INTRODUCTION
Rationale
English is recognized as the global language, serving as the main communication medium for various purposes According to the ISO 3166-1 code, there are 83 countries and regions where English is spoken.
English is the most widely spoken second language globally, with approximately 1.8 billion speakers, making it essential for international communication in various fields such as aviation, business, and technology In Vietnam, the popularity of learning English is increasing, particularly among those studying or living abroad This has led to a tendency among bilingual individuals, especially youth, to engage in code-switching—alternating between English and Vietnamese in both spoken and written forms, particularly on social media platforms like Facebook The prevalence of code-switching on these sites highlights its growing influence on language use among users This thesis aims to explore the patterns of code-switching on Facebook, investigate the motivations behind bilinguals' code-switching, and establish a foundation for future research.
Purpose of the study
In today's society, where English is essential as a second language, code-switching is prevalent across various domains, including everyday conversations, news broadcasts, interviews, and discussions in media such as television, radio, newspapers, and magazines This unique phenomenon has been extensively studied in the context of bilingualism Consequently, this study aims to achieve two primary objectives.
1 To find out what type of code-switching is most commonly used by English- Vietnamese bilinguals in the author‟s friend list
2 To investigate the reasons for code-switching.
Research questions
The study aims at seeking answers to the following questions:
1 What are the types of code-switching in bilinguals‟ Facebook status updates and comments?
2 What are the reasons for the use of code-switching in general and specific instances?
Significance of the study
Sociolinguistics explores the intricate relationship between language and society, focusing on why individuals communicate differently across various social contexts and how language serves social functions and conveys meaning (Holmes, 2001) In bilingual or multilingual environments, code-switching—a phenomenon where speakers alternate between languages—becomes a vital communication tool, particularly among bilingual individuals While code-switching is prevalent in numerous speech communities, its dynamics on platforms like Facebook remain under-researched This study aims to shed light on the practices of English-Vietnamese bilinguals, offering insights for linguists, educators, and Facebook users who frequently engage in code-switching By examining how these users navigate between Vietnamese and English, the research seeks to enhance understanding of code-switching mechanisms and uncover the motivations behind this linguistic behavior.
Researchers in related fields can reference this paper to conduct deeper investigations, contributing to the existing literature on code-switching, particularly in computer-mediated written communication This understanding is crucial for bilinguals, as it highlights the phenomena that may arise during online interactions on social networking platforms like Facebook.
Scope of the study
This study examines code-switching among ten bilingual Facebook users from the author's friend list, focusing specifically on their status updates and comments While Facebook offers various communication tools, such as private messages and video calls, the research prioritizes written forms of interaction, as other methods are challenging to analyze.
Outline of the thesis
The rest of the study consists of four chapters which are as follows
Chapter two, Theoretical Background, reviews prominent literature directly relevant to the topic being discussed
Chapter three, Methodology, presents the methods used for data collection and data analysis as well as justification for these methods
Chapter three is followed by the fourth chapter, Results and Discussion, in which the findings of the study are discussed to answer the research questions
Finally in chapter five, recapitulation of the whole study is presented before limitations of the study; suggestions for further studies and a conclusion are given.
LITERATURE REVIEW
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
2.1 Code, code-switching, code-mixing 2.1.1 Code
In sociolinguistics, the term "code" refers to a "variety of language," which encompasses languages, dialects, and registers, defined as a "set of linguistic items with similar social distribution" (Hudson, 1996) Holmes (2008) supports this perspective, highlighting the significance of understanding different linguistic varieties in social contexts.
A variety refers to a collection of linguistic forms employed in particular social contexts, characterized by unique social distributions This encompasses various accents, linguistic styles, dialects, and even distinct languages that differ from one another due to social factors.
Both authors highlight the significance of the speech community and the linguistic elements involved in a given variety In this study, the terms "code" and "variety" will refer to the primary language spoken by the inhabitants of a country.
Code switching is a multifaceted phenomenon defined in various ways by researchers based on their interests and perspectives Haddock (2008) describes it as the conscious modification of speech to transition between cultures In contrast, McCoy (2006) views it as a change from one lexical register to another Knestrict and Schoensteadt (2005) emphasize that it involves a shift in language guided by contextual changes, while Hughes, Shaunessy, and Brice (2006) define it as the use of complete sentences, phrases, and borrowed words from another language.
Code switching occurs when individuals who speak multiple languages alternate between them during conversations, often moving between their native language and others based on the context of the interaction.
