INTRODUCTION
Rationale
English is the most widely used language globally, serving as a crucial communication tool across various sectors In Vietnam, foreign investment has spurred the growth of the footwear production industry, positioning the country as a major exporter to Europe, following Italy and China This burgeoning sector has significantly contributed to Vietnam's national economy, generating substantial revenue in recent years.
The global advancement of various products highlights the significance of shared experiences and technologies within the footwear industry across countries Consequently, the translation of materials between English and Vietnamese in this sector is gaining increased attention from linguistic researchers.
However, translation in this field is always a challenging task The obvious difficulty is the problem of differences in English FW terms and Vietnamese ones
The distinct terminology systems in different languages present challenges for translators, particularly in the footwear industry Many Vietnamese translators struggle due to their limited understanding of specialized footwear terminology, often translating only common terms relevant to workers in the field.
This research serves two primary purposes: first, to enhance translators' understanding of translation theory, enabling them to grasp the original meaning and select the most suitable translation strategies; and second, to identify effective and adaptable methods for translating footwear terminology, ensuring that the translation between English and Vietnamese adheres to standard footwear terms.
This article explores the translation strategies for footwear industrial terminology between English and Vietnamese It highlights the challenges and nuances involved in accurately conveying technical terms across languages The study emphasizes the importance of cultural context and industry-specific knowledge in the translation process By analyzing various translation methods, it aims to provide insights that can enhance communication and understanding within the global footwear industry Ultimately, effective translation strategies are essential for bridging the linguistic gap and facilitating international collaboration in footwear manufacturing and marketing.
Additionally, I decide to make this study and give some suggestions to improve the quality of translation of materials in the field of footwear.
Scope of the study
This study examines the classification of key English footwear terms and their Vietnamese equivalents as presented in the 2012 English-Vietnamese Dictionary of Leather and Footwear, published by the Leather and Shoe Research Institute Additionally, it explores various translation strategies to address challenges encountered in translating English-Vietnamese footwear terminology.
Aims of the study
This study is carried out with the following aims:
This study aims to identify the translation strategies employed in the translation of footwear terms from English to Vietnamese The primary research question focuses on determining the commonly used strategies for translating footwear terminologies By analyzing various translation methods, the research seeks to enhance understanding of effective practices in this specialized field.
+ To provide some suggestions for translating FW terminology to achieve an exact translation based on the results of the study.
Methodology
To achieve the aims within the scope, the study is to make clear main research question:
What strategies are commonly used to translate FW terminologies from English in to Vietnamese?
This study will explore the theoretical foundations of translation and terminology, focusing on the structural features of common English and Vietnamese FW terms sourced from dictionaries It will classify and compare these terms, highlighting similarities and differences between the two languages Additionally, the research will identify prevalent strategies used in translating FW terms from English to Vietnamese A combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods will be employed throughout the study.
This article examines the translation strategies of footwear industrial terminology between English and Vietnamese, utilizing contrastive analysis and descriptive methods common in linguistic studies The research is grounded in critical analysis and employs Newmark's translation techniques, focusing specifically on the translation of neologisms within the footwear industry.
Organization of the thesis
The paper is divided into 5 chapters as below:
This chapter provides readers an overview of the study including the reason for choosing the topic, scope, aims, and its organization.
Definition of translation
Translation plays a crucial role in today's interconnected world, engaging not only linguists and professional translators but also individuals across various specialized fields This article explores the evolution and significance of translation through definitions provided by esteemed scholars Catford (1965) defines translation as the process of substituting textual material from a source language with equivalent material in a target language Similarly, Hartmann and Stock (1972) describe it as representing a text in one language with an equivalent representation in another Both definitions emphasize the focus on textual materials, highlighting the foundational aspects of translation.
Some philologists possess a profound understanding of translation that goes beyond mere textual replacement, as they continuously analyze meanings from semantic and syntactic perspectives within translation theories Translation involves expressing concepts from a source language (SL) in a target language (TL) while maintaining both semantic and stylistic equivalences (Dubois 1973, cited in Bell, 1991).
Translation involves producing the closest natural equivalent of a source language message in the receptor language, prioritizing meaning first and style second (1974, p.12).
In 1982, Wilss introduced a comprehensive concept that integrates various elements of translation Translation is a process that transforms written source language (SL) text into an optimal equivalent target language (TL) text, necessitating consideration of syntactic, semantic, stylistic, and pragmatic aspects of the text.
The translation of footwear industrial terminology between English and Vietnamese involves specific strategies that enhance comprehension of the original text This process is fundamentally communicative and occurs within a social context, as highlighted by Hatim and Mason (1990) Understanding these strategies is crucial for effective translation in the footwear industry.
Translation methods and strategies
Basing on the dynamic equivalence theory of Nida, Newmark proposed 8 translation methods which can be illustrated in the form of a flattened V diagram as follows:
Word-for-word translation Adaptation
(Newmark, 1988, p 45) Newmark briefly explained these methods follow:
The translation is directly produced from the source text, at word level The word order is preserved, no context is considered when using this method
It is called loan translation or borrowing translation The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents but the lexical words are translated singly, out of context
The article aims to accurately convey the original meaning while adhering to the grammatical structures of the target language (TL) Some cultural terms are directly translated from the source text, which preserves grammatical irregularities and creates challenges for readers in the TL.
