overcome, devote, accomplish, allocate, try, dedicate, tackle, attribute, underpin, mobilize, deliver, ensure, act, complement, intend, attempt, coordinate, succeed, replant, solve, handle, assist, support, cooperate, collaborate, unite, back, help, contribute, lend, direct, empower, align, strengthen, pursue, pledge, equate, sacrifice, assure, strive, prepare, avail, implement, adopt, apply, fail, address, promise, fulfill, miss, meet, bridge forget, realize, think, recognize, reflect, acknowledge, expect, focus, learn, guess, ponder, hope, estimate, wish, wake, bless, know, imagine, consider, confirm, experience, decide, remember, worry, persist, aspire, assess, count, plan, resonate, translate, agree, recall, reconsider, vacillate, spell, seek, opt, underestimate, judge, cherish, remind, choose, gamble ask, demand, welcome, discuss, call, urge, host, talk, participate, care, congratulate, endorse, request, invite, communicate, speak, inform, share, tell, announce, exchange, behave, belong, convene, celebrate, connect, accompany, trust, affirm, inspire, pray, implore, claim, attend, propose, spur, greet, recommend, join, imply, assert, commend, extend, subscribe, say Total Percentage 54 8.1% 52 7.8% 45 6.8% 44 6.6% xix Technicality Initiation Economic activities Confrontation Progression 10 Government 11 Annihilation design, integrate, monitor, vaccinate, measure, melt, emit, decarbonize, formulate, operate, pollute, decommission, quantify, offset, recycle, analyze, mitigate, adhere, predict, commission, replace, overheat, recharge, delay, report, review, register, wane, submit, gear, qualify, yield, fix, minimize, mainstream, phase, adapt, balance, overshoot, warm, squander, overlap, explore activate, spearhead, execute, approach, engage, start, launch, pioneer, lead, enable, halt, stop, commit, deploy, begin, kickstart, publish, incentivize, undertake, initiate, create, generate, formalize, ignite, trigger, commence, catalyze, establish, make, discover, occur, happen, set, lay manufacture, scale, build, invest, finance, export, import, exploit, cost, risk, profit, capitalize, account, pay, produce, amount, sell, waste, consume, owe, maximize, surpass, compound, offer, consign, deal, spend, pave, benefit, gain, afford, harness, attract confront, deny, negotiate, persuade, challenge, face, combat, threaten, violate, invade, argue, head, force, warn, capture, defeat, blame, fight, declare, battle, dare, resist, counter, respond, resolve, correct, exhort, plead, surround, mislead transform, advance, push, achieve, continue, develop, reach, accelerate, improve, expand, complete, finalize, arrive, transition, thrive, upgrade, innovate, grow, update, construct, stagnate, progress, transpose, stall, widen, prosper, broaden, shape, form legislate, constitute, govern, enact, serve, arrest, enlist, control, authorize, regulate, manage, prohibit, ban, permit, restrict, impose, limit, disseminate, abdicate, ratify, pass, elect, appeal devastate, destroy, dismantle, damage, hamper, decimate, wreak, jeopardize, break, deactivate, end, eliminate, crumble, remove, perish, suspend, 43 6.5% 34 5.1% 33 5.0% 30 4.5% 29 4.4% 23 3.5% 21 3.2% xx bomb, unleash, disappear 12 Representation/Selfidentification 13 Provision 14 Emphasis 15 Reversion/Repetition 16 Assimilation/Dependency 17 Vitality 18 Approval 19 Forceful acts 20 Invert perception 21 Struggle 23 Emotional expression 24 Degradation 25 Movement/position 26 Downgrade cease, abolish, feature, present, emerge, mention, identify, display, determine, unveil, locate, narrow, define, displace, show, designate, mean, pose, characterize, represent, embody grant, give, secure, safeguard, guide, shelve, spare, feed, resuscitate, receive, accord, teach, gift, honor, cover, shelter, protect, facilitate, provide outline, indicate, reiterate, reaffirm, mark, emphasize, state, reverberate, proclaim, advocate, highlight, signify, illustrate, stress, prioritize, target, heed, underscore redefine, renew, return, reverse, restart, repeat, revise, reclaim, redirect, regain, reorient, redesign, rebuild, recede, undo, revisit, reconstruct, rethink combine, bind, add, depend, rely, include, involve, absorb, gather, inherit, incorporate, embrace, comprise, attach, consolidate, embed, overshadow, entail preserve, flower, prevent, forge, revive, foster, heal, restore, sustain, rehabilitate, recover, save, exist, plant, die, relieve, live, languish encourage, accept, prove, decline, reject, favor, prefer, allow, refuse, approve, uphold, let hit, choke, slash, inflict, bruise, tear, cut, stave, impact, leverage, ramp, wind listen, observe, feel, watch, see, hear, aim, look, view, witness, stare, sound grapple, struggle, survive, cope, bear, endure, brave, drown, curb, undergo, cling, suffer cry, regret, enjoy, appreciate, guarantee, demonstrate, conclude, deserve, express, convey quilt, suffocate, wither, couple, weaken, dwindle, deplete, erode, plague, deteriorate flow, slow, speed, pump, position, careen, remain, center, propel, boost derail, undermine, lessen, fall, compromise, halve, downgrade, worsen, abate 19 2.9% 19 2.9% 18 2.7% 18 2.7% 18 2.7% 18 2.7% 12 1.8% 12 1.8% 12 1.8% 12 1.8% 10 1.5% 10 1.5% 10 1.5% 1.4% xxi 22 Fluctuation 27 Relation 28 Superiority 29 Intensification 30 Disruption 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 TOTAL Sense of time Limitation Multiplicative growth Avoidance Possession Comparison Necessity teeter, change, maintain, sink, shift, veer, alter, divert, steer derive, result, relate, cause, base, contradict, stem, affect prevail, rise, surge, exceed, obey, lose, win intensify, enhance, promote, exacerbate, leapfrog, deepen hinder, interrupt, block, disrupt, inhibit, burden postpone, tick, await, synchronize, wait cap, contain, lock, unlock, access double, redouble, triple, quadruple ignore, avoid, compel, avert keep, possess, attain compare, rank require 1.4% 1.2% 1.1% 0.9% 0.9% 5 4 665 0.8% 0.8% 0.6% 0.6% 0.5% 0.3% 0.2% 100% xxii Appendix Parameters to classify a token as an action verb using spaCy def is_action_verb(token): if token.lemma_.lower() in adjective_verbs: return False if token.lemma_.lower() == “go” and token.nbor(1).text.lower() == “to” and (token.nbor(2).pos_ == “VERB” or token.nbor(2).lemma_.lower() == “be”): return False if (token.dep_ == “aux” or token.dep_ == “auxpass”) and token.head.pos_ == “VERB” and token.dep not in [“prep”, “mark”]: return False if token.dep_ == “attr” and (token.head.pos_ == “VERB” or token.head.pos_ == “ADJ”): return False if token.dep_ == “ccomp” or token.dep_ == “xcomp”: return False if token.lemma_.lower() == “let”: if token.dep_ == “ROOT” and token.head.pos_ == “VERB”: return True elif (token.dep_ == “aux” or token.dep_ == “auxpass”) and token.head.pos_ == “VERB” and token.head.lemma_.lower() != “be”: return True else: return False if token.pos_ != “VERB”: return False if token.tag_ == “MD” or token.dep_ == “prep”: return False if token.dep_ == “nsubj” or token.dep_ == “nsubjpass” or token.dep_ == “amod”: return False if token.is_stop or token.is_punct or token.is_space or len(token.text)