Shana Poplack (1980, p.231), a prominent linguist, defines code-switching as the alternation of two languages within a single discourse, sentence, or constituent, typically without changing the interlocutor or topic This definition highlights the various levels—discourse, sentence, and constituent—where code-switching can occur Importantly, Poplack uses "code-switching" to encompass all instances of code alternation, whether they happen below, at, or above the sentence level, which serves as the basis for identifying instances of code-switching.
Bloom and Gumperz (1972) distinguishes two types of code-switching called situational and metaphorical code-switching, on the basis of sociolinguistic factors
Situational code-switching occurs when speakers change languages based on shifts in context, such as alterations in participants, topics, or settings In this view, the choice of language is directly influenced by the situation at hand Conversely, metaphorical switching involves instances where the language chosen actively shapes the situation itself.
The speaker prioritizes the subtle aspects of code-switching over visible external situations, as noted by Hudson (1996, p.53) This metaphorical code-switching serves as a strategic conversational tool, facilitating actions like apologizing and making requests.
Poplack (1980) categorized code-switching into three distinct types: extra-sentential (tag switching), inter-sentential, and intra-sentential Extra-sentential code-switching, also known as tag switching, involves the addition of a tag phrase or word, such as "Ok."
Code-switching, such as incorporating phrases like "Right?" or "You know" into sentences in a different language, is a straightforward linguistic practice It doesn't necessitate advanced proficiency in both languages, as it carries a low risk of grammatical errors.
Inter-sentential switching occurs at the clause level or between sentences, where one clause is expressed in one language and another clause in a different language For example, a speaker might say, “Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in English and finish in Spanish,” illustrating this phenomenon in a Spanish-English bilingual context (Poplack, 1980) Additionally, it is common to encounter entire sentences that blend languages, such as “What a brilliant idea!!! Ôi mình sẽ tìm mọi cách mua cái bình nước này,” showcasing the fluidity of language use among bilingual speakers.
Intra-sentential switching, the third type of code-switching, occurs within a single clause, exemplified by phrases like "La onda is to fight y jambar," which translates to "The thing is to fight and steal." This form of switching is the most complex due to its potential to violate syntactic rules and the necessity for a deep understanding of both languages and their interrelations.
Poplack's typology is recognized as the most transparent and comprehensive framework for understanding code-switching, effectively addressing all instances without confusion This study will utilize Poplack's framework to categorize the various types of code-switching identified in recorded statuses and comments.
2.1.2.3 Why do people code switch?
Code-switching is a common phenomenon among bilinguals, occurring for both conscious and unconscious reasons Research indicates that bilinguals often code switch to clarify meanings, learn new vocabulary, and foster a sense of ethnic identity and community This linguistic practice allows speakers to connect with specific social groups and serves as a sociolinguistic tool for emphasis, emotional expression, and dramatic effect Furthermore, students may resort to code-switching when their proficiency in the target language is lacking or during communication breakdowns, helping to establish mutual understanding when direct translations are inadequate Ultimately, speakers switch codes to show solidarity, distinguish themselves, engage in social interactions, express emotions, or persuade their audience.
Appel and Muysken (2006) suggest that code-switching perform six main functions as follows:
1 Referential function: code-switching stems from the lack of knowledge or facility in a language Therefore, bilingual speakers switch code when they do not know the word or when a certain concept is not available in that language Moreover, language is chosen to code-switch due to the fact that it is more suitable to be used for a particular topic
PREVIOUS STUDIES
Vietnam is predominantly a homogeneous nation where Vietnamese is the primary language spoken in everyday interactions The number of English-Vietnamese bilingual individuals is relatively low, with most being subordinate bilinguals.
Subordinate bilingualism is a mediated form of bilingualism where a speaker's first language aids in understanding the second language In this context, English-Vietnamese bilingualism is primarily influenced by formal education Recent years have seen an increase in research on this topic, particularly in spoken and written forms However, the rise of social networking sites like Facebook has created gaps in understanding code-switching practices in Vietnam, despite existing studies in multiracial countries such as America, Malaysia, Singapore, and Korea.