This article explores the translation strategies for footwear industrial terminology between English and Vietnamese It highlights the challenges and methods used in translating specialized terms, emphasizing the importance of accuracy and cultural relevance The study provides insights into effective translation techniques that enhance communication in the footwear industry, facilitating better understanding between English and Vietnamese speakers By examining various translation approaches, the article aims to contribute to the field of technical translation and support industry professionals in achieving linguistic precision.
This approach prioritizes the aesthetic qualities of the source language text over strict fidelity in translation, allowing for compromises in meaning when necessary to enhance elements like assonance, wordplay, or repetition in the final output.
In adaptations, the original themes, characters, and plots are maintained while transforming the source language (SL) culture into the target language (TL) culture, resulting in a rewritten text This translation approach is commonly applied in the translation of poems, stories, and plays.
Translators sometimes transcend the constraints of the source language's forms and expressions to create a fresh translation, a technique frequently applied in song translation.
The approach effectively conveys the original message but may alter subtle meanings by favoring colloquial expressions and idioms that are not present in the source text This technique proves particularly useful for translating idiomatic language.
It attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original so that the readership finds it easier to understand Communicative translation is often used for translating a difficult document
According to Newmark (1988), the two primary methods of translation are communicative and semantic translations, which are predominantly employed to achieve the key objectives of accuracy and economy in translation.
Apart from these methods, when concluding the chapter on translation methods in A Textbook of Translation, Newmark goes on to clarify five more translation methods:
Service translation : is translation from one‟s language of habitual use into another language
This article explores the translation strategies for footwear industrial terminology between English and Vietnamese It emphasizes the importance of accurately conveying technical terms to facilitate effective communication in the global footwear industry The study identifies various methods employed in translation, including direct translation, adaptation, and the use of equivalent terms Additionally, it highlights the challenges faced by translators in maintaining the original meaning while ensuring cultural relevance Ultimately, the findings aim to enhance understanding and improve translation practices within the footwear sector.
Plain prose translation : this is translation of poems and poetic drama Usually stanzas become paragraphs, prose punctuation is introduced, original metaphors and
SL culture retained, and no sound-effects are reproduced
Information translation : This conveys all the information in a non-literary text, sometimes rearranged in a more logical form, sometimes partially summarized, and not in the form of a paraphrase
Cognitive translation : This reproduces the information in a SL text converting the
SL grammar to its normal TL transpositions, normally reducing any figurative to literal language
Academic translation : This reduces an original SL text to an „elegant‟ idiomatic educated TL version which follows a literary register It irons out the expressiveness of a writer with modish colloquialisms
According to Larson (1984), translation is primarily categorized into two types: form-based and meaning-based translation Form-based translation, often referred to as literal translation, strives to adhere closely to the structure of the source language In contrast, meaning-based translation focuses on conveying the essence of the source text using natural expressions in the target language, a process known as idiomatic translation.
According to Larson (1984), idiomatic translations effectively utilize the natural structures and vocabulary of the target language, resulting in text that feels original rather than translated A skilled translator aims for idiomatic translations, but achieving this consistently can be challenging Consequently, translations often blend literal and idiomatic elements, existing on a spectrum that ranges from very literal to unduly free forms.
This article explores the translation strategies employed for footwear industrial terminology between English and Vietnamese It highlights the challenges and nuances involved in accurately conveying specialized terms across these two languages By analyzing various translation methods, the study aims to enhance understanding and improve communication in the footwear industry The findings emphasize the importance of cultural context and industry-specific knowledge in effective translation practices Ultimately, this research contributes to the broader field of translation studies and supports the growth of international trade in the footwear sector.
Figure 1 Translation as a continuum by Larson (1984, p.17) 2.2.2 Translation strategies
Krings (1986, p.18) defined translation strategy as "translator's potentially conscious plans for solving concrete translation problems in the framework of a concrete translation task"
Loescher (1991, p.8) defines translation strategy as a conscious approach to addressing challenges encountered in translating a text or its segments This emphasis on consciousness is crucial for differentiating the strategies employed by learners and translators.
Bell (1998) distinguished between global strategies, which address entire texts, and local strategies, focused on specific text segments, highlighting that this differentiation arises from diverse translation challenges.
Vinay and Darbelnet (1995) they changed the term “strategies” by
Translators have two primary methods for translating text: direct (or literal) translation and oblique translation Each method encompasses various procedures that align with structural parallelism and meta-linguistic parallelism, offering a comprehensive framework for effective translation This procedures-oriented approach enhances the translator's ability to convey meaning accurately across languages.
Direct (Literal translation) Indirect ( Oblique translation)
3 Literal translation 6 Total syntagmatic change/ Equivalence
This article explores the translation strategies for footwear industrial terminology between English and Vietnamese It highlights the challenges faced in accurately conveying specific terms and concepts within the footwear industry Effective translation requires an understanding of both languages and cultural nuances, ensuring that the terminology is not only linguistically correct but also contextually appropriate The study emphasizes the importance of adopting various strategies, such as direct translation, adaptation, and localization, to achieve clarity and precision in communication Ultimately, the article aims to enhance the understanding of footwear terminology translation, contributing to better cross-cultural exchanges in the industry.
To overcome a lacuna, usually a metalinguistic one (e.g a new technical process, an unknown concept), borrowing is the simplest of all translation methods
METHODOLOGY
Reasons to choose the dictionary
The Vietnam footwear industry emerged in 1996, but there is a limited availability of English-Vietnamese footwear materials Despite the abundance of English footwear documents that are widely utilized, the need for localized resources remains significant In 2007, the Leather and Footwear Research Institute initiated a project focused on researching and compiling English-Vietnamese footwear terminology to address this gap.
The "Vietnamese Footwear Terminology" article is a valuable resource, currently encompassing around 2000 words, and is still in development It serves as a reference point and has not yet been officially published In 2012, Ngo Dai Quang and his team expanded the lexicon by adding approximately 3000 new terms This comprehensive dictionary has been registered and made available on the Institute's online information page, establishing it as a reliable source for footwear terminology.
FINDING AND DISCUSSION
The translation of one-word terms from English into Vietnamese
This section explores the translation of one-word terms from English to Vietnamese, highlighting common challenges identified in chapter 2 regarding FW terminology The study outlines effective translation strategies and procedures used to address these issues in translating FW one-word terms.
10 Old word with new sense
This article explores the translation strategies employed in the footwear industry, focusing on the terminology used in both English and Vietnamese It highlights the challenges and techniques in accurately conveying industrial terms across these two languages By analyzing various translation methods, the study aims to improve understanding and communication within the footwear sector, ultimately benefiting professionals and consumers alike Emphasizing the importance of precise terminology, the article serves as a valuable resource for translators and industry stakeholders seeking to enhance their linguistic skills in this specialized field.
The translation of terms from English to Vietnamese is significantly affected by various factors, particularly the translation of neologisms and technical terminology This article explores the procedures and strategies that reveal how these factors influence the translation process.
4.1.1 Translation by using old words with new sense
This strategy focuses on translating sub-footwear terms that retain their basic meanings in the target language (TL) while adopting specialized meanings within the professional context These terms maintain their fundamental definitions but gain specific connotations relevant to the footwear industry, ensuring accuracy and appropriateness For instance, the term "close" generally means to cover an opening, but in footwear documentation, it specifically refers to assembling shoe components and stitching them together.
English terms Basic nuclear terms Typical terms
Sự bổ trợ Phần dưới Lưỡi
Mũ giầy/ Mặt giầy Gia cố
Mặt đế Chi tiết lưỡi gà bảo vệ mu bàn chân
According to Newmark (1988, p.81), a loan word is a source language term that is incorporated into the target language text without translation This approach is increasingly favored in translating terms that lack lexical equivalents in the target language Due to cultural non-equivalence, coining new names for unfamiliar concepts poses significant challenges, leading to the widespread use of loan words.
Loan words for translating the materials and chemicals in shoes making
Many chemical and material names are widely recognized and accepted as an international language, originating from Latin or Greek These terms remain consistent in texts across both Vietnamese and English.
This article explores the translation strategies employed in conveying footwear industrial terminology between English and Vietnamese It highlights the challenges and nuances involved in accurately translating specialized terms, emphasizing the importance of cultural context and industry knowledge The study aims to provide insights into effective translation practices that enhance communication and understanding in the footwear sector, ultimately contributing to better collaboration between English and Vietnamese-speaking professionals.
Enzyme Enzyme (xúc tác sinh học)
In the realm of footwear terminology, specific terms refer to shoe brands, types, and manufacturing methods To clarify these terms, brand names are directly translated from English to Vietnamese, while their classifiers are rendered in Vietnamese This approach preserves copyright and enhances the clarity of the translated content.
Phương pháp Goodyear Giày Moccasin
Logo của công ty Nike Giày Adidas
Giầy Geox Kiểm tra giầy theo tiêu chuẩn Gore-tex
Acronyms are abbreviations formed from the initial letters of a series of words, pronounced as a single word They serve to simplify lengthy names, such as those of international organizations, materials, and volunteer groups Acronyms facilitate translation and comprehension by providing context, enabling both translators and readers to communicate more efficiently For example, PVC stands for polyvinyl chloride, commonly referred to as Nhựa PVC in Vietnamese.
This strategy is widely applied nowadays in many fields The transferred terms are adapted in Vietnamese because of the same pronunciation and this is an
This article explores the translation strategies of footwear industrial terminology between English and Vietnamese, focusing on effective methods for Vietnamese speakers to read and memorize these terms Examples include translations such as "boot" to "bốt," "crepe" to "kếp," "zig-zag" to "zic zắc," and "box-calf" to "da bốt can." These strategies aim to enhance understanding and retention of specialized vocabulary within the footwear industry.
4.1.4 The translation of terms with the use of descriptive equivalent procedure
Due to their unique characteristics, all footwear (FW) terms are translated with detailed explanations for better understanding, particularly regarding shoe components and accessories, which can be difficult to grasp without prior experience in shoemaking Furthermore, FW terms often possess more specific meanings than their translation language (TL) counterparts, necessitating the inclusion of additional TL words to achieve a more accurate representation of the original meaning To enhance comprehension, many FW terms are also accompanied by illustrative images.
Awl Cái dùi (của thợ giầy dùng trong việc khâu các chi tiết giầy và đồ da bằng tay)
Baguette Túi xách tay (loại túi xách tay dài và hẹp có hình dạng tương tự như một loại ổ bánh mì)
Balmoral Giầy cao cổ (có dây buộc phía trước), mũ Xcôtlen bằng len có lông chim một bên
Welt Diếu (dải bằng da bao quanh mép mũ giầy để khâu đế vào)
Waders, hay còn gọi là ủng lội nước, là loại giày chuyên dụng không thấm nước, thiết kế kéo dài từ chân đến ngực Chúng chủ yếu được làm từ cao su lưu hoá, PVC, cao su tổng hợp và các biến thể Gore-Tex, giúp người sử dụng thoải mái và khô ráo khi lội nước.
Table 4.1: The descriptive equivalent procedure used in one word term translation 4.1.5 Translation by paraphrase using a related word
In the footwear industry, derived words play a significant role in defining terminology, often featuring naturalized suffixes Many footwear terms function as nouns, adjectives, or verbs, utilizing various prefixes and suffixes to convey distinct meanings in the target language (TL) These terms frequently express propositional and other meanings in English that lack direct equivalents in the TL Therefore, translators must carefully consider the meanings of both the suffixes and prefixes, as well as the overall word, to ensure that the new term retains some of its original meaning while aligning with the appropriate lexical choices in the TL.
This article explores the translation strategies for footwear industrial terminology between English and Vietnamese It highlights the significance of understanding specific suffixes, such as -or, -er, and -ee, as well as prefixes, to accurately convey meaning in both languages By examining these linguistic elements, the study aims to enhance communication and comprehension within the footwear industry, ultimately facilitating better translation practices.
–non, -un to show the opposite as in the following examples:
English terms Vietnamese terms Terms with suffixes:
Người vẽ truyền Thợ pha cắt
Anti-skid Anti-molds Dehair Non-shrinkable Non-slip
Chống trơn trượt Chống mốc Tẩy lông Không có khả năng co được Không trơn trượt
There are some footwear terms which are literally translated thanks to available meaning As following are some example of applying literal translation to single noun, verb and adjective:
In nổi Trang trí Dán keo
This article explores the translation strategies used for footwear industrial terminology between English and Vietnamese It highlights the challenges faced in accurately conveying technical terms and the importance of cultural context in translation By analyzing various approaches, the study aims to enhance understanding and improve translation practices within the footwear industry The findings emphasize the need for standardized terminology to facilitate effective communication between English and Vietnamese speakers in this specialized field.
The translation of above-word level terms from English into Vietnamese
The collected compound terms are classified as nominal groups according to Mark Halliday (1985) These terms are categorized based on the relationship between the Thing and other elements within the compounds Effective translation strategies for these compound terms include transposition, omission, and descriptive translation, with transposition being the most commonly used method in translating compound terms.
4.2.1 Translation by shift and transpositions
This strategy is effectively utilized in translating various compound terms from English to Vietnamese It involves two types of transpositions, including adjustments in word order from the source language (SL) to the target language (TL).
Translation techniques such as transposition and rank-shift are essential in conveying the meaning of compound terms Specifically, changing word order is often utilized when translating simple, unmarked nominal groups, as seen in the translation of "automatic press" to "máy ép tự động." Conversely, transposition, a form of rank-shift, is applied when English compound terms lack direct Vietnamese equivalents, requiring the translation to function as a clause in Vietnamese For instance, "performed leather" translates to "da có đục lỗ." These techniques highlight the complexities involved in translating foreign word terms effectively.
This article explores the translation strategies used for footwear industrial terminology between English and Vietnamese It emphasizes the importance of accurate and culturally relevant translations in the footwear industry The study highlights various approaches to translating technical terms, ensuring clarity and understanding for both English and Vietnamese speakers By analyzing specific case studies, the article provides insights into the challenges and solutions faced in this specialized field of translation Ultimately, it aims to enhance communication and collaboration within the global footwear market.
4.2.1.1 Translation with the change word order from SL to TL
Hoang Van Van (1988) highlights a key distinction between English and Vietnamese in the structure of nominal groups, noting that in English, the Classifier and Epithet elements come before the Thing, whereas in Vietnamese, they follow it This difference necessitates the use of transposition in translation, which involves altering word order, particularly the placement of adjectives and modifying elements within nominal groups when translating between English and Vietnamese.
Classifier/ Epithet + Thing Thing + Classifier/Epithet
Above-word level terms can be translated by transposition in subgroups: a Classifier/ Epithet (adjective) + Thing
Translating compound terms from English to Vietnamese can be straightforward when the lexical equivalents of the Thing and Classifier or Epithet are clear Translators simply need to rearrange the lexical items and the sequence of English compounds to fit Vietnamese syntax For example, the compound term "real leather" can be analyzed using Halliday's experiential structure of the nominal group.
In English, the term "real leather" features "leather" as the main noun in the second position, while "real" serves as the qualifying adjective in the first position Conversely, in Vietnamese, "leather" translates to "da," occupying the first position, and "real" translates to "thật," in the second position Consequently, the translation of the compound term "real leather" into Vietnamese is "da thật."
Low footwear Protective footwear Real leather Heavy stitching
Giầy dép loại thấp Giầy bảo hộ lao động
Da thật Mũi may thô(dầy) Mũi giầy không đối xứng
The translation strategies for footwear industrial terminology between English and Vietnamese are essential for effective communication in the global market Understanding the nuances of both languages allows for accurate and culturally relevant translations This article explores various techniques used in translating footwear terminology, highlighting the importance of context and industry-specific knowledge By employing appropriate strategies, translators can bridge the gap between English and Vietnamese, ensuring clarity and consistency in the footwear sector.
Continental size Cỡ giầy quốc tế b Classifier (noun) + Thing
When translating compounds like Classifier/Epithet (adjective) + Thing, translators rearrange the components to form nominal groups in English, following the syntactic order typical of Vietnamese In this structure, the second element, the Thing, becomes the first in English, while the Classifier, indicating a specific subclass of the Thing, follows as the second element in Vietnamese compounds The relationship between these components is clarified through the use of relational words such as "for" and "of."
The phrase "made of" is used to indicate the purpose and origin of products in English, and this compound term can be effectively translated into Vietnamese without the need for relational words For instance, "canvas shoes" is translated directly, capturing the essence of the original term while maintaining clarity in meaning.
“giầy vải” In Vietnamese, relational words “làm bằng” is lost Following are other examples of this type:
Ballet slippers Foot anatomy Beach sandals Exhibition last
Giầy ba lê mềm Giải phẫu bàn chân Dép đi biển
Translators can efficiently translate terms using a simple two-step process: first, they identify the divisions between elements within a group, and second, they rearrange these elements into the correct logical order in Vietnamese This method is particularly useful for translating longer nominal groups.
Heel seat lining Hot-melt adhensive Offset heel counter Column sewing machine
Lót phần hậu Keo nhiệt dẻo Miếng đệm gót Máy may trụ
This article explores the translation strategies used for footwear industrial terminology between English and Vietnamese It highlights the challenges and nuances involved in accurately conveying technical terms in both languages Emphasizing the importance of cultural context, the article discusses various methods employed by translators to ensure clarity and precision Additionally, it examines how effective translation can enhance communication within the global footwear industry, facilitating better understanding and collaboration between English and Vietnamese speakers.
Heel attaching machine Máy đóng gót
A rank-shift occurs when a virtual lexical gap is filled by altering grammatical structures in translation This process often requires modifying the grammatical form of certain elements in the source language (SL) text, where a phrase or word in SL may translate to a clause in the target language (TL), and vice versa Many terms from collected fieldwork (FW) terminology appear as nominal groups without direct equivalents in Vietnamese, yet they can correspond to Vietnamese clauses or verbal groups Therefore, employing the rank-shift translation procedure is crucial for effectively translating these terms.
These nominal groups are in the various forms which are examined in subgroups as follows: a Classifier/ Epithet (V-ed) + Thing
When translating compounds, special attention is given to the Classifier/Epithet formed by derived words from verbs in the -ed participle, particularly when followed by a noun These derived adjectives effectively characterize the compounds.
In translating compound terms like "ruched boots," the word "ruched" serves as an embedded clause in Vietnamese, explaining how the action is performed Translators must identify the lexical equivalents for the components of the compound and arrange them logically in Vietnamese The -ed participle, which indicates the subclass of the Thing in English, transforms into a verbal group in Vietnamese, while the Thing itself is placed first in the embedded clause For example, "ruched boots" translates to "Giầy ủng được trang trí bằng vải xếp nếp." This approach enhances the clarity and comprehensiveness of the semantic meanings in translation, as demonstrated by other similar compound terms.
Appropriate strategies and procedures applied in translating Footwear
The investigation into the translation of English footwear terms into Vietnamese reveals an increasing number of footwear terms and highlights several challenges faced during the translation process Key issues include subtechnical terms, derived words, differences in form, collocational patterns, and the lack of lexicalization of source language concepts in the target language To address these challenges, translators employ strategies such as transference, naturalization, transpositions, translation by omission, paraphrase, and descriptive procedures.
To effectively translate footwear terms from English to Vietnamese, it is essential to revisit and outline the various translation strategies and procedures previously discussed, thereby identifying the most suitable approaches for accurate and culturally relevant translations.
4.3.1 Using old words with new sense
This translation procedure is mainly applied when the terms are sub technical terms or an ordinal word is translated with typical meaning in a special field (See examples in 4.1.1.)
This article explores the translation strategies used for footwear industrial terminology between English and Vietnamese It examines the challenges and techniques involved in accurately conveying specialized terms in the footwear industry The focus is on identifying effective methods to enhance understanding and communication in both languages Additionally, it highlights the importance of cultural nuances and context in the translation process, ensuring that terminology is not only linguistically accurate but also culturally relevant Ultimately, the study aims to improve translation practices within the footwear sector, facilitating better collaboration and knowledge sharing between English and Vietnamese speakers.
Loanwords play a crucial role in translating materials and chemicals used in shoe manufacturing Specifically, footwear acronyms and eponyms are utilized when the source language (SL) concepts lack direct equivalents in the target language (TL).
Translation by naturalization is employed to the footwear terms which have same pronunciation or morphology (see examples in 4.1.3.)
This strategy is employed when the footwear terms in English have not been lexicalized in the TL (see examples in 4.1.4 and 4.2.2)
Paraphrase using a related word strategy is proposed when the terms in English is lexicalized in the TL but in a different form (see examples in 4.1.5.)
Transposition procedure is applied because of the differences in the language structures of the two languages (see examples in 4.2.1.1., 4.2.1.2.)
When translating compound terms structured as nominal groups (Thing + Qualifier), it is essential to apply a reduction procedure, especially when the Qualifier is a prepositional phrase This approach ensures that the translation sounds natural in the target language.
CONCLUSION
Summary of findings
1 Using old word with a new sense to deal with sub-footwear terms, these words exist in the TL and take on the typical meanings in a special field
2 Terms referring to the name of shoes brand, shoes making methods and materials, footwear eponyms and acronyms, they are unavailable in the subculture of footwear in Vietnam Transference is the best procedure in translating FW terms from English into Vietnamese
3 The FW terms are adapted in Vietnamese because of the same pronunciation and help Vietnamese people to read and memorize, the naturalization procedure should be applied
4 Many of footwear terms are noun, adjective or verb with various suffixes and prefixes creating different meanings in the TL, we can translate by paraphrase using a related word
5 Terms referring to words that are available in the Vietnamese, it is simple to apply the literal translation
6 Both one word terms and above-word terms, the footwear concepts that are not technically lexicalized in Vietnamese or they can call the names, however, the listeners can not imagine, therefore, translators can use descriptive equivalent procedure to express and explain them
The translation strategies for footwear industrial terminology between English and Vietnamese are crucial for effective communication in the global market Understanding these strategies enhances accuracy and cultural relevance in translations This study emphasizes the importance of adopting appropriate translation techniques to bridge the linguistic gap and ensure that technical terms are accurately conveyed By analyzing the nuances of both languages, translators can improve their methods, leading to better comprehension and collaboration in the footwear industry.
1 Terms translated with transposition procedure that involves an automatic change in the word order from SL to TL
2 Terms consisting of Classifier (past participle) + Thing, translation by rank- shift (English nominal group = Vietnamese clause) is proposed
3 Terms consisting of Thing + Qualifier (Noun + of + Noun, Noun +for+ Noun), the translators can employ omission of the prepositions.
The Implications of the Study
A professional translator is able to transfer the meaning of the SL text to the
To achieve effective translation across various fields, translators must possess a profound understanding of the subject matter, particularly in accurately and naturally translating terminology while preserving the essence of the terms in the target language This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of field-specific terms, assisting translators in navigating potential confusion when translating these specialized terms.
Below are valuable notices to deal with the translation of FW terms at word and above word level:
Translators must focus on the field register when translating FW terms at the word level to identify the closest lexical equivalents for neologisms in the target language (TL) It is advisable to include additional words that convey equivalent meanings for derived words in the TL For terms related to FW materials or shoe names and manufacturing methods that are new and not yet lexicalized in the TL, employing transference may be the most effective strategy.
When translating FW compound terms, it is essential for translators to classify the word class of the compound and select the appropriate equivalent word class in the target language to maintain the propositional meaning of the source language Moreover, due to the differences in grammatical structures between English and other languages, changes in word order are often necessary.
The translation strategies for footwear industrial terminology between English and Vietnamese are essential for effective communication in the global market Understanding these strategies helps bridge the linguistic gap and ensures accurate representation of industry-specific terms By analyzing various translation methods, we can enhance the clarity and consistency of terminology in the footwear sector This approach not only facilitates better understanding among professionals but also supports the growth of international trade in footwear.
Vietnamese Moreover, there are many new concepts and new objects appearing in
SL and they are not unfamiliar to the TL readers, translators can use description strategies to make clearer with detailed explanation
Description equivalent strategies are frequently suggested, posing challenges for both translators and readers in terms of listening and writing Therefore, developing a new concept is essential yet complex Translators need to provide both concise and specific terms to ensure that listeners achieve a deeper understanding.
In conclusion, the study demonstrates that translators can effectively translate footwear terminology by employing suitable strategies, provided they possess a thorough understanding of both the source and target languages' grammatical and semantic characteristics Prior to undertaking this challenging task, it is crucial to have practical knowledge of the shoe-making process This research aims to serve as a valuable resource for translators and individuals interested in the footwear translation field.
5.2.2 For EFL Teaching and Learning
Despite the widespread teaching and learning of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) in universities, there is currently no ESP course focused on the footwear industry This gap has inspired the development of a specialized ESP course book aimed at helping students gain foundational knowledge in the footwear field The course book will emphasize reading comprehension, as understanding written materials related to footwear is crucial for students to deepen their knowledge Throughout the ESP teaching and learning process, we have observed that terminology, although comprising a small portion of the texts, poses significant challenges for learners Therefore, providing accurate translations of these terms, grounded in a comprehensive understanding of their grammatical and semantic features, will facilitate the learning experience.
For ESP learners, understanding the new vocabulary is very great since this helps them understand the whole text thoroughly There are many ways to present
This article explores the translation strategies for footwear industrial terminology between English and Vietnamese, emphasizing the importance of providing concise definitions, detailed descriptions, synonyms, antonyms, and translations for new vocabulary It highlights that a thorough description, including translation, is the most effective method for understanding new terms, particularly since many footwear terms are compound words Analyzing the grammatical features and semantic relationships of these compounds is crucial, as they can significantly influence meaning The research aims to contribute to English for Specific Purposes (ESP) education, benefiting students interested in the footwear industry.
Suggestions for Further Study
This study aims to analyze the translation strategies of foreign word (FW) terms by examining their structural features and gathering data from authentic documents It identifies common strategies for translating both individual words and compound terms, as well as unique approaches for effective translation.
Due to time constraints, we have not gathered all the FW books that contain extensive paragraphs and shoe-making methods in various contexts Consequently, certain aspects, such as textual and pragmatic equivalence in FW texts across the two languages, remain unaddressed.
Additionally, the followings are our suggestions for further study which will be of great interest and use for anyone concerning the study of translation of footwear terminology
A study on the translation of footwear noun phrase terminology
A study on the grammatical equivalence of the footwear terminology
A study on the textual equivalence of the footwear terminology
This article explores the translation strategies for footwear industrial terminology between English and Vietnamese It highlights the challenges and methods involved in accurately conveying specialized terms in the footwear sector By examining various translation techniques, the study aims to enhance understanding and improve communication within the industry The findings emphasize the importance of cultural context and linguistic nuances in achieving effective translations Overall, the research contributes valuable insights into the complexities of translating industrial terminology in the global footwear market.
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This article explores the translation strategies used for footwear industrial terminology between English and Vietnamese It examines the complexities and nuances involved in accurately conveying technical terms in both languages The study highlights the importance of cultural context and industry standards in effective translation By analyzing various approaches, it aims to enhance understanding and improve communication within the footwear industry Ultimately, the findings contribute to better translation practices that bridge the gap between English and Vietnamese terminology in this specialized field.
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Principles and Methods of Term Formation, 1 st Athens International Conference on Translation and Interpretation Translation: Between Art and Social science, pp.13-14 October 2006
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The translation strategies for footwear industrial terminology between English and Vietnamese are essential for effective communication in the global market Understanding the nuances of both languages allows for accurate and culturally relevant translations This article explores various methods employed in translating specialized terms, highlighting the importance of context and industry knowledge By analyzing common challenges and best practices, we aim to enhance the quality of translations in the footwear sector, ensuring clarity and precision for both manufacturers and consumers.
APPENDICES Appendix 1: Old words with new sense
Quarter Thân sau của giầy
Tip Trang trí mũi giầy
Tongue Chi tiết lưỡi gà bảo vệ mu bàn chân
Upper Mũ giầy/ Mặt giầy
The article explores the translation strategies for footwear industrial terminology between English and Vietnamese It emphasizes the importance of accurate translation in the footwear industry to ensure effective communication and understanding The study identifies various techniques used in translating specialized terms, highlighting the challenges faced due to cultural and linguistic differences By analyzing these strategies, the article aims to improve translation practices and enhance the overall quality of footwear industry communications between English and Vietnamese speakers.
Ankle socks Giải phẫu bàn chân
Baby shoes Giầy trẻ mới sinh
Ballerina shoe Giầy múa ba lê
Ballet slippers Giầy múa ba lê mềm
Basketball shoes Giầy vận động viên chơi môn bóng rổ
Bathroom slippers Dép đi trong nhà tắm
Beach sandals Dép đi biển
Blister stitch Mũi may nổi
Boot loops Các vòng thắt của ủng
Boot puller Sợi kéo của ủng
Boot waist Phần eo của ủng
Burst strength Độ bền nổ
Canvas slippers Dép lê bằng vải
Crescent reinforcement Gia cố hình lưỡi liềm
Exhibition last Phom giầy trưng bày
Field boot Ủng làm ruộng/ Ủng thợ mỏ
Bottom filler Độn đế giầy
Foam rubber Cao su xốp
This article explores the translation strategies used for footwear industrial terminology between English and Vietnamese It highlights the challenges and techniques involved in accurately conveying specialized terms in both languages The study emphasizes the importance of cultural context and linguistic nuances in achieving effective translations Additionally, it discusses various methods such as direct translation, adaptation, and borrowing, which are essential for maintaining the intended meaning and relevance in the footwear industry Ultimately, the article aims to enhance understanding and communication within the global footwear market.
Flexibility resistance Độ bền chịu uốn
Heel grip Rãnh nhỏ ở gót giầy
Heel girth Chu vi gót giầy
Heel layer Lớp gót giầy
Heel pad Miếng đệm gót
Heel piece Miếng da gót giầy
Leather footwear Giầy dép da
This article explores the translation strategies used for footwear industrial terminology between English and Vietnamese It emphasizes the importance of accurate terminology to ensure effective communication within the footwear industry The study analyzes various translation methods, highlighting the challenges and nuances involved in conveying specific terms By examining case studies and examples, the article aims to provide insights into best practices for translators working in this specialized field Ultimately, the findings contribute to enhancing the quality of translations and fostering better understanding between English and Vietnamese speakers in the footwear sector.
Adherent force Lực bám dính
Amphibious boots Giầy ủng làm bằng da động vật lưỡng cư Asymmetrical upper Mũ giầy không đối xứng
Automatic press Máy ép tự động
Automatic oven Lò sấy tự động
Classic last Phom giầy kinh điển
Direct dyes Thuốc nhuộm trực tiếp
Direct mould Khuôn đổ trực tiếp
Fashionable footwear Giầy thời trang
Flat boots Giầy ủng phẳng
Haft boots Giầy ủng lửng
Hard rubber Cao su cứng
This article explores the translation strategies used for footwear industrial terminology between English and Vietnamese It emphasizes the importance of accurate translation to maintain the integrity of industry-specific terms The study highlights various approaches, including direct translation, adaptation, and the use of equivalents, to effectively convey meaning across languages By analyzing these strategies, the article aims to enhance understanding and communication within the footwear industry, ensuring that terminology is accurately represented in both languages.
Butted seam Đường may nối
Burnished edge Mép được đánh bóng
Buttoned shoes Giầy cài khuy
Cemented shoes Giầy dán keo
Closed seam Đường may khép kín
Closed toe Phần mũi kín
Coated leather Da tráng phủ
Dressed leather Da may mặc
Mũi giầy có đục lỗ Punched toe-cap
Ribbed sole Đế thêm đường kẻ sọc
The translation strategies for footwear industrial terminology between English and Vietnamese are crucial for effective communication in the global market Understanding the nuances of both languages enhances the accuracy of translations, ensuring that technical terms are appropriately conveyed This article explores various methodologies employed in translating footwear terminology, highlighting the importance of cultural context and industry-specific knowledge By analyzing common challenges and solutions, it aims to improve translation practices within the footwear industry, ultimately facilitating better collaboration and understanding between English and Vietnamese speakers.
Appendix 5: Noun/Adjective+ Noun+Noun Noun/Adjective+ V-ing+Noun
Albert tab slipper Giầy dép nhẹ có quai để đi trong nhà Ballet hard toe shoe Giầy ba lê mũi cứng
Bar strap shoe Giầy có quai
Calf length boot Giầy ủng cao đến bắp chân
Canvas rubber shoe Giầy vải có cao su
Last side projection Hình chiếu bên của phom
Soft shoe upper leather Da mũ giầy mềm
Automatic conveyor belt Băng tải tự động Breathable nylon upper Mũ giầy nilông thoáng hơi
Classic fashion court Giầy nữ thời trang cao gót kinh điển Industrial sewing machine Máy may công nghiệp
Edge burnishing machine Máy làm bóng mép
Manifold heel copying lathe Máy tiện sao chép gót đa chiều Leather marking pen Bút đánh dấu trên da thuộc
Leather punching machine Máy đục lỗ da
Jute sole sewing machine Máy may đế quay Heel attaching machine Máy đóng gót
This article explores the translation strategies employed in conveying footwear industrial terminology between English and Vietnamese It highlights the challenges faced in accurately translating specific terms and the importance of cultural context in the footwear industry The study emphasizes various techniques such as direct translation, adaptation, and the use of glossaries to ensure clarity and precision By analyzing these strategies, the article aims to enhance understanding and communication within the global footwear market.
Bending resistance Độ bền chịu uốn
Binding machine Máy làm viền
Brushing machine Máy chải bụi
Burnishing wax Sáp đánh bóng
Buying department Bộ phận thu mua
Cementing machine Máy bôi keo
Cleaning solution Dung dịch làm sạch
Climbing shoes Giày leo núi
Closing department Xưởng may ráp
Combing leather Da thuộc kết hợp
Cracking grain Mặt cật bị rạn
Curing agent Chất lưu hóa
Cutting board (hand) Thớt cắt chi tiết thủ công
Cutting die Dao chặt, dao cắt
Cutting plate Tấm cắt, thớt chặt
Dancing shoes Giầy khiêu vũ
This article explores the translation strategies employed in conveying footwear industrial terminology between English and Vietnamese It highlights the challenges and nuances of accurately translating specialized terms, emphasizing the importance of cultural context and linguistic differences By examining various methods of translation, the study aims to enhance understanding and communication within the footwear industry, ultimately contributing to more effective cross-cultural exchanges.
Dancing clog Guốc khiêu vũ
Dyeing assistant Phụ gia nhuộm
Dyeing auxiliaries Chất trợ nhuộm
Flexing endurance Độ bền uốn gấp
Finishing material Chất hoàn thiện
Cutting edge Lưỡi dao cắt
Folding machine Máy gấp mép
Gimping punch Đục trang trí mép răng cưa
Hunting shoes Giầy đi săn
Making room Bộ phận hoàn chỉnh giầy
Overlapping sewing May đè lên nhau
Packaging material Vật liệu đóng gói
Packing list Bản kê đóng gói
Perforating machine Máy đục lỗ
Rolling machine Máy lăn da
Running shoes Giày điền kinh
The translation strategies for footwear industrial terminology between English and Vietnamese are crucial for effective communication in the global market Understanding the nuances of both languages helps in accurately conveying technical terms This article explores various approaches to translating footwear terminology, highlighting the importance of cultural context and industry standards By employing appropriate translation techniques, professionals can ensure clarity and consistency in the footwear industry, facilitating better collaboration and understanding across language barriers.
Appendix 7: Using descriptive equivalent procedure
Cái dùi, công cụ thiết yếu của thợ giầy, được sử dụng để khâu các chi tiết giày và đồ da bằng tay Brogan là loại giày ống cao, thiết kế đặc biệt để chịu được công việc nặng, mang lại sự bền bỉ và bảo vệ cho người sử dụng.