(LUẬN VĂN THẠC SĨ) Vocabulary checking technique as a way of improving 10th graders'''' vocabulary retension

Rationale

Vocabulary plays a vital role in connecting the four essential language skills: listening, speaking, reading, and writing, facilitating smooth communication As highlighted by Hatch (1983), when communication is our primary objective and our knowledge of a new language is limited, vocabulary becomes essential, enabling basic interactions and understanding.

Many students possess a solid understanding of grammar but struggle to express themselves effectively due to vocabulary deficiencies Consequently, vocabulary acquisition has become a critical focus in language learning, with increasing interest from specialists in recent years Experts advocate for a systematic and principled approach to vocabulary instruction by both educators and learners (Decarrico, 2001; Nation, 1994) A key challenge in vocabulary education is enhancing students' retention of newly learned words.

Many Vietnamese students struggle to retain English vocabulary learned in previous lessons Simply noting down long lists of words from reading texts, listening exercises, or grammar sections proves ineffective without effective learning strategies Consequently, most of the vocabulary acquired is quickly forgotten, leading to challenges in both oral and written communication.

Effective communication relies on proper preparation and vocabulary acquisition Despite limited empirical evidence regarding the impact of meaningful practice on vocabulary retention, this article explores whether vocabulary checking techniques enhance students' retention during the teaching and learning process.

Retention refers to the ability to recall or recognize learned information, particularly in the context of vocabulary For this study, vocabulary retention is defined as the storage of words in memory, making them accessible for use in online communication Essentially, it encompasses the capability to remember and utilize vocabulary that has been previously encountered or learned.

The vocabulary checking technique is an effective method for enhancing vocabulary retention among 10th graders By implementing this strategy, students can significantly improve their understanding and recall of new words This approach not only aids in expanding their vocabulary but also fosters better reading comprehension and communication skills Regular practice of vocabulary checking can lead to long-term retention, making it a valuable tool in language education for high school students.

Driven by the goal of enhancing vocabulary retention and communicative skills among 10th-grade students through relevant checking techniques, this article explores the integration of vocabulary acquisition within the Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) approach The aim is to establish a classroom context that fosters the development of communicative competence.

The Vocabulary Checking Technique significantly enhances vocabulary retention among 10th graders, making it a valuable tool for both learning and teaching English vocabulary By systematically assessing and reinforcing word knowledge, this method fosters deeper understanding and long-term memory retention Implementing this technique in the classroom can lead to improved language skills and greater confidence in using new vocabulary Educators are encouraged to adopt this approach to support students in mastering essential English terms effectively.

Aims of the study

This thesis has been carried out to implement these following purposes:

This study aims to investigate the impact of two distinct vocabulary-checking methods by comparing outcomes in a control class and an experimental class By analyzing the effectiveness of each approach, we seek to determine which method enhances vocabulary acquisition more significantly.

Secondly, this minor thesis was born not beyond the wish to improve 10 th Graders’ vocabulary retention through different activities to check vocabulary

Last but not last, my study also hopes to help learners, especially 10 th learners, to find the most effective ways to remember and develop their vocabulary

In the brief, these aims are two answer the following research question: “Is there any significant relationship between the diffident vocabulary checking techniques and learners’ vocabulary retention?”

The study employed two distinct methods for vocabulary retention: the traditional approach, used in the control class, involved students writing vocabulary words from memory on the blackboard, while the experimental class utilized diverse vocabulary checking techniques selected by the teacher to enhance consolidation and retention of the words.

Under this research, the following one-tailed hypothesis was made, using t-test of the null hypothesis

The means for the experimental group is significantly higher than that for the control group

The vocabulary checking technique is an effective method for enhancing vocabulary retention among 10th graders By implementing this strategy, educators can significantly improve students' understanding and recall of new words Regular practice of vocabulary checking not only reinforces learning but also fosters greater engagement with the material This approach encourages students to take an active role in their vocabulary development, ultimately leading to better academic performance.

This thesis examines vocabulary checking techniques to enhance vocabulary retention among 10th graders, emphasizing their importance in effective communication, which is a primary objective of contemporary English education.

Besides that, that English vocabulary is the building blocks of English teaching and learning process

The study focuses specifically on teaching and learning vocabulary among 10th-grade students at Ha Hay Tap High School in Nghe An.

To address the research questions outlined in the study's aims, the researcher selected a quantitative research methodology This approach was particularly suitable for investigating the relationship between vocabulary checking techniques and learners' vocabulary retention By utilizing an experimental design, the study effectively tested the hypothesis regarding the impact of specific treatments on vocabulary retention measures.

Secondly, quantitative was an essential method to find the answer to the research question as it can seek the answer to the question through experimentation and appropriate statically analyses

The use of a quantitative approach is appropriate for this study, as the researcher aims to address the research question through experimental exploration, utilizing the "t-test" as an effective statistical tool.

The researcher utilized a quasi-experimental method to address specific questions and test particular hypotheses, demonstrating its effectiveness and suitability for this study.

To collect data on learners’ knowledge of vocabulary, a vocabulary test was produced at the end of experimental process

The vocabulary checking technique is an effective method for enhancing vocabulary retention among 10th graders By incorporating this strategy into their learning process, students can significantly improve their understanding and recall of new words This technique not only aids in memorization but also fosters a deeper connection to the language, ultimately leading to better academic performance Implementing regular vocabulary checks can create a more engaging learning environment, encouraging students to actively participate in their language development.

To prove how effective vocabulary checking techniques were applied in the experimental process, the researcher gave a wide range of activities for 4 units (from unit 11 to unit 14) at the Appendix 2

The researcher employed the "t-test" as an effective statistical tool to ensure that the differences observed between the two groups are a result of the treatment rather than occurring by chance.

The thesis is composed of three parts: part A is the introduction which presents the justification, aim as well as the scope and methods of the study

Part B of the study is structured into three chapters: Chapter 1 presents a literature review that defines vocabulary, outlines key principles in vocabulary teaching, identifies factors influencing vocabulary retention, and discusses the use of communicative activities for vocabulary assessment Chapter 2 focuses on the study's participants, the research instruments, and the procedures used for data collection Chapter 3 provides a comprehensive analysis of the pre-test and post-test data, discussing the findings derived from this analysis Finally, Part C concludes the study by summarizing the experimental results, offering suggestions for English teachers at Ha Huy Tap High School, and addressing the study's limitations while proposing recommendations for future research.

The vocabulary checking technique is an effective method for enhancing vocabulary retention among 10th graders By implementing this strategy, educators can significantly improve students' ability to remember and utilize new words This technique not only aids in reinforcing vocabulary but also promotes active engagement in the learning process As a result, students become more confident in their language skills, ultimately leading to better academic performance.

1.1 The importance of vocabulary in second language and teaching

To effectively progress in foreign language learning, learners must acquire a substantial vocabulary, as highlighted by McCarthy (1990), who asserts that vocabulary is the most significant component of any language course While some educators may prioritize communication methods over vocabulary, the ability to communicate effectively is heavily reliant on one’s vocabulary size Words serve as essential tools for expressing ideas, feelings, and understanding the world, enabling communication from concrete concepts to abstract thoughts.

Research by Nation and Coady (1997), Nassaji (2003), and Alexander (2000) underscores the critical importance of vocabulary in language proficiency Alexander emphasizes in "Understanding Vocabulary" that comprehension enhances when individuals grasp word meanings, asserting that "words are the currency of communication." A strong vocabulary is essential for effective listening, speaking, reading, and writing Consequently, integrating vocabulary instruction into the curriculum is vital, with a focus on structured and consistent teaching methods to enrich students' language skills.

In everyday discussions, we often refer to vocabulary in the singular form, as in a person's vocabulary, but this is an oversimplification According to the American Heritage Dictionary, vocabulary encompasses the totality of words that a specific individual or group uses, understands, or has at their disposal.

Method of the study

To address the research questions outlined in the study's aims, a quantitative research methodology was selected This approach was deemed suitable for exploring the relationship between vocabulary checking techniques and learners' vocabulary retention By employing an experimental design, the study effectively tested the hypothesis regarding the impact of various treatments on vocabulary retention measures.

Secondly, quantitative was an essential method to find the answer to the research question as it can seek the answer to the question through experimentation and appropriate statically analyses

The suitability of a quantitative approach for this study is evident, as the researcher aims to answer the research question through experimentation and utilizes the "t-test" as a valuable statistical tool.

The researcher utilized a quasi-experimental method to address specific questions by rejecting certain hypotheses, demonstrating its effectiveness in this study.

To collect data on learners’ knowledge of vocabulary, a vocabulary test was produced at the end of experimental process

The vocabulary checking technique is an effective method for enhancing vocabulary retention among 10th graders By systematically assessing students' understanding of new words, educators can identify gaps in knowledge and reinforce learning This technique not only boosts retention but also encourages active engagement with vocabulary, leading to improved language skills Implementing vocabulary checking in the classroom can significantly contribute to students' overall academic success.

To prove how effective vocabulary checking techniques were applied in the experimental process, the researcher gave a wide range of activities for 4 units (from unit 11 to unit 14) at the Appendix 2

In the study, the researcher employed the t-test as a valuable statistical tool to ensure that the observed differences between the two groups were a result of the treatment rather than occurring by chance.

Design of the study

The thesis is composed of three parts: part A is the introduction which presents the justification, aim as well as the scope and methods of the study

Part B of the study is structured into three chapters: Chapter 1 presents a literature review that defines vocabulary, outlines key principles in vocabulary teaching, examines factors influencing vocabulary retention, and discusses vocabulary assessment through communicative activities Chapter 2 focuses on the study's participants, the instruments used, and the research procedures implemented Chapter 3 provides a comprehensive analysis of the data from pre-tests and post-tests, discussing the findings derived from the collected data Finally, Part C concludes the study by summarizing the experimental results, offering suggestions for English teachers at Ha Huy Tap High School, and addressing the study's limitations along with recommendations for future research.

The vocabulary checking technique is an effective method for enhancing vocabulary retention among 10th graders By implementing this technique, students can significantly improve their understanding and recall of new words Regular practice of vocabulary checking not only reinforces learning but also boosts students' confidence in using new vocabulary in their writing and speaking This approach is essential for educators aiming to foster a strong vocabulary foundation in their students, ultimately leading to better academic performance.

LITERATURE

Notions of vocabulary

When discussing vocabulary, we often refer to it in the singular, attributing it to an individual However, this perspective is an oversimplification According to the American Heritage Dictionary, vocabulary encompasses the totality of words that a person or group uses, understands, or can command.

The vocabulary checking technique is an effective method for enhancing vocabulary retention among 10th graders By implementing this technique, students can significantly improve their understanding and recall of new words This approach not only aids in vocabulary acquisition but also fosters a deeper engagement with the language, leading to better academic performance Regular practice of vocabulary checking can help students build a robust lexicon, which is essential for their future educational endeavors.

According to Michael Lewis (1993:89), Vocabulary " may be individual words, or full sentences - institutionalized utterances - that convey fixed social or pragmatic meaning within a given community"

The concept of vocabulary extends beyond just a collection of individual words with fixed meanings; it encompasses both single words and the combinations of words stored in our mental lexicons Vocabulary includes not only simple words but also complex and compound words, representing the meaningful units of language essential for effective communication.

In this paper, we use the terms vocabulary and lexis interchangeably to encompass a range of linguistic elements, including individual words (e.g., table, book), multi-word expressions (e.g., by the way, upside down), collocations (e.g., terrible accident, sense of humor), institutionalized phrases (e.g., I'll get it; My name is ), sentence frames (e.g., That is not as as you think), and text structures (e.g., In this thesis we introduce ) This comprehensive approach emphasizes that effective vocabulary learning should involve understanding and utilizing these various forms of expression.

"chunks" that are longer than individual words In other words, the study uses Penny Ur'

Classifications of vocabulary

There have been different ways of classifying vocabulary according to different criteria Below are the most common ways of all:

1.1.2.1 According to the concept of morpheme

Base on this criterion, McCarthy divides words into three kinds (1990:5):

* Simple word: A simple word is one that consists of only a root morpheme, which can not be further subdivided such as "read", "make"

* Compound word: Compound words are items that consist of more than one root but have a single identity in that they name a single thing or concept such as "handsome" and

* Derived word: A derived word is one that consists of a root and one or more derivational morphemes such as "trainer" and "learner"

The vocabulary checking technique is an effective method for enhancing vocabulary retention among 10th graders By implementing this strategy, students can significantly improve their understanding and recall of new words Regular practice with vocabulary checks not only reinforces learning but also boosts confidence in language use This technique encourages active engagement with the material, making it easier for students to integrate new vocabulary into their everyday communication Ultimately, adopting vocabulary checking can lead to a marked improvement in students' overall language skills.

There are two main kinds of meanings in a word, lexical meaning and grammatical meaning Vocabulary, therefore, can be divided into notional words and functional words (Read, 2000: 18)

Notional words are those with distinct lexical meanings, representing objects, actions, and qualities These words carry inherent meaning and constitute a significant portion of an individual's vocabulary.

Functional words are essential components of language that derive their meaning from their relationship with other words in a sentence These include particles, articles, prepositions, auxiliaries, and conjunctions, which work together to create coherent and meaningful expressions.

1.1.2.3 According to the function of vocabulary items in a sentence

English vocabulary can be categorized into various parts of speech, including nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, and pronouns Each part of speech has a specific function and position within a sentence, adhering to grammatical rules and interacting with other elements.

1.1.2.4 According to the use of word

Teachers cannot dedicate equal time and attention to every new vocabulary term, as certain words hold more significance for students than others According to Adrian Doff's classification (1988), vocabulary can be categorized into two distinct types.

Active vocabulary refers to the words that students have learned and are expected to use in their communication To effectively teach active vocabulary, it is beneficial to provide examples and engage students with questions, allowing them to understand the practical application of each word.

* Passive vocabulary: They are words which are used especially in the texts to create necessary understandable contexts for the learning of active words.

Main principles in Vocabulary Teaching

This section explores the key factors that impact a teacher's selection and organization of vocabulary for the classroom, as well as the significant role that learners play in this process.

The vocabulary checking technique is an effective method for enhancing vocabulary retention among 10th graders To optimize vocabulary selection, it is essential to understand the sources from which vocabulary is chosen By implementing this technique, educators can significantly improve students' language skills and comprehension, ultimately leading to better academic performance.

1.2.2 Source of vocabulary and information about vocabulary

According to Ruth Grairs and Stuart Redman (1999: 54) vocabulary reach the classroom from following four main sources:

The textbook encompasses written and spoken texts, activities for presenting and practicing grammatical structures, and testing exercises Additionally, instructions for classroom activities can serve as a valuable source of new vocabulary.

Supplementary materials are resources not specifically created for vocabulary development, nor are they typically provided by educational institutions or chosen by teachers These materials can encompass a variety of formats, including texts, drills, narratives, role-plays, exercises, and videos, enhancing the learning experience.

* The students: A wide range of unanticipated and unpredictable items will inevitably surface from student enquiries, queries, and errors

* Specific vocabulary activities designed by the teacher for his particular group of students.

Factors affecting the retention of vocabulary

The retention of vocabulary is may be affected by some factors as followed:

Learning and memory are interrelated processes, with learning referring to the initial acquisition of information and memory focusing on its later storage and retrieval Effective retrieval of information is only possible if it has been properly learned Grairns (1999) emphasizes the importance of understanding how information is stored and why certain details are retained while others are forgotten, which is crucial for educators This knowledge can guide language teachers in developing classroom strategies that enhance the learning and retention of new language concepts.

The vocabulary checking technique is an effective method for enhancing vocabulary retention among 10th graders By actively engaging students in the process of vocabulary assessment, educators can significantly improve their understanding and memory of new words This technique encourages regular practice and reinforces learning, ultimately leading to better academic performance Implementing vocabulary checking in the classroom can foster a deeper connection to language, making it a valuable tool for educators aiming to support their students' linguistic development.

Clearly, understanding how our memory works might help us create more effective ways to teach vocabulary So, it is necessary to have some insights into this process

1.3.1 Theoretical aspects of Memory 1.3.1.1 Types of memory

According to Baddeley (1990) "Retention as a function of the number of repetition."

Short-term memory (STM) is the cognitive function that enables individuals to retain information for a limited duration According to Ruth Gairns and Stuart Redman (1999), the capacity of STM is restricted, highlighting its inherent limitations.

Unlike short-term memory, which is limited in capacity, " Long term memory (LTM) is seemingly inexhaustible and can accommodate any amount of new information" ( Gairns, R

Experts suggest that learning new information involves initially storing it in short-term memory (STM) before transferring it to long-term memory (LTM) This process occurs unconsciously, but there are key considerations to keep in mind Notably, STM retention is limited to about seven chunks of information, indicating that educational settings should ideally focus on teaching no more than this amount at a time In contrast, LTM has the capacity to store an unlimited quantity of information.

To effectively learn a foreign language, learners must transfer all relevant information into long-term memory (LTM) The key to this transfer from short-term memory (STM) to LTM lies in connecting new information to existing knowledge stored in LTM.

1.3.1.2 Language exposure with respect to pedagogical implications

Understanding the meaning of unfamiliar vocabulary differs from retaining that meaning While learners can uncover definitions through context, auditory exposure, or group explanations, there is no assurance that they will remember the vocabulary and its meanings effectively.

Angela Joe (1996) identifies three key processes that contribute to vocabulary retention, which can be understood as a sequential progression where each subsequent step builds upon the previous ones.

Let us look at each of these in turn

The vocabulary checking technique is an effective method for enhancing vocabulary retention among 10th graders By implementing this technique, educators can significantly improve students' ability to remember and use new words This approach encourages active engagement with vocabulary, leading to better comprehension and application in various contexts Ultimately, the vocabulary checking technique serves as a valuable tool in fostering language development and academic success for high school students.

The initial stage of learning involves the crucial process of noticing, where learners become aware of specific words as valuable language components This awareness can be influenced by various factors, such as the prominence of the word in the text or discussion, prior exposure to the word, and the learners' recognition of the word's importance in addressing gaps in their language knowledge (Schmidt and Frota, 1986; Ellis).

Retrieval plays a crucial role in memory retention, as highlighted by Baddeley (1990:156) When a word is recognized and understood in context, its subsequent retrieval—whether through receptive or productive means—enhances the strength of that memory.

Receptive retrieval involved perceiving the form and having to retrieve its meaning when the word is met in listening or reading

Productive retrieval involves wishing to communicate the meaning of the word and having to retrieve its spoken or written form as in speaking or writing

The third process that facilitates word retention is known as generation or generative processing, which can be categorized into receptive and productive use Generative use occurs when a word is applied in a manner distinct from its original context, while receptive use refers to encountering the word in a new context without altering its application.

Like general learning strategies, English vocabulary learning strategies include those techniques that help learners to remember what have learnt - their storage and retention of new information

Effective language acquisition necessitates the retention of new information, including grammar, phonetics, cultural nuances, and vocabulary To enhance vocabulary retention, various effective strategies have been identified Among these, the Memory Strategies proposed by Oxford stand out as particularly beneficial for learners.

(1990) has been taken into consideration within the scope of the study In other words,

The vocabulary checking technique serves as an effective method for enhancing vocabulary retention among 10th graders By implementing this strategy, students can significantly improve their understanding and recall of new words This approach not only aids in memorization but also fosters a deeper connection with the language, ultimately leading to better academic performance Encouraging regular practice of vocabulary checking can create a more engaging learning environment and promote long-term retention of vocabulary skills.

Oxford's memory strategies that are related to vocabulary learning will be presented below as a source of reference to designing classroom based vocabulary communicative activities

Oxford's (1990) Memory strategies consist of 10 items as following:

Grouping words enhances memorization, storage, and recall by organizing them into categories This can be done mentally or in writing, based on various criteria such as class, topic, function, similarity, dissimilarity, or opposition.

* Associating/ Elaborating: New vocabulary items are easier to learn and use if they are associated to those, which are already in memory

* Placing new words into a context: New vocabulary items should be learned as active items That is, a new item should be put in a meaningful sentence, conservation, story, etc

Utilizing imagery is an effective technique for enhancing vocabulary retention, as it connects new words to existing concepts in memory through meaningful visual representations This can involve actual drawings or mental images, such as pictures of objects, visual collocations for recalling sequences of words, or even mental depictions of a word's letters By leveraging these visual cues, learners can significantly improve their ability to remember and recall vocabulary.

Using communicative activities to check vocabulary

According to purposes of activities, vocabulary communicative activities are classified by Paul Nation (1994) as follows:

1.4.1 Present new vocabulary for the first time

In the classroom, learners encounter new vocabulary through engaging activities that encourage individual, pair, or small group work, fostering self-motivation These activities typically connect new words to prior knowledge, establish contextual understanding, and utilize various clues to aid recall Additionally, they emphasize the practical application of vocabulary in goal-oriented tasks, such as problem-solving, ensuring a comprehensive learning experience.

The vocabulary checking technique is an effective method for enhancing vocabulary retention among 10th graders By systematically reviewing and reinforcing new words, students can improve their understanding and recall Implementing this technique in the classroom fosters a deeper connection with the language, ultimately leading to better academic performance Regular practice of vocabulary checking not only aids in retention but also boosts students' confidence in using new vocabulary in various contexts.

To effectively reinforce vocabulary retention, it is essential to review new words shortly after their initial encounter, followed by additional reviews within hours, days, and weeks Engaging in vocabulary activities that promote repetition helps solidify previously learned material, ensuring that learners can recall and apply new terms effectively over time.

- produce the written form of a word

- make a sentence containing the word

Learning a new word from a single encounter can be challenging due to the various aspects that need to be understood Key considerations include the word's part of speech, its range and core meanings, and the prefixes and suffixes it can accommodate Additionally, it's important to know which words it commonly collocates with, the grammatical patterns it fits into, and its specific positive and negative associations Furthermore, understanding whether the word is frequently or infrequently used also plays a crucial role in mastering its usage.

To effectively enhance vocabulary, it is essential to encounter and utilize words in diverse contexts Paul Nation emphasizes that enriching activities involve learning new information about familiar words This process can be achieved by gaining insights from instructors, exploring new meanings through different uses and collocations, and applying words in various contexts.

To enhance language skills, learners must not only expand their vocabulary but also employ strategies to manage unfamiliar words encountered in listening and reading This includes compensating for gaps in their speaking and writing vocabulary, achieving fluency with known terms, and acquiring new words independently.

It is true that the development of vocabulary learning strategies requires increasingly spaced practice over a period of time It is of use to teach a strategy that is poorly understood

The vocabulary checking technique is an effective method for enhancing vocabulary retention among 10th graders This strategy encourages students to guess meanings from context, a skill that requires consistent practice over several weeks to master By developing this ability, learners can improve their reading fluency without significant disruptions The long-term benefits of effectively using this technique justify the time invested in learning it, ultimately leading to a more robust vocabulary and better comprehension skills.

1.4.5 Develop fluency with known vocabulary

Vocabulary learning serves as a foundation for enhancing essential language skills such as listening, speaking, reading, and writing To maximize the benefits of an expanded vocabulary, learners should engage in practices that promote fluency and application of the new words they acquire.

According to Paul Nation (1994), effective fluency practice activities should align closely with the learner's existing experience and capabilities, ensuring that a significant portion of the task requirements is already familiar to them.

Learners are already familiar with the necessary vocabulary, grammatical structures, and content related to the activity, as well as the overall organization of the discourse involved.

1.4.6 Memory strategies in combination with communicative activities

Students can enhance their communication skills through various techniques Teachers can utilize individual memory strategies or a combination of several to enrich the learning experience and effectively achieve teaching objectives.

Oxford's (1990) memory strategies, particularly semantic mapping, serve as an effective framework for enhancing student engagement and vocabulary development by connecting new information to prior knowledge Additionally, the strategy of using physical responses or sensations in communicative activities allows teachers to reinforce concepts through gestures and actions For instance, teachers can use the blackboard and mimic actions while giving instructions like "Stand up," "Come here," and "Write the answers," thereby facilitating better understanding and retention among students.

The above mentioned examples seem to offer the best answer to the matter of using memory strategies in combination with communicative activities Memory strategies in

The vocabulary checking technique is an effective method for enhancing vocabulary retention among 10th graders By integrating this technique with communicative activities, students are encouraged to analyze and process vocabulary more deeply This approach not only aids in improving their understanding but also significantly boosts their ability to retain information in long-term memory (LRM).

Vocabulary checking techniques in combination with communicative activities

After introducing new vocabulary, teachers often implement activities to assess students' retention of spelling, pronunciation, and meaning These activities aim to help students effectively recall and apply vocabulary in real-life contexts However, methods like "Rub out and remember," where students attempt to memorize terms through visual recall, and "rote verbal rehearsal," which involves repetitively reciting definitions, are often ineffective Furthermore, these techniques do not align well with communicative language activities, which prioritize meaningful interaction and practical usage of vocabulary.

Here are some checking vocabulary techniques the researcher often uses in combination with communicative activities

Visual techniques, as highlighted by Zebrowska (cited in Gairn and Redman, 1999), enhance vocabulary retention through visual memory Learners are more likely to remember information presented with visual aids such as flashcards, photographs, and wall charts, which can encourage language use Additionally, communicative activities that incorporate visual aids help clarify the meaning of spoken language Teachers can effectively use gestures and the blackboard to reinforce concepts; for instance, demonstrating actions like "Stand up" or "Write the answers" through mime can further support understanding.

Vocabulary learning and checking communicative actives can be carried out by the means of verbal techniques as follows:

The vocabulary checking technique is an effective method for enhancing vocabulary retention among 10th graders Teachers utilize illustrative situations, both oral and written, to ensure students fully comprehend concepts by providing multiple contexts Additionally, the use of synonyms and definitions helps convey meaning, though it often requires simplifying explanations Definitions alone may fall short, making contextual examples essential for clarity Furthermore, contrasting words and opposites are commonly employed by students themselves, prompting inquiries like "What's the opposite?" Lastly, providing specific examples is crucial for illustrating the meanings of superordinate terms, thereby reinforcing vocabulary understanding.

Furniture categories include items such as tables, chairs, beds, and sofas, while other common categories encompass vegetables, meat, and transport Visual aids can effectively illustrate these concepts for better understanding.

Games play a vital role in language learning by encouraging engagement, entertainment, and fluency development A wide variety of word games, such as puzzles, crosswords, and picture-describing tasks, are particularly effective for practicing and reinforcing vocabulary after it has been introduced (Haycraft 1978: 50) These activities are especially beneficial for pair or group work, as they create scenarios where communication is essential Consequently, games offer a stimulating and enjoyable environment that helps students acquire the target language effortlessly.

Role-play activities, whether written or oral, are particularly effective in creating real-life scenarios within the classroom According to Ladouse (1987), when students take on a role, they engage in a safe environment that encourages creativity and playfulness This experiential learning allows students to experiment with their real-world knowledge and enhances their interpersonal interaction skills.

Furthermore, activities of this kind let students develop and practise vocabulary in combination with other language skills such as grammar and speaking, and create the

The vocabulary checking technique is an effective method for enhancing vocabulary retention among 10th graders By creating engaging learning environments, such as role-playing scenarios

In communicative activities, teachers can employ various techniques to help students retain vocabulary, depending on the chosen activity's nature For vocabulary revision, methods such as matching synonyms and antonyms, paraphrasing sentences, or substituting words with synonymous expressions can be effective Additionally, multiple-choice and gap-filling exercises encourage students to select appropriate responses, reinforcing their vocabulary Visual aids like pictures and photographs significantly aid in revision, enhancing the retention of individual words, idioms, phrases, and structures Furthermore, a wide range of word games can be beneficial for practicing and revising vocabulary after its introduction.

Summary

The upcoming chapter will outline the research methods used in the study and present vocabulary learning techniques tailored for non-major 10th graders at Ha Huy Tap High School.

The vocabulary checking technique is an effective method for enhancing vocabulary retention among 10th graders By implementing this technique, students can significantly improve their understanding and recall of new words This approach not only aids in vocabulary acquisition but also fosters a deeper engagement with the language, ultimately leading to better academic performance Utilizing vocabulary checking strategies can empower students to become more confident in their language skills, making it a valuable tool in their educational journey.

METHODOLOGY

Research question and research hypothesis

To fulfill the task of identifying and evaluating the effect of different vocabulary checking techniques on learners' vocabulary retention, the following question is to be answered relevantly:

Is there any significant relationship between the vocabulary checking techniques and learners' vocabulary retention?

Under this research question, the following one-tailed hypothesis was made, using the t-test of the null hypothesis

The mean for the experimental group is significantly higher than that for the control group?

Participants

The study involved 62 non-major students from two grade 10 classes at Ha Huy Tap High School in Vinh City, each consisting of 31 students All participants were born in 1994 and had at least four years of English education at the secondary level The researcher, who also served as the English teacher for both classes, had a comprehensive understanding of the students' English proficiency and individual characteristics, facilitating a smooth experimental process This familiarity ensured that both classes were comparable in terms of cognitive abilities and learning motivation, leading to increased student participation and confidence during class activities, which was a key factor in the arrangement of group work.

The vocabulary checking technique is an effective method for enhancing vocabulary retention among 10th graders This approach was intentionally designed to include both strong and weak learners, ensuring balanced contributions from all students during learning activities By fostering collaboration and engagement, this technique not only improves vocabulary retention but also promotes a more inclusive learning environment.

Materials

This study primarily utilizes the textbook "English 10" (2006: Educational Press), which features a theme-based compilation of 16 units and 6 review lessons Each unit is designed around a specific topic and includes five key sections: reading, speaking, listening, writing, and language focus Due to time constraints, the researcher focused on only four units, specifically units 11 to 14, for this analysis.

The course contents

This study utilized the new textbook English 10, concentrating on four key units: Unit 11 "National Parks," Unit 12 "Music," Unit 13 "Films and Cinema," and Unit 14 "The World Cup." Each unit was covered in five 45-minute sessions, with each session dedicated to a specific skill: reading, speaking, listening, or language focus The content of these units was structured to enhance the learning experience effectively.

- Writing a letter of a acceptance or refusal

- Asking and answering questions about music

- Deciding on True or False statements

The vocabulary checking technique is an effective method for enhancing vocabulary retention among 10th graders By actively engaging students in assessing their understanding of new words, this approach fosters better comprehension and long-term memory Incorporating this technique into lessons not only improves vocabulary skills but also encourages students to express their thoughts, such as discussing their favorite kinds of music, thereby making learning more relevant and enjoyable Ultimately, implementing vocabulary checking can lead to significant advancements in students' language proficiency.

- Comprehensio n questions to talk about purposes

- listening for the main idea

- Grammar and vocabulary: + Attitudinal adjectives + It is/ was not until that

- Scanning for specific information: gap-fill

- Deciding on True or False statements

- Asking and answer questions about the World Cups

- Talking about the World Cup winners

- Filling in the table Comprehension questions writing an announcement

- Grammar: + Will vs going to + will: making predictions + will: making offers

The course contents outlined in Table 2.1 highlight the integral role of vocabulary across all skills To effectively cover the necessary material, teachers should allocate 10 to 15 minutes at the start of each session for vocabulary review and introduction Consequently, the selection of which vocabulary to focus on and the choice of engaging games is crucial and must be thoughtfully planned in advance.

Procedure of data collection

The vocabulary checking technique is an effective strategy for enhancing vocabulary retention among 10th graders By implementing this method, students can significantly improve their understanding and recall of new words Regular practice of vocabulary checking not only reinforces learning but also builds confidence in language use This approach encourages active engagement with vocabulary, leading to better academic performance and communication skills Overall, utilizing vocabulary checking techniques is essential for fostering a strong vocabulary foundation in high school students.

For a collection of sufficient reliable and valid data for the study test a method of quantitative approach was fully employed

This research utilized two tests to assess changes in students' vocabulary retention when employing specific vocabulary techniques during the teaching and learning process The tests were developed based on word lists from the English 10 textbook and the content taught by the instructor across four units According to Nation (1982), most forgetting happens shortly after initial learning, indicating that repetition is most effective when it occurs soon after the first exposure.

The test was created to evaluate students' proficiency in recalling vocabulary for language production It primarily utilized vocabulary and distractors from the textbook and glossary's new lexical items The post-test was administered immediately after students completed the four units of the English 10 textbook.

2.5.1.1 The purposes of the test

The pre-test was conducted to make sure that both groups were at the same level

A progress test was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of various vocabulary checking techniques The teacher aimed to assess the students' understanding of the words from the recently studied textbook units.

The progress test included vocabulary from the four units of textbook 10 and featured five types of exercises Among these, two were objective tests designed to assess learning material divided into smaller units, each with a predetermined single correct answer (Read, 2000: 75).

The reason why objective test is chosen is that in this kind of test, "words could be treated as independent linguistic units with a meaning expressed by a synonym, a short

The vocabulary checking technique serves as an effective method for enhancing vocabulary retention among 10th graders This approach involves creating multiple-choice test items that present a word alongside four possible meanings or a matching test that features jumbled lists of words with their corresponding definitions In this study, the multiple-choice test items were designed in two formats: matching and multiple-choice Each multiple-choice item includes four options, consisting of one correct answer and three distractors, facilitating a comprehensive assessment of vocabulary understanding.

To emphasize the specific meanings and applications of target vocabulary, a "word-formation" test is implemented In this test, learners fill in blanks with the appropriate forms of given stem words, tailored to the context of each sentence.

As stress is another important component in learning vocabulary, the test also reserves a space which requires learners to put the words into the correct stress column

The final exercise involves using phonemic scripts, where learners are given the phonemic representations of ten words and must transcribe them into their full forms This activity enhances their understanding of phonetics and improves their language skills.

This study was carried out within 07 weeks of the second semester in two different classes Each class had 3 periods of English per week Class 10A1 - the control class, and class

10 A2 - the experimental class The detailed timetable for both classes was as follows:

Week Control class - 10 A1 Experimental class - 10 A2

Listening - Unit 11 Vocabulary practice (learners wrote down words on BB) Vocabulary presentation

Speaking and listening - Unit 11 Vocabulary practice (Game: Word search)

Vocabulary presentation Writing + Language Focus - Unit Writing - Unit 11

The vocabulary checking technique is an effective method for enhancing vocabulary retention among 10th graders By implementing this technique, educators can significantly improve students' understanding and usage of new words Regular practice of vocabulary checking not only aids in memorization but also boosts overall language skills This approach encourages active engagement with vocabulary, leading to better retention and application in various contexts Ultimately, utilizing vocabulary checking techniques can foster a more robust vocabulary foundation for 10th-grade students.

11 Vocabulary practice (learners wrote down words on BB) Vocabulary presentation

Vocabulary practice (Game: Matching strips)

Reading & Speaking- Unit 12 Vocabulary practice (learners wrote down words on BB) Vocabulary presentation

Speaking and listening - Unit 12 Vocabulary practice (learners wrote down words on BB) Vocabulary presentation

Speaking - Unit 12 Vocabulary practice (Game: Join the dots)

Writing - Unit 12 Vocabulary practice (learners wrote down words on BB) Vocabulary presentation

Listening& Writing - Unit 12 Vocabulary practice (Game: Bingo)

Reading 13 Vocabulary practice (learners wrote down words on BB) Vocabulary presentation

Language Focus - Unit 12 Vocabulary practice (Game: Slap the board)

Speaking - Unit 13 Vocabulary practice (learners wrote down words on BB) Vocabulary presentation

Reading & Speaking- Unit 13 Vocabulary practice (Game: Lucky numbers)

Listening& Writing - Unit 13 Vocabulary practice (learners wrote down words on BB)

Listening - Unit 13 Vocabulary practice (Game: Dominoes)

The vocabulary checking technique serves as an effective method for enhancing vocabulary retention among 10th graders By implementing this strategy, students can significantly improve their understanding and recall of new words This approach not only boosts their vocabulary skills but also supports overall academic performance Incorporating vocabulary checking into regular study routines can lead to lasting language development for high school students.

Language Focus - Unit 13 Vocabulary practice (learners wrote down words on BB) Vocabulary presentation

Writing and Language focus - Unit

13 Vocabulary practice (Game: Noughts & Crosses

Reading and Speaking - Unit 14 Vocabulary practice (learners wrote down words on BB) Vocabulary presentation

Reading - Unit 14 Vocabulary practice (Game: An all-star football team)

Listening - Unit 14 Vocabulary practice (learners wrote down words on BB) Vocabulary presentation

Speaking and listening - Unit 14 Vocabulary practice (Game:

Writing and Language focus - Unit 14

Vocabulary practice (learners wrote down words on BB)

Writing - Unit 14 Vocabulary practice (Game: Matching synonyms) Vocabulary presentation

Language Focus - Unit 14 Vocabulary practice (Game: Heavy syllables)

Table 2.2 The detailed timetable for the two groups

Both the control and experimental groups underwent standard training aligned with the teacher's book syllabus, focusing on vocabulary presentation Instruction emphasized word forms, particularly pronunciation with transcription, as well as meaning, grammar, and usage in common expressions The authors highlight the importance of lexical knowledge in learning English, incorporating a dedicated vocabulary and pronunciation section in each unit of the book.

The vocabulary checking technique significantly enhances vocabulary retention among 10th graders In an experimental group, students received explicit instruction on checking new words through engaging games such as Word Search, Dominoes, Matching Strips, Noughts and Crosses, Crossword Puzzles, Lucky Number, Scrambled Words, Join the Dots, Bingo, Matching Synonyms, Heavy Syllables, and Slap the Board Conversely, the control group began each lesson by revising new words, with students invited to write down the vocabulary they had memorized on the board This structured approach to vocabulary retention demonstrates the effectiveness of interactive learning methods compared to traditional revision techniques.

Test

To ensure the integrity of experimental research, learners were required to complete both a pre-test and a post-test, with measures in place to prevent cheating The teacher implemented strict rules, informing students that any instance of looking around or copying answers would result in a deduction of marks This policy had been enforced in prior tests, discouraging dishonest behavior Additionally, to further minimize opportunities for cheating, only two students were seated at each desk instead of the usual four, and reference materials were prohibited during the exam With a time limit of 30 minutes to answer over 30 questions, students were focused on completing their tests rather than engaging in dishonest practices These precautions were essential for ensuring the reliability of the testing process.

The vocabulary checking technique is an effective method for enhancing vocabulary retention among 10th graders By implementing this strategy, educators can significantly improve students' ability to remember and use new words This approach not only aids in vocabulary acquisition but also fosters a deeper understanding of language, ultimately benefiting students' overall academic performance Integrating vocabulary checking into the curriculum can lead to more engaged learners and better communication skills.

DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

Data analysis

3.1.1 Results of the pre-test scores of the two groups and discussion

The pre-test aimed to ensure that both classes had comparable English proficiency levels prior to the experiment Based on the test results, students were categorized into three proficiency levels: very weak, weak, and average To validate this assumption, the researcher conducted a brief comparison of the mean scores of both groups.

The vocabulary checking technique is an effective method for enhancing vocabulary retention among 10th graders This approach involves regularly assessing students' understanding of new words, which reinforces their learning and memory By incorporating vocabulary checking into the curriculum, educators can significantly improve students' language skills and confidence in using new vocabulary Ultimately, this technique supports long-term retention and application of vocabulary, leading to better academic performance in language-related subjects.

Table 3.2 Comparison of mean scores in pre-test of the two groups

Groups Number of students Mean

The data in Table 2 indicates that learners began with nearly identical scores, as the 0.1 point difference between the two means is minimal However, an analysis of score frequencies reveals valuable insights into the performance of the two groups.

Table 3.3 Pre-test score frequencies of the two groups

The vocabulary checking technique is an effective method for enhancing vocabulary retention among 10th graders By implementing this technique, educators can help students reinforce their understanding and recall of new words This approach not only boosts students' vocabulary skills but also encourages active engagement with the material Ultimately, vocabulary checking serves as a valuable tool in improving language proficiency for high school students.

The analysis revealed that both the control and experimental groups had high frequencies of students scoring marks 3 and 5, with neither group exhibiting any high-performing students A significant percentage of students underperformed, with 58.2% in the control group and 55.0% in the experimental group The majority of students in both groups scored a 5, indicating low overall English proficiency and vocabulary size Additionally, many students struggled with word retention from previous lessons.

3.1.2 Analysis of post-test results

This chapter primarily analyzes the post-test results, as the findings from this data analysis are essential for addressing the research question presented at the beginning of the paper Consequently, the post-scores of 62 test takers were collected and examined using mathematical statistical methods through a series of procedures.

- The tables of scores that students scored

- Statistics of % of students scored less from X i

- Calculate statistical parameters: X; S 2 , S, V basing on the following formulas: Mean: Variance:

Standard deviation: Coefficient of variation:

In which X i is the scores of students' i th ; N is the number of students participating in the test

3.1.2.1 Results of the post-test scores of the two groups

In week 7 of the study, a posttest was administered following the implementation of vocabulary enhancement techniques aimed at improving student retention The results of this test are detailed in the table below.

The vocabulary checking technique is an effective method for enhancing vocabulary retention among 10th graders By systematically assessing students' understanding of new words, educators can reinforce learning and improve long-term memory This approach not only aids in vocabulary acquisition but also boosts overall language proficiency, making it a valuable tool in the classroom Implementing this technique can lead to significant improvements in students' communication skills and academic performance.

Table 3.4 Post-test score of the two groups

Cases Scores Mean Deviation Squared

X- the raw score N-the number of the test - takers f - the frequency with which a score occurs

The vocabulary checking technique is an effective method for enhancing vocabulary retention among 10th graders By implementing this technique, students can significantly improve their understanding and recall of new words Regular practice of vocabulary checking not only aids in memorization but also fosters a deeper engagement with the language This approach empowers students to build a robust vocabulary, ultimately contributing to their overall academic success.

Cases Scores Mean Deviation Squared

N-the number of the test - takers f - the frequency with which a score occurs

The vocabulary checking technique is an effective method for enhancing vocabulary retention among 10th graders By actively engaging students in vocabulary assessment, educators can help reinforce their understanding and memory of new words This approach not only aids in improving language skills but also boosts overall academic performance Implementing vocabulary checking in the classroom encourages students to take ownership of their learning, leading to long-term retention of vocabulary.

Table 3.5 Frequency of distribution of the two groups

V a li d Scores Frequency Valid percent (%)

The vocabulary checking technique is an effective method for enhancing vocabulary retention among 10th graders By implementing this strategy, students can significantly improve their understanding and recall of new words This approach not only aids in vocabulary acquisition but also fosters greater engagement in language learning Overall, utilizing vocabulary checking techniques can lead to improved academic performance and greater confidence in language skills for high school students.

Figure 3.1: Frequency of distribution of the two groups

Post-test means' comparison

Table 3.6 Number of students scored less from X i

Test takers Number of students scored less from X i

Table 3.7 Statistics of % of students scored less from X i

Statistics of % of students scored less from X i

Table 3.8 The statistics parameters of the two groups

Class Cases Number of test X S 2 S.d V

The vocabulary checking technique is an effective method for enhancing vocabulary retention among 10th graders By implementing this strategy, students can improve their understanding and recall of new words Regular practice with vocabulary checking not only reinforces learning but also boosts confidence in language use This technique encourages active engagement with vocabulary, leading to better academic performance Ultimately, incorporating vocabulary checking into the curriculum can significantly benefit students' language skills and overall educational experience.

The experimental class demonstrated higher mean scores compared to the control class However, it is important to consider that the differences in scores may be influenced by factors beyond the vocabulary checking techniques used To validate that the observed differences are attributable to the experimental treatment, the researcher will conduct further analysis using appropriate statistical methods.

3.2.1 Choosing the correct statistic "t-test"

In this study, a t-test was employed to compare the means of two groups, as all necessary assumptions for the test were satisfied The t-test relies on two key assumptions that must be met for valid results.

1 the scores in each group are normally distributed

2 the variances for the scores of the two groups are equal

The initial assumption stipulates that the score distributions for each group should be approximately normal Data analysis results enabled me to visualize the scores of both groups effectively.

N 0 % o f st u d en ts s co re d l es s fr o m X i

Score X i control class experimental class

Figure 3.2: Cumulative frequency curves of the two groups

The vocabulary checking technique is an effective method for enhancing vocabulary retention among 10th graders By implementing this strategy, students can significantly improve their understanding and recall of new words This approach encourages active engagement with vocabulary, leading to better learning outcomes Incorporating vocabulary checking into regular study routines can foster a deeper connection with the language, ultimately benefiting students' academic performance.

The cumulative frequency graph comparing the two groups indicates that a higher percentage of students in the experimental group scored lower than X i, highlighting their superior test performance This improvement can be attributed to the use of diverse vocabulary checking techniques.

The second assumption of the t-test, known as "homogeneity of variances," requires that the squared standard deviations of the groups being compared are approximately equal In this study, the squared standard deviation values for both groups were nearly identical, with results of (1.29)² and (1.30)² This indicates that the second assumption of the t-test was upheld, confirming the validity of the analysis.

The statistical hypotheses of this study were stated as follows:

The null hypothesis, denoted as H0, contrasts with the right-tailed hypothesis, referred to as H1 or the positive hypothesis In this context, the subscript E represents the mean of the experimental class, while the subscript C indicates the mean of the control class.

In order to complete t-test, the following parameters need to be set or calculated in advance

Choosing significant level α = 0.05 to test the hypothesis H 1 , the researcher uses the random quantity Z (the observed statistics) with

This study set the alpha level at α = 0.05, we could find out critical value Z t : ϕ ( Z t ) = ( 1 - 2x α)/2 = ( 1 - 2x 0.05)/2 = 0.45 According to the Laplace table, we could find out Z t = 1.65

The vocabulary checking technique is an effective method for enhancing vocabulary retention among 10th graders By implementing this technique, students can significantly improve their understanding and recall of new words Regular practice of vocabulary checking not only reinforces learning but also boosts confidence in language use This approach encourages active engagement with vocabulary, leading to better academic performance and communication skills Overall, incorporating vocabulary checking into the curriculum can greatly benefit students' language development.

In a comparison of Z to Z t, the results indicate that Z is greater than Z t at a significance level of α = 0.05, leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis (H 0) and acceptance of the alternative hypothesis (H 1) This suggests that there is only a 5% likelihood that the observed difference in means, X E > X C, occurred by chance, implying a 95% probability that the results are attributable to factors beyond random variation Consequently, the findings highlight that employing vocabulary checking techniques significantly enhances students' vocabulary retention.

2 Look at the α level α < 0.05, one-tailed decision

3 Compare the observed and critical statistics

When analyzing statistical data, if the observed statistic falls below the critical threshold, the null hypothesis should be accepted and the analysis concluded Conversely, if the observed statistic exceeds the critical value, the null hypothesis is rejected, prompting further investigation.

5 Decide which alternative hypothesis is more logical

Because X E was expected to be greater if there was any mean difference, there was only one alternative hypothesis:

6 Interpret the results in terms of the p level

(H 0 ) is rejected and H 1 is accepted There is only a 5% probability that the observed means deference, X E > X C , occurred by chance alone or 95% probability that was due to factors other than chance

V E = 0.19; V C = 0.23 V E < V C This can be explained that students of experimental

The vocabulary checking technique is an effective method for enhancing vocabulary retention among 10th graders By systematically assessing and reinforcing word knowledge, students can improve their understanding and recall of new vocabulary This technique not only aids in memorization but also fosters a deeper connection with the language, leading to greater academic success Implementing vocabulary checking strategies in the classroom can significantly benefit students' language skills and overall learning outcomes.

7 Look and compare coefficient of variation class can retain vocabulary better so differences between students in the class are less than the control class.

Findings and implications for teaching

Data analysis reveals that vocabulary checking techniques significantly enhance learners' retention compared to repetitive writing of new words This finding effectively addresses the research question regarding the relationship between vocabulary checking methods and vocabulary retention, demonstrating a meaningful difference of 1 point between the two approaches, with a 95% confidence level indicating that this difference is attributed to the techniques used rather than chance.

The study reveals that students in the experimental class outperformed those in the control class, indicating a significant improvement in vocabulary learning for both groups Notably, there was a marked difference between the pre-test and post-test scores for each class, suggesting that both instructional methods positively impacted the learners The summarized results of both classes are presented in the accompanying table.

Pre-test Post-test Pre-test Post-test

The data in Table 3.9 reveals that the experimental class initially demonstrated slightly higher English proficiency than the control group, with a pre-test mean difference of 0.1 points Following the experiment, the experimental group showed significant improvement in their post-test scores, outperforming the control group This enhancement can be attributed to the vocabulary-checking techniques employed, which not only improved vocabulary retention but also motivated learners to take responsibility for their own education As a result, students dedicated more time to studying at home, memorizing new words, and preparing lessons in advance, ultimately leading to their superior performance in class.

The vocabulary checking technique is an effective method for enhancing 10th graders' vocabulary retention This approach involves systematic activities provided by teachers after each lesson, which not only aids students in revising new words but also reinforces their independent learning By implementing these strategies, students can improve their vocabulary retention and overall language proficiency.

The implementation of diverse vocabulary checking techniques significantly enhanced the learning environment in the experimental class, fostering greater motivation and active participation among learners Students approached each lesson with a sense of relaxation and enjoyment, transforming vocabulary acquisition into a natural and engaging process The variety of activities during the checking stage piqued their curiosity and encouraged them to seek answers more eagerly than their counterparts in the control group Consequently, the experimental group demonstrated heightened enthusiasm and attentiveness during vocabulary consolidation activities.

In the control class, not all students were engaged in vocabulary revision, with only a few, like BB, striving to remember new words for high marks, while others distracted themselves with books or chatting In contrast, the experimental group was highly focused on their group activities, completely absorbed in their tasks and working collaboratively to win games, which offered rewards such as presents and excellent marks This clear difference in engagement levels indicates that the experimental task was more motivating than the control group's approach.

The study highlights the positive impact of a conducive learning environment in the experimental class, where students actively engaged with each other and responded to the teacher In contrast, the control group exhibited minimal communication, often discussing unrelated topics The experimental group, however, frequently collaborated due to the necessity of working together on tasks, fostering greater cooperation, while the control group tended to work independently.

The enthusiasm of the students enhanced the lessons, creating a more engaging and comfortable classroom environment Conversely, in the control class, the teacher struggled to manage student behavior due to being preoccupied with correcting and providing feedback on the word lists written on the board.

The vocabulary checking technique is an effective method for enhancing vocabulary retention among 10th graders By implementing this technique, students can improve their understanding and recall of new words, which is crucial for academic success Regular practice of vocabulary checking not only reinforces learning but also boosts confidence in language use This approach encourages active engagement with the material, leading to better long-term retention of vocabulary Ultimately, incorporating vocabulary checking techniques in the classroom can significantly benefit students' language development.

The experimental class demonstrated high engagement during vocabulary recycling activities, fostering a collaborative and enjoyable learning environment that enhanced vocabulary acquisition However, the study revealed some drawbacks in vocabulary checking techniques, as word games proved more challenging and confusing compared to traditional revision methods Learners in the experimental group struggled with understanding and adhering to game rules, while the control group, accustomed to conventional approaches, faced fewer difficulties Despite these challenges, it is important to acknowledge that games significantly benefit learners' pronunciation and speaking skills, which are crucial areas for improvement.

The teacher observed that the weakest learners in the experimental class struggled to make progress, largely due to the competitive nature of the games, which demanded quick thinking and agility As these students attempted to participate, they became aware of their inability to keep up with their more skilled peers, leading to feelings of discouragement and ultimately poor academic outcomes.

The study reveals that employing vocabulary checking techniques significantly enhances vocabulary retention among 10th graders at Ha Huy Tap High School While these methods are engaging and effective, they may also lead to challenges such as confusion and discouragement, particularly for struggling students.

The vocabulary checking technique is an effective method for enhancing vocabulary retention among 10th graders By implementing this technique, educators can significantly improve students' ability to remember and utilize new words This approach not only aids in vocabulary acquisition but also fosters deeper understanding and application of language skills in various contexts Regular practice of vocabulary checking can lead to increased confidence and proficiency in students' communication abilities Overall, utilizing vocabulary checking techniques is essential for supporting 10th graders in their language development journey.

This quasi-experimental research investigates the hypothesis that vocabulary checking techniques positively impact students' retention of foreign language vocabulary The teacher-researcher summarizes key findings and addresses the study's limitations, offering suggestions for future research and practical classroom implications These insights aim to assist teachers in effectively implementing vocabulary checking techniques to enhance vocabulary retention among 10th graders.

Conclusions

Vocabulary is a crucial element in effective communication and plays a significant role in the success of high school learners as they begin to develop their communicative competence This thesis explores the most effective strategies for helping students acquire vocabulary efficiently, laying a strong foundation for their future language development.

The vocabulary checking technique is an effective method for enhancing vocabulary retention among 10th graders By implementing this technique, educators can significantly improve students' understanding and memory of new words Regular practice of vocabulary checking not only reinforces learning but also boosts students' confidence in using language This approach encourages active engagement with vocabulary, leading to better academic performance Ultimately, incorporating vocabulary checking techniques in the curriculum can foster a deeper appreciation for language among high school students.

Over a 7-week period in the second semester, 62 grade 10 learners were divided into a control class and an experimental class to evaluate different vocabulary teaching techniques The control group practiced recalling new words by writing them on the blackboard, while the experimental group engaged in various word games To assess vocabulary acquisition, both groups underwent a pre-test to establish their initial knowledge and a post-test to measure retention of new words The pre-test results were compared to ensure both groups started at the same level, and the post-test data was analyzed statistically to compare vocabulary gains between the two groups.

The analysis of the experiment revealed that the experimental class significantly outperformed the control class, indicating that vocabulary checking techniques are effective in helping grade 10 learners at Ha Huy Tap High School retain vocabulary However, it's essential to recognize the pros and cons of different teaching methods High school teachers should not completely abandon traditional vocabulary checking methods, such as having students consolidate their knowledge at the blackboard Over-reliance on games for vocabulary acquisition may lead to disparities, where strong learners excel while weaker ones struggle and lose motivation To enhance vocabulary learning quality, a balanced approach that incorporates both innovative and traditional methods is recommended to maximize benefits and minimize drawbacks.

Implications

Based on the research findings, I recommend that high school teachers in Nghe An province, particularly at Ha Huy Tap High School, implement innovative teaching strategies to enhance student engagement and learning outcomes.

First of all, more vocabulary checking techniques should be used during class hours

The English 10 textbook is specifically designed to enhance learners' four fundamental skills: reading, writing, speaking, and listening It focuses on developing these skills at a basic level, with a strong emphasis on vocabulary acquisition.

The vocabulary checking technique is an effective method for enhancing vocabulary retention among 10th graders This approach not only supports their communication skills but also integrates vocabulary learning into every lesson While each unit includes a glossary, the limited number of words practiced is insufficient compared to the overall content Therefore, expanding vocabulary exercises is essential for improving students' language proficiency and ensuring they can effectively engage with the material.

At Ha Huy Tap High School, English proficiency among learners varies significantly, with some students exhibiting lower levels while others demonstrate advanced skills Implementing targeted vocabulary practice will support struggling students in enhancing their language abilities, while simultaneously providing advanced learners with opportunities to refine their vocabulary usage further.

Incorporating word games and activities in the classroom can significantly enhance vocabulary retention among students Some learners may feel reserved and hesitant to participate in group settings, often preferring individual work However, with clear guidance and encouragement, these students can become actively engaged in collaborative activities When given the opportunity to voluntarily join in word games, learners are more likely to become proactive and diligent, ultimately improving their vocabulary acquisition.

When selecting word games or activities for grade 10 learners, it is essential to choose tasks that are appropriately challenging—not too difficult or too easy These activities should also be closely aligned with the lesson content, enabling students to quickly grasp the objectives and maximize their learning time.

Limitations and recommendations for further study

Personally, I believe that the research was successful, reliable and valid However, shortcomings are unavoidable

Despite English being a mandatory subject in high schools, many students lack interest in learning it, focusing instead on subjects relevant to university entrance exams Their main priority is achieving high scores on written tests, resulting in low intrinsic motivation to learn English Therefore, it is essential for teachers to actively motivate and inspire students to engage with the English language.

Secondly, the time of experiment was only seven weeks with 21 periods and only 10 to

15 minutes in each period was spent on vocabulary work This may be a relatively short time to come to a general conclusion of how to help grade 10 learners to remember vocabulary

The vocabulary checking technique is an effective method for enhancing vocabulary retention among 10th graders By implementing this approach, educators can significantly improve students' ability to remember and utilize new words Lengthening the experimental process may yield more definitive and convincing results regarding its effectiveness.

The study's limitations stem from the researcher’s limited teaching techniques and experience Despite efforts to select and design effective vocabulary tasks for students, the variety of activities remained constrained due to this lack of experience.

Despite certain limitations, I believe my research offers valuable insights into vocabulary teaching for grade 10 learners While it is a small-scale study, it provides helpful suggestions for improving vocabulary instruction Future research should incorporate additional methods, such as surveys and observations, and be conducted over a longer duration with a larger sample size to strengthen and validate these findings.

1 Chu Quang Bình (2006), Thiết kế bài giảng Tiếng Anh 10, NXB Hà Nội, Hà Nội

2 Tôn Nữ Phương Chi, Võ T Thuý Anh (2006), Bài tập bổ trợ và nâng cao Tiếng Anh

THPT 10, NXB Đai học sư phạm, Hà Nội

3 Nguyễn Thị Hạnh Dung (2001), Phương pháp giảng dạy Tiếng Anh trong trường phổ thông

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7 Hoàng Văn Vân, Hoàng Thị Xuân Hoa, Đỗ Tuấn Minh, Nguyễn Thu Phương, Nguyễn Quốc Tuấn (2006), Tiếng Anh 10, NXB Giáo Dục, Hà Nội

The Vocabulary Checking Technique is an effective method for enhancing vocabulary retention among 10th graders This approach encourages students to actively engage with new words, facilitating better understanding and recall By incorporating vocabulary checking into their study routines, learners can significantly improve their language skills and overall academic performance Implementing this technique not only aids in memorization but also fosters a deeper connection with the material, ensuring long-lasting retention of vocabulary.

1 Alexander,F Understanding vocabulary Retrieved 20 June 2010 from http://www.content.sholastic.com./browse/article.html

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A review Studies in second Language Acquisition

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Sources, and their Relationship with Success in L2 Lexical Inferencing, TESOL QUARTERLY Vol.37, No4, Winter 2003

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The vocabulary checking technique is an effective method for enhancing vocabulary retention among 10th graders By systematically reviewing and reinforcing new words, students can improve their understanding and recall This approach not only aids in vocabulary acquisition but also boosts overall language skills, making it a valuable tool in educational settings Implementing this technique can lead to significant advancements in students' linguistic abilities, ultimately fostering greater confidence in their communication skills.

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APPENDIX 1: PRE-TEST & POST-TEST WRITTEN TEST FOR GRADE 10 Time allowed: 30 minutes

I/ Choose the best answer to complete the following sentences

1 _ means music in traditional style of a country or community

2 Tourists go to Cuc Phuong National Park to look _ the 1,000 year-old tree

3 The movies was so _ that we couldn't sleep last night

4 Germany was the _ nation of the World Cup final

The vocabulary checking technique is an effective method for enhancing vocabulary retention among 10th graders By systematically reviewing and reinforcing vocabulary, students can improve their understanding and recall of new words This technique encourages active engagement with the material, leading to better long-term retention Implementing vocabulary checking in the classroom can significantly boost students' language skills and confidence in using new vocabulary in context Overall, this approach serves as a valuable tool for educators aiming to support their students' linguistic development.

5 World cup is considered the most _ sporting event in the world

II/ Match a word in column A with its meaning or definitions in column B

1 rainforest a to extend over a place

2 emotion b a film about a crime in which somebody tries to find out who the guilty person is

3 forward c win a victory over a competition

4 elimination d forest in the tropical region

5 spread e widely enthusiastic and emotional about something

6 defeat f the way that you feel at a particular time

7 lyrical g the player whose duty is to score goals

8 detective film h the game within a region that decides which team can go to the

III/ Supply the correct form of the word in bracket

1 He has been living in an _ since his parents died (orphan)

2 The giant panda is an _ species (endanger)

3 This is the most _ race that I've ever taken part in (thrill)

4 World Cup, the _ football tournament is held every four year (nation)

5 I like reading _ stories very much (detect)

In this article, we will categorize the following words based on where the stress falls: "detective," "endanger," "musician," "fiction," "tournament," "announcement," "adventure," "championship," "volunteer," "competition," "compose," and "communicate." Understanding the stress patterns in these words is essential for proper pronunciation and effective communication.

The vocabulary checking technique is an effective method for enhancing vocabulary retention among 10th graders By implementing this technique, educators can significantly improve students' ability to remember and use new words Regular practice of vocabulary checking not only reinforces learning but also fosters greater confidence in language skills As a result, students become more proficient in their communication, ultimately leading to better academic performance.

1 st syllable stressed 2 nd syllable stressed 3 rd syllable stressed

V/ Write the word from its phonetic transcription

APPENDIX 2: WORDS GAMES AND VOCABULARY TASKS USED DURING THE

Source Binh,C.Q (2006) Thiết kế bài giảng tiếng Anh 10 Hanoi: NXB Ha Noi Purpose - Revise new words

In a classroom activity designed to enhance teamwork and animal vocabulary, the teacher instructed students to form groups of four and provided them with puzzle handouts The objective was for each group to complete the puzzles, with the first group to finish correctly being declared the winner Prior to starting, the teacher engaged the students by asking if they were familiar with the names of the animals featured in the puzzles and offered Vietnamese translations for better understanding.

ANIMAL IN THE WORLD WORD SEARCH

The vocabulary checking technique is an effective method for enhancing vocabulary retention among 10th graders This approach encourages active engagement with new words, helping students to better remember and utilize their vocabulary By incorporating vocabulary checking into their study routines, learners can significantly improve their language skills and academic performance Implementing this technique not only aids in retention but also fosters a deeper understanding of word usage and context.

Alligator Deer llama Ape Elephant Monkey Bear Fish Pig Birds Giraffe Tiger Camel Horse Turtle Cow Lion Zebra

Source http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/try/vocabtry/voca activities.shtml Purpose Revise new words

In an engaging classroom activity, students were divided into groups of seven or eight and provided with eight slips of paper, each containing a word and its definition Their task was to collaboratively match their words with the corresponding definitions from their peers The competition concluded with the group that completed the most matches in the shortest time being declared the winner.

Game 1 establish (v) a related to an area near a tropical area

2 contain (v) b all the plants found in a particular country or region

3 species (n) c a state of being polluted

4 survival (n) d an ethnic group that is a minority within a nation or society

The vocabulary checking technique is an effective method for enhancing vocabulary retention among 10th graders By systematically assessing students' understanding of new words, educators can reinforce learning and improve long-term memory This approach encourages active engagement with the vocabulary, leading to better retention rates Implementing vocabulary checking strategies in the classroom can significantly benefit students' language skills and overall academic performance.

5 sub-tropical (a) e the animal life of a particular region or country

6.contamination (n) f to start an organization that is intended to continue for a long time

7 orphan (v) g a group/ groups of animals or plants

8 fauna (n) h to have something inside

9 flora (n) i a child without parents, an animal without mother

10 ethnic minority (Np) k a state of continuing to live or exist

Source Binh,C.Q (2006) Thiết kế bài giảng tiếng Anh 10 Hanoi: NXB Ha Noi Purpose Revise new words

Students collaborated in groups of three or four to complete a crossword puzzle based on the definitions provided in the accompanying table The first group to finish with all the correct answers will be declared the winner.

The vocabulary checking technique is an effective method for enhancing vocabulary retention among 10th graders By incorporating this technique into their learning process, students can significantly improve their understanding and memory of new words Regular practice with vocabulary checking not only reinforces learning but also boosts confidence in language use This approach encourages active engagement with the material, leading to better academic performance and communication skills Implementing vocabulary checking strategies can ultimately foster a more robust vocabulary foundation for students.

8 a collection of recordings issued as a single item

1 a person who plays a musical instrument

3 a style of music with strong and loud beats

6 the systematic arrangement of musical sounds

Source Hancock M (1995) Pronunciation Game Cambridge Cambridge

University Press Purpose - Revise new words

- Help learners get familiar with phonetic transcriptions