1 Ignoring the types of code-switching, Choy Wai Fong (2011) focused only on investigating the functions and reasons for code switching on Facebook by Utar English-Mandarin Chinese bilingual undergraduates In Choi‟s paper, Appel and Muysken‟s (2006) six functions of code-switching for spoken discourse and Malik‟s
A 1994 review identified ten reasons for code-switching, which were applied to analyze its occurrences in online communication The study involved 38 participants, predominantly female, with 31 women compared to 7 men Participants were aged 21 to 25 and were in their final semester across various majors, including Public Relations.
Advertising, Broadcasting, Psychology and English Language from Petaling Jaya and Kampar campus As for data collected, 80 messages dated between September
Between 2010 and February 2011, the researcher gathered data from participants' profile pages, focusing on their activities on the website and the instances of code-switching between English and Mandarin Chinese.
An analysis of 63 messages revealed that participants averaged nearly two code-switched messages over a five-month period, indicating a potential issue with reliability due to the insufficient quantity Furthermore, unlike this study, Choy Wai Fong's research employed qualitative analysis rather than quantitative calculations and tabulations.
This study's findings align with Choi Wai Fong's research, demonstrating that code-switching occurs in online written discourse, serving similar functions as in verbal communication Appel and Muysken (2006) identify five key functions of code-switching relevant to online discourse: referential, expressive, meta-linguistic, directive, and phatic functions Additionally, Malik (1994) outlines ten reasons for code-switching, of which seven apply to this phenomenon, including lack of facility, lack of registral competence, habitual expressions, emphasis, speaker mood, group identity, and addressing diverse audiences.
2 This study also bears much resemblance to that of Katrin Urbọck (2007), which investigated on Swedish-English code-switching in a bilingual online discussion forum called Motheringdotcommune (MDC), a form of asynchronous CMC A total of seven participants of American, Swedish and Canadian nationality were selected based on their activity and language usage in the forum Data was obtained from a thread in the MDC discussion forum from the period of August
From 2003 to February 2007, research was conducted to investigate the extent of English usage among Swedish speakers in online communication and the motivations behind it The study also explored the types of Swedish-English code-switching employed by bilingual users in digital forums, identifying the most prevalent forms of code-switching Utilizing a mixed-method approach, the data was categorized based on Romaine's (1989) and Klintborg's (1999) classifications, which include tag-switching, intra-sentential, and inter-sentential switching The results revealed that 14 out of 26 code-switches were classified as intra-sentential, while both inter-sentential and tag-switching occurred six times each within the analyzed material.
Data analysis revealed key reasons for code-switching, highlighting that English is often the preferred language in online discussion forums Many participants feel more comfortable using English due to extended stays in English-speaking countries, while others choose it because it is the official language of MDC Additionally, using English serves as a means for individuals to express their identity within the group.
3 In the research “Code switching in social media TWITTER”, Riris Desnia Sihombing focused on the types of code switching and reasons why people code switch their language in social media Twitter The main aims are to discover contextual type and grammatical type of code switching which is mostly used in Twitter Descriptive qualitative method is used when conducting the research The way the data was collected is problematic and asynchronous Specifically, the primary data was collected by tweets from the timelines of 10 Twitter users from friend list of the writer‟s account during a week from February 21 st to February 27 th ,
2014, while the secondary date was gained thanks to questionnaires distributed to
On February 19, 2014, 25 students from the Faculty of Languages and Arts at State University of Medan explored the reasons behind code switching on Twitter The study found that inter-sentential code switching is the most prevalent grammatical type among users, followed by tag and intra-sentential code switching Notably, it identified eight reasons for code switching, with the primary reason being the lack of equivalent lexicon in the target language This contrasts with Riris Desnia Sihombing's research, which highlighted intra-sentential code switching as dominant and identified habitual expression as the main reason.
Research on code-switching in social network sites has primarily focused on identifying common types and general reasons for this phenomenon, with limited studies examining specific instances or syntactic analysis of switched words and phrases This study aims to address these gaps, particularly in the context of Facebook, where existing literature is sparse, aside from Choi Wang Fong's work The language pair and corpuses analyzed in previous studies differ significantly from those in this research By utilizing a similar data collection method, this study seeks to expand upon Katrin Urbock's findings in a new context with a distinct corpus.
METHODOLOGY
Research hypothesis
This article explores whether bilingual Facebook users switch languages while posting comments and statuses It examines the types of code-switching they employ and the motivations behind their language choices Additionally, it delves into the sociolinguistic aspects of code-switching, shedding light on its nature and significance in social interactions.
Participants
This study focuses on the author's Facebook News Feed and utilizes a selective sampling method involving ten bilingual participants—three males and seven females—who are friends of the author The participants were chosen based on their authentic relationship with the researcher, as well as their formal education, profession, and qualifications in English Notably, three participants are high school students who have been learning English with native speakers from a young age Five others have studied in English-speaking countries like the USA, Australia, and England for at least two years and currently work in sectors such as non-governmental organizations, environment, and banking & finance Additionally, one participant works for an international corporation, while another has lived and worked in Australia for a decade.
The study focused exclusively on the Facebook pages of participants, analyzing their comments and statuses Participants were aged between 17 and 30 years at the time of the study To ensure privacy, names and Facebook accounts were kept anonymous Prior to data analysis, the research purpose was clearly communicated to all participants, and permission was obtained via Facebook's messaging service.
Data corpus description
This study primarily utilizes participants' Facebook timelines, focusing on their status updates where they share information While these updates allow for user interaction through replies and comments, the research specifically analyzes the comments related to the participants' code-switched statuses.
Between January 1st and July 31st, 2015, ten informants generated 316 code-switched statuses and 134 related comments Notably, many statuses lacked switched comments, while some were accompanied by multiple switched comments Additionally, several statuses did not feature code-switching but were followed by switched comments Consequently, only the code-switched statuses and their corresponding comments were considered, resulting in 316 grouped entries in the corpus The diverse topics of each entry reflected the varied careers, genders, and interests of the participants.
These 316 entries contain 1033 instances of code-switching which include 134 inter-sentential, 32 extra-sentential and 867 intra-sentential code-switches
This study aims to explore the nature of code-switching among individuals in the author's friends list, utilizing a descriptive qualitative methodology Conducted through participant observation and unstructured interviews, along with a self-report form, the research employs these two instruments to gather data The insights obtained from the interviews will be meticulously recorded and analyzed, serving as a foundation for recommendations aimed at enhancing the quality of the material.
Producing reliable data for sociolinguistic studies is challenging due to the sensitivity of linguistic behavior to context Collecting data that accurately reflects natural bilingual performance, particularly regarding socially stigmatized phenomena like code-switching, is difficult In this study, status updates and comments from Vietnamese-English bilingual speakers were analyzed, with code-switching occurring naturally Importantly, the subjects were unaware that their linguistic behavior would be examined, ensuring that the data collected was neither prompted nor elicited.
The author groups statuses and comments as similar forms of written interaction among bilingual individuals on social networks Notably, these informal texts primarily aim to communicate or exchange ideas rather than serve as narrative passages.
The names of ten participants were coded into letters from A to J to guarantee the confidentiality of their identities and personal information
Examples from the transcripts were used for the discussion of results, each of which was followed by an English translation while switched words and phrases were indicated with underlining
To address the first research question, instances of code-switching were classified into three categories based on Poplack's (1980) framework: inter-sentential switching, extra-sentential switching (tag switching), and intra-sentential switching Each switch was analyzed for its syntactic function within the utterance, and a detailed breakdown of switching types and word classes was compiled Specifically, intra-sentential codes were identified, recorded, and categorized into various grammatical classes such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, as well as phrases like noun phrases, verb phrases, adverbial phrases, prepositional phrases, and sentences Notably, nouns within noun phrases were not counted separately; for instance, in the example “Meat lovers đi ăn chay,” the terms "meat" and "lovers" were considered a single noun phrase This method was consistently applied across all categories, and the frequency of each switching pattern was calculated to determine the most prevalent phenomenon.
So as to answer the second research question, an informal interview to each participant was carried out in form of a short chat through Facebook‟s message tool
In this study, participants were informed about the research and consented to the use of their Facebook statuses and comments for analysis They were initially asked to share their reasons for code-switching on the platform Following this, they received a list of ten coded reasons from Malik to identify which applied to them Each participant was then provided with a self-report form containing their code-switched statuses and comments, where instances of code-switching were clearly highlighted and numbered Participants were instructed to indicate their reasons for each instance by selecting from Malik's list or providing their own rationale.
The study hypothesized that respondents would provide varied reasons for their code-switching based on different contexts, leading to the use of a self-report form that encouraged participants to reflect on specific instances of code-switching To facilitate data analysis, the form included potential reasons for code-switching as outlined by Malik (1994), while also allowing respondents to suggest additional reasons not listed The main section of the self-report form featured two columns: the first highlighted instances of code-switching, formatted for clarity, and the second titled "Reasons for code-switching," where participants could mark their responses from a set of ten options Additionally, an "other reasons" column was provided for participants to specify any alternative motivations they might have.
The self-report form is provided in Appendix A
Instances of code-switching were calculated according to the reasons for which they were uttered and subsequently presented in tables in descending percentage order
The qualitative data collected from interviews was synthesized and summarized in alignment with the research aims and questions Observational data was quantified and converted into numerical formats, with responses to close-ended questions displayed through pie and bar charts Meanwhile, the answers to open-ended questions were summarized according to the research objectives Overall, the qualitative insights from interviews and self-report forms were cohesively integrated to reflect the research aims.
In this stage, the researcher analyzed her Facebook friend list to categorize contacts based on formal qualifications and careers, specifically focusing on individuals with English proficiency certifications or those who have studied abroad or work with foreigners Utilizing her relationships with former classmates, schoolmates, students, relatives, and colleagues, she identified suitable subjects for her study The researcher then reviewed the subjects' profiles to assess their frequency of code-switching in posts and comments, a crucial and time-consuming step Ultimately, she compiled a final list of potential subjects for her research.
The study involved daily observation of participants' Facebook pages, where all instances of code-switching in statuses and comments were meticulously recorded over a seven-month period After obtaining permission from the participants, the author documented these code-switched interactions, highlighting and numbering each instance sequentially The collected transcripts were subsequently transferred to self-report forms for analysis.
The researcher organized each status and its associated comments into individual entries, focusing on instances of code-switching between English and Vietnamese To gather insights, unstructured interviews and self-report forms were conducted via private messaging on Facebook The primary objective was to explore the reasons behind participants' code-switching behavior on Facebook, both in general and for each specific instance recorded.
After that, with the collected findings, the researcher analyzed and synthesized all the data to find out the answer for the research questions
The recorded data was analyzed to examine the code-switching phenomena on Facebook among participants To facilitate the analysis process, all observed language phenomena were categorized The findings were then presented in charts, tables, and diagrams.
Qualitative data was gathered to address the research questions regarding code-switching in online written discourse The analysis focused on the common types of code-switching and the purposes they serve Each discussed example included an English translation, with switched words, phrases, or sentences underlined for clarity.
This chapter outlines the methods used for data collection and analysis, employing both qualitative and quantitative approaches to address the research questions Specifically, all status updates and comments on the subjects' walls were systematically recorded and analyzed to identify instances of code-switching, categorized according to Poplack's theory (1980) This qualitative analysis focused on uncovering the types of Vietnamese-English code-switching present in the written language of Facebook users within the author's friend list, addressing the first and second research questions.
Methods of data analysis
The qualitative data collected from interviews was synthesized and summarized in alignment with the research objectives outlined in the research questions Additionally, observational data was quantified and converted into numerical formats Responses to close-ended questions were analyzed and visually represented through pie charts and bar charts, while open-ended question responses were summarized according to the research questions Overall, the qualitative insights from interviews and self-report forms were integrated and summarized to meet the research aims.
Procedure
In this stage of the research, the investigator analyzed her Facebook friend list to categorize contacts based on formal qualifications and career backgrounds The focus was on individuals with English proficiency certifications, those who studied abroad, or who work with foreigners Leveraging her existing relationships, primarily with former classmates, schoolmates, students, relatives, and colleagues, she identified suitable subjects for the study The researcher then examined each subject's profile to assess their engagement in code-switching through posts and comments, a crucial and time-intensive step Ultimately, a refined list of potential subjects was compiled for further analysis.
The study involved a daily observation of participants' Facebook pages, where all instances of code-switching in statuses and comments were meticulously recorded and organized into separate document files for each participant After obtaining consent from the participants to analyze their social media activity, the researcher documented all code-switched content over a seven-month period Each instance of code-switching was highlighted and sequentially numbered in the transcripts, which were subsequently transferred to self-report forms for further analysis.
The researcher grouped each status with its associated comments and analyzed instances of code-switching between English and Vietnamese To gain deeper insights, unstructured interviews and self-report forms were conducted via private messaging on Facebook, focusing on participants' motivations for code-switching both generally and in specific cases.
After that, with the collected findings, the researcher analyzed and synthesized all the data to find out the answer for the research questions
The recorded data was analyzed to explore the phenomenon of code-switching among Facebook participants To facilitate the analysis, all observed language phenomena were categorized systematically The findings were then presented in the form of charts, tables, and diagrams.
Qualitative data was gathered to address the research questions regarding code-switching in online written discourse The analysis focused on the prevalent types of code-switching and their purposes Each example discussed included an English translation, with switched words, phrases, or sentences clearly underlined for emphasis.
Recapitulation
This chapter outlines the methodology for data collection and analysis, utilizing both qualitative and quantitative approaches to address the research questions Status updates and comments on subjects' walls were meticulously recorded and analyzed to identify instances of code-switching, which were categorized according to Poplack's theory (1980) This qualitative analysis specifically targeted the first and second research questions, focusing on the types of Vietnamese-English code-switching observed in the written language of Facebook users within the author's friend list.
Short interviews will be conducted, followed by self-report forms to gather participants' reflections on their reasons for code-switching The collected data will be analyzed and categorized Using a quantitative approach at this stage, the researcher aims to address the final research questions regarding the motivations behind the participants' code-switching behavior.
In the following chapters, findings of the research will be provided and followed by further discussion and conclusion to the study.
FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS
Introduction
This chapter examines the nature and frequency of code-switching within the corpus, structured into five key sections Following the introduction, the second and third sections present the findings from the data analysis, addressing the two primary research questions The fourth section offers an in-depth discussion of these results, concluding with a concise summary of the chapter.
Research question 1: What are the types of code-switching found in the data
4.2.1 Classification of detected instances of code-switching according to Poplack’s (1980) typology
This study identifies 1,033 instances of code-switching within the corpus, categorized into three distinct types based on Poplack's (1980) typology: extra-sentential code-switching (tag switching), inter-sentential code-switching, and intra-sentential code-switching, as illustrated in Table 1.
The pie chart illustrates that intra-sentential code-switching comprises about 80% of all code-switching instances, supporting the widely held belief that only highly proficient bilinguals engage in switching within sentences.
2008, p 46) In the second place, inter-sentential code switching takes up 13% of the detected cases The least common type of switching comes to extra-sentential, with only 3%
4.2.2 Estimation of instances of intra-sentential code-switching by syntactic category
Table 2 displays the distribution of the syntactic category of the intra-sentential tokens of code-switching
Table 2 Break down of intra-sentential code-switching by syntactic category
Table 2 reveals that nouns are the most common syntactic category for intra-sentential code-switches, comprising 46.1% of the total This aligns with findings from previous research, such as Poplack's (1980) study on Spanish-English code-switching, which indicates that single nouns are more frequently switched than other word classes Additionally, when combined, switched nouns and noun phrases represent nearly 62% of all code-switches in this study.
In the analysis of code-switching, verbs account for 15.8% of total switches, accompanied by 4% from verb phrases and 1.5% from phrasal verbs Additionally, switched adjectives represent 7.6% of the instances, while adverbs contribute nearly 2.3%.
Prepositions and prepositional phrases constitute a mere 1.1% of the total, while other word classes, including interjections and exceptional cases, collectively represent 5.8%, totaling fifty out of eight hundred sixty-seven intra-sentential switched tokens These figures are detailed in the table below, categorized under the group labeled "Others."
Other word classes Number of cases Percentage
Table 3 Break down of other word classes
Table 3 reveals that sentences account for 1.6% of the data, while both interjections and rule violations share a frequency of 1.2% Additionally, Vietnamese transcriptions and special cases occur at a similar rate of 0.9%.
Example for rules violated cases:
Informant G (Feb 21 st , 2015): Đợt này bận quá, việc nhiều khiến ai cũng stress
(G: Such busy time, too much work makes everyone stressed)
In the example above, the word stress should have been an adjective – stressed
This study examines instances of rule violations, specifically the incorrect use of word forms, such as employing a noun in place of an adjective or verb This phenomenon is prevalent in Vietnamese, where adjectival meanings are often conveyed through nouns or verbs (Dixon, 1997).
Example for Vietnamese transcribed cases:
Informant D (March 20, 2015): “Sau rất nhiều lần phải tuyển dụng, mình có 1 số còm men vu vơ sau.”
(D: After a lot of recruitment, I have some following comments )
In this example, the original word “comment” changed itself to look like Vietnamese and was added tones so that it has the same pronunciation with English
Informant H (April 12, 2015): “U made my thứ7 night”
In a unique instance of bilingual communication, the informant switched from English to Vietnamese, contrasting the typical trend among English-Vietnamese speakers who usually code-switch from Vietnamese to English This reversal highlights the flexibility and adaptability of bilingual language use.
Besides, special cases include instances where To-infinitive plays a role of a subject and a code-switched qualifier as in the following examples:
I often embrace enjoyment and appreciate receiving gifts without any complaints As I believe in the importance of sharing and being shared, it brings peace to life.
(E: To share and to be shared makes life peaceful.)
This study on code-switching reveals a broader range of syntactic categories beyond the typical focus on nouns, verbs, and adjectives, highlighting the diverse ways individuals express themselves on social networks.
4.2.3 Description of intra-sentential code-switching by syntactic category
It should be noted here that the examples given below are extracted from the recorded status updates and comments; therefore they will serve as examples only
In the analysis of switched nouns and noun phrases, all proper names, locations, streets, and buildings are omitted Table 3 clearly indicates that the frequency of code-switching to English nouns and noun phrases exceeds 60 percent of the total switches, making it the most prevalent syntactic category.
The majority of switched nouns and noun phrases pertain to participants' interests and careers, with informants discussing varied topics such as self-identity, food, shopping, cosmetics, work, socializing, and pregnancy Despite these differences, there is a commonality in the social network terminology used The identified switched nouns and noun phrases can be categorized into similar semantic groups, as outlined in the accompanying table.
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Discussion
This chapter highlights that intra-sentential code-switching is the most prevalent form of switching, likely favored by proficient bilinguals (Poplack 1980, Grosjean 1982, Holmes 2008) The analysis reveals that single words, such as nouns, verbs, and adjectives, make up the majority of these switches, as they exist in both languages and are seen as "categorical equivalents" (Muysken 1991, 1995) Additionally, the similarity in word order between the two languages facilitates switches at points where their structures align, consistent with Poplack's (1980) "equivalence constraint."
This chapter revealed that various syntactic word classes switch at different rates, with noun switches being the most prevalent, followed by verbs and adjectives This finding aligns with Poplack's (1980) study.
The analysis of data on code-switching reveals that habitual expression and the intent to amplify or emphasize a point are key factors driving this behavior among informants Long-term exposure to English and frequent use of specialized terms have led to instances of code-switching due to a lack of facility with certain registers Additionally, reasons such as quoting, saving time, and showcasing knowledge were noted but not included in the primary list of motivations for code-switching.
“to reduce old-fashioned romantic” and “company laptop usage”
In the next chapter, a brief summary of what has been done in this research papers will be presented, followed by limitations of the study and suggestions for further studies.
CONCLUSION
Recapitulation
This thesis explores the phenomenon of code-switching in the status updates and comments of ten selected bilinguals from the author's Facebook friend list It serves as an initial study, highlighting the limited research on code-switching on Facebook in Vietnam, where existing findings vary significantly.
This study aims to identify the types of code-switching utilized in the status updates and comments of ten bilingual individuals from the author's Facebook friend list, based on Poplack's (1980) typology Additionally, it seeks to explore the reasons behind code-switching, both in a general context and specifically within the analyzed data.
Chapter two of this study reviews literature pertinent to the investigation of code and code-switching, comparing it with code-mixing It outlines key linguistic constraints on code-switching, including the equivalence constraint, free morpheme constraint, and size-of-constituent constraint, as established by Poplack (1980) The chapter also explores typologies of code-switching proposed by Poplack, Muysken, and Bloom and Gumperz, ultimately adopting Poplack's typology as the theoretical framework, which categorizes code-switching into extra-sentential, inter-sentential, and intra-sentential types Additionally, it considers various reasons for code-switching, specifically incorporating ten reasons proposed by Malik (1994) as the theoretical framework for this study.
The study utilized both qualitative and quantitative methodologies to address the research questions Initially, all status updates and comments featuring instances of code-switching on participants' Facebook walls were documented and analyzed These instances were categorized according to Poplack's theory (1980) This qualitative approach facilitated the exploration of the types of Vietnamese-English code-switching present in the written language of Facebook users within the author's friend list, specifically addressing the first and second research questions.
Short interviews conducted via Facebook Messenger aimed to gather participants' insights on the factors influencing their code-switching The collected data was subsequently analyzed and categorized Utilizing a quantitative approach at this stage, the researcher aimed to address the final research questions regarding the motivations behind the participants' code-switching behavior.
The study reveals that about 84% of code-switching instances are intra-sentential, with inter-sentential at nearly 13% and extra-sentential being the least common The primary reason for participants' code-switching is habitual expression, followed by a lack of register and the need to emphasize a point Additionally, new motivations for code-switching on Facebook were identified, including quoting, saving time, showcasing, reducing old-fashioned romantic expressions, and using a company laptop.
Limitations of the study
Despite considerable devotion of time and efforts, the study cannot avoid some shortcomings which can be noted as follow
The study's primary limitation is the small sample size, consisting of only ten individuals chosen subjectively from the author's friend list based on their educational background, qualifications, and experience in English-speaking environments Consequently, the findings may not be representative of the broader population of English-Vietnamese bilinguals on Facebook.
Another drawback is that the findings of this paper may not be used to represent other Facebook users except from this group of participants
This study focuses on the types and reasons for code-switching in social media statuses and comments from a sociolinguistic perspective, highlighting the need for further examination of the existing literature on this topic.
Suggestions for further studies
Other researchers who also delve into the English language on Facebook may further look into the issue from different angles
Researchers can explore various participant groups, such as celebrities, English majors, and teenagers, if time allows.
In addition, apart from status and comment, a further study can be extended to other applications on Facebook such as message, note or chat room
Last but not least, other researchers may concern other fields of linguistics like semantics and pragmatics in order to have a deeper insight into English language used on Facebook
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18 Kim, E (2006) Reasons and Motivations for Code-mixing and Code- switching EFL, IV (1), 43-61
19 Knestrict, T & Schoensteadt L (2005) Teaching social register and code switching in the classroom Journal of Children & Poverty, 11 (2), 177-185
20 Leung, C (2006).Codeswitching in print advertisements in Hong Kong and
Sweden MA Thesis,Lunds Universitet, Linguistics and Phonetics
21 Malik, L (1994) Socio-linguistics: A study of code-switching New Delhi, ND:
22 Muysken, P (2000) Bilingual speech: A typology of code-mixing Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
23 Montes-Alcalá, Cecilia 2005 “Dear Amigo”: Exploring Code-switching in Personal letters In Selected Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics, ed Lotfi Sayahi and Maurice Westmoreland,102-108 Somerville, MA: Cascadilla proceedings Project
24 Nerghes, A (2011).The Impact of Code-Switching on Persuasion: An
Elaboration likelihood Perspective Wageningen University.25 McCoy, William (2006) Helping students find a voice, by giving them the words California English, p 24-25
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27 Plaff, C (1979) Constraints on language mixing: intrasentential code-switching and borrowing in Spanish-English Language 55, p 291 – 318
28 Poplack, S (1980) Sometimes I‟ll start a sentence in Spanish y termino en espanol: toward a typology of code-switching Linguistics 18, p 581- 618
29 Swann, J., & Sinka, I (2007) Style Shifting, Codeswitching In D Graddol, D Leith, J Swann,M Rhys, & J Gillen (Eds.),Changing English (p 242) Abingdon: Routledge
30 Thao, L.H (2012) Vietnamese – English code-switching in conversations among Vietnamese EFL teachers: a case study Unpublished master‟s thesis
University of Languages and International Studies, Vietnam National University, Vietnam
31 Linh, N.T (2013) An investigation into the English language used on Facebook social network by Vietnamese learners of English Unpublished master‟s thesis
University of Languages and International Studies, Vietnam National University, Vietnam
Duong Thi Hong Tham, an English teacher at Vietnam University of Commerce, is currently working on her MA thesis titled “An Investigation into Code Switching on Facebook Social Network by English-Vietnamese Bilingual Users in the Author’s Friend List from a Socio-Linguistic Approach.”
We value your insights and invite you to complete this self-report, which is crucial for our research Rest assured, all collected data will remain confidential and will only be used for this study Your honest responses are essential for the success of our investigation, so please share your thoughts and reasons candidly Thank you for your cooperation!
Here is a rewritten version of your article that maintains the original meaning while adhering to SEO best practices:Explore the list of code-switched statuses and comments shared on your Facebook page According to Malik (1994), there are ten reasons participants may refer to Please select the most relevant option by ticking the box or feel free to provide your own reason if applicable.
1 Lack of facility 2 Lack of registral competence 3 Mood of the speaker 4 To amplify and emphasize a point 5.Habitual expressions
6 Semantic significance 7 To show identity with a group 8 To address different audience 9 Pragmatic reasons 10 To attract attention